Assignment Literature review of marine world

Abstract of marine world:

In order to ensure the safety of marine world, Port Stata Control (PSC) inspection is something that actually help. In this paper we are going to elaborate the risk management approach in Port State Control (PSC). Before conducting on bord PSC inspection, risk management approach helps in estimating total risks of each ship candidate along with concern of genetic factor and history inspection that it holds in order to select high risk. The target factors apply in European and Greek shipping PSC inspection is main subject to study in this paper. As well as some new factors that are made for PSC inspection based on the target factors, a risk management system which hold the roots of support vector machine (SVM) is established in order to classify the ship from level of high risk to low risk.

Introduction of marine world:

European and Greek shipping transportation is getting way ahead in making themselves globalized [1]. But the accidents and incidents that occur can cause the damage to marine environment. to improve the situation Port State Control (PSC) inspection is developing day by day and is adapting the risk management approach to deal with marine safety to a greater extent. The first memorandum of understanding (MoU) on Port State Control (PSC) was established in Europe in about 1982 which is sometime often called as “Paris MoU” [4].

The basic concept of PSC cis that the state of the port has the right to inspect the coming ship from foreign in order to ensure that they are not able to provide threat and are safe and will not pollute the water and marine creature (Li and Zheng, 2008). With the help and support of International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Labor Organization (ILO), the numbers of MoU is increasing worldwide and the standard is also enhancing regarding the inspection of Port State through the risk management approach. The target factors include are the size of the ship, its age, ship flag, ship type and its recognized organization and it also include history of the previous inspection like time of the last inspection and detention time. Furthermore the factors that can lead to the inspection are; collision, grounding and stranding on the way to port and if there is pollution violation [5]. First a ship is selected for inspection, after this the Port State Control Officer (PSCO) conduct first inspection of the ship which include first impression of the ship, walk around process, checking the certification, check overall condition of the ship. After the inspection is finished, a report is made by the officer in which the negative part is elaborated like what things that are not obeyed properly. The ship has to get rectified, in case if the PSCO will reject the certification after inspecting the overall ship. 

Literature review of marine world

Improving PSC Performance Using a Risk-Based Approach

The researchers Rui-Feng Xu, Wen Jie Li, Qin Lu, Hai-Sha Zheng, and K.X. Li has provided deep insights regarding the PSC inspection and its significance. According to the researchers, the PSC inspection is highly essential for ensuring marine safety. In the study, the researchers have provided a risk assessment system that will assess the risk of the ships. In the study, Tokyo MOU inspection and Paris MOU inspection are included. The findings of the study have shown that the proposed system works efficiently and risk assessment accuracy has been enhanced up to a lot of extents (Xu, Lu, Li, Li, & Zheng, 2007).

The researchers Guangming Lu, Zhong Gao, Mengjue Liu, and Meng Cui have discussed the importance of the PSC inspection in the study. The researchers in the research study have stated that the SVM based risk assessment systems are being utilized across the globe for risk assessment. However, in noisy data implementation of SVM systems become a major challenge. In this study, a mechanism is proposed through which noisy data is eliminated. The findings of the study have shown that the proposed mechanism has worked efficiently and the risk assessment has experienced improvement (Gao, Lu, Liu, & Cui, 2008).

The authors A. Lo Nigro, L. Brunori, G. Guassardo, and C. Panebianco have discussed the risk-based approach critically. According to the researchers, the inspection of the vessels is essential for their efficient operations. According to the authors, the oil tankers experienced a significant amount of risks. According to the researchers, the inspection is highly essential for ensuring marine safety. In the study, the risk-based decision-making tool is established which will help the industry to improve the risk assessment. The findings of the research study have shown that the established tool has improved the safety of the vessels and their operations (Nigro, Brunori, Guassardo, & Panebianco, 2005).

The researcher Zhisen Yang has provided detail about the PSC inspection. The PSC inspection enhances the safety up to a lot of extents. In order to conduct the study a significant amount of data has been gathered. The study has been conducted from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives.  In the study, the researchers have provided a risk assessment game model that will assess the risk of the ships. In the study, the Paris MOU inspection is included. The findings of the study have shown that the proposed game model works efficiently and risk assessment accuracy has been enhanced up to a lot of extents (yang, 2018).

Ever since the first program of Port State Control (PSC) is introduces by IM, the inspection area is becoming the main focus of the researcher and also getting the attention of policy maker. They are highlighting those factors that can be helpful using the risk management approach in Port State Control (PSC).

The examination process of some noncompliance in order to identify if this is causing harm ir damage to something basically referred as risk assessment. Risk management in PSC involve getting done with procedures to reduce the risk probability to an acceptable level. The Risk Assessment Tool adds depth and understanding to a facility’s compliance and how compliance directly relates to the health and safety of the persons in care. A licensed officer uses the observed information at the time of inspecting the ship and count on the risks rating. The assessment tool of the risk management depends on two parts, review along with the legislation and review of pat operations and compliance of the ship.

Factors influencing the results of PSC inspection of marine world

According to the current literature the factors that could affect the PSC inspection are the factors which involves ship factor which also includes the ship generic factors (e.g., type of ship, model of ship, size of the ship, its performance and the manufacturer companies.)  and also ship inspections-based factors.  A small area of examination focus on the factors which are based not on the ships including the PSC inspection impact time, the above described factors have been closely measured consecutively.

(a) Ship factors influencing PSC inspection results of marine world

Most of the individuals keep a close eye on generic factors which includes the age of ship, its type and flag are open predictors of the deficiencies of the ship by using the models of Poisson constructed from 4,080 observations. It was further analyzed that the effort of PSC inspection was based on ship age at around 40%, ship manufacturing organization 31% and the area of inspection 17% which were accumulated from 26,515 inspections. By the help of big data processes, it was measured that the ships having an age of more than 25 years and cargo of less than 8,500 gross tonnages purpose type are needed to be inspected and at some flags can bring worse outcome in the PSC inspections

(b) Non-ship factors influencing PSC inspection results  of marine world

Referring to the non-ship attributes, knapp and franses are the main individuals who with the help of econometric methodologies measured the factors with the most influence, they demanded a logistic model which relied on 18,313 inspections worldwide to extract the changes in ways of detention and recognized the deficiencies. The above describe methodologies use models based on (count data model, regression model and variance decomposition analysis) to implement to case sets of data and measure the factors with the most determination on PSC inspection results. The final outcome shows that the inspection results with be impacted by both the factors which include the factors related directly to ship and PSC inspection

Ship selection scheme in PSC inspection of marine world

The procedure to inspect the ship in the PSC inspection is major issue. It is not possible to inspect all the ships docking in the port due to shortage of time, human and budget resources  but if the standard of procedure is not implemented and the flaws are not identified and the deficiencies are not fulfilled , it could possess a noticeable threat to the maritime environment. A good area of literature has entirely focused on the selection of ship scheme to undergo the process of selection with more efficiency. A new method of ship assessment based on giving each docking ship a score which will be calculated on its age, insurers, flag, classifications and operators

Effect of PSC inspection of marine world

As the state of flag is considered as the first observation to look for in case of defense in extraction of substandard ships, the second line is considered to be port state. After the introduction of the first PSC program, a huge volume of assessment has talked the changes of it. Basically, the changes of PSC inspection are based on three measures which include the effect brough over maritime safety, change on the inspected ships and on the protection of environment

Future research opportunities of marine world:

The economic development and world trade system depend largely on Port State System and maritime transportation. The PSC inspection will become a guard for safety of maritime transportation. The effectiveness of the PSC inspection and using the tools of risk management approach will get improve with further studies. In recent years, marine protection and human factors including in ship operations are getting more attention of the researchers than before [12-13].

Methodology of marine world:

·         Risk analysis:

To estimate the level and chances of risk from basic activity

·         Risk assessment:

An acceptability that will be based on comparison with standard risk and after trial of different risk reducing steps

·         Risk management:

The steps in which different risk reduction measures are selected and also their implementation on the overall process

There are wide range of methods in risk assessment;

• Hazard identification tools of marine world

Judgement

FMEA – Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

 SWIFT – Structured What-If Checklist Technique

HAZOP – Hazard and Operability Study

• Risk Assessment techniques of marine world

Qualitative (risk matrix)

Quantitative risk assessment (coarse and detailed levels)

Hazard identification of marine world:

Any condition that has this potential to harm or damage the safety of humanity, environment, property or any business is termed as Hazard. Like shuttle tanker can be categorized as hazard because it can collide with production installation

HAZID (hazard identification) is the process of identifying the hazards. Using the risk assessment techniques in order to obtain the total list of all hazards this is also known as “failure case selection”. Significance of all hazards are obtained and evaluated then different measures are established in order to reduce the risk from them and this is known as “hazard assessment”.

Hazard checklist of marine world:

This is a full range of written list of questions that include full range of safety issues. They are used in order to check a design and to confirm that everything is on place. For offshore activities a list of checklists is developed by American Petroleum Institute which actually address the risk of drilling API 14C, 14E, 14F, 14G, 14J, and checklist on safety and environment management API RP75. These are the 14 checklists that are very detailed and styled. There are some other types of checklists too that are widely use in risk management. Hazard categories are included in general form of checklist. Some checklist has their focus mainly to assist the risk assessment than to check the design. These kinds of checklists can be made from the history of previous checklist. And can help- in making an effective mean of generating perfect checklist with standard hazards suitable for HAZID.  Following table is giving an example of general checklist. This is useful for general offshore inspection and it can be considered incomplete for unusual installation.

Table 1: Example of generic hazard checklist (CMPT 1999) of marine world 

Table 2: Example of keyword checklist (Ambion 1997) of marine world

The strengths of hazard check list may include;

·         It helps in reducing the happening of past kind of accidents

·         It makes the use of experience from past risk management approaches

·         It can be made through a single analyst even at less expenses

·         It helps in comparison between HAZIDS and to make standard hazard category

·         It does not require very much information about installation and thus perfect for concept design

The weakness included are;

·         It is all limited to past experiences and accidents

·         It does not promote brainstorming level of thinking

·         Give less angle toward nature of hazards

HAZOP of marine world

A method of measuring and extracting hazards which are capable of affecting the safety and operability relied on the usage of guidewords are known as hazard and operability (HAZOP). A set of experts in multiple directions of the installation, under the influence of an independent HAZOP leader, systematically takes every sub-system of the method in turn, typically pointing to undergo the process and diagrams of instrumentation (P&IDs). They acquire help from the standard list of guidewords to point them to rectify deviations from design intent. For every credible deviation, they take measurable causes and the situation it can occur, and even if more precaution should be advised. they keep their conclusion on a record in format of standard during the sessions. Although they point to industries who process onshore, process equipment of HAZOP of offshore is more or less importantly the same. HAZOP stands at one of the most widely used HAZID implementations in the offshore industry. However, its classic form is planned for process which involves continuous chemical as expressed in P & IDs and its considered not so efficient for marine hazards. The HAZOP technique can be updated to implement to hazards of non-process, but there is measure of damage that changes applied to the guidewords will extract outcome of some hazards being ignored. Hence standard changes are considered to ad-hoc variations

Fig 1: Example of EER HAZOP (Boyle & Smith 2000) of marine world

FMECA of marine world

A systematic methodology of extracting the points of failures modes of a system based on electrical and mechanical is known as failure modes, effects and critically analysis (FMECA) and its simple form is FMEA. Mostly, one or two analytics focus each component in turn, selectively measured the effects and its criticality of a presence of failure. The study uses a form that starts with a technical list of all the major parts in the system, and typically involves:

·         Reason of failure

·         Name of Component

·         Modes of possible failure

·         The process of detecting a failure

·         Implications of failure over primary system function

·         The implications on other components

·         Necessary action require to preventative/repair

Failures are stated as important if the frequency or severity index is high. In these scenarios, a special protection measure protocol is implemented.

Fig 2: Example for FMEA Work sheet of marine world

SWIFT of marine world

 The methodology of what-if marking (SWIFT) technique is a process of analyzing and extracting hazards with help of brainstorming. SWIFT is a far more well-organized form of “What-if analysis”, but is considered as a rigorous of low level and faster alternate to HAZOP. Comparing with HAZOP, SWIFT works on a team which has knowledge of the installation, under the influence of a technical in the SWIFT technique. The main change compared to a HAZOP are:

·         The conversation moves forward systematically through the installation of the modules or operations performed at the level of systems and literature, instead of individual items or tasks

·         The method is totally dependent on brainstorming and checklists to point out the hazards, in place of a formal list of guidewords. The conversation may start with the words “What if”, and other vocabulary for starting the argumentative approach might be “How could”. It might be suitable to put out all the questions in a manner of brainstorming before working to extract the answer out of them

Fig 3: Example of SWIFT of Ballast System

Quantitative Methods of marine world

Applicability of marine world:

Quantitative risk analysis considered as one of the complicated techniques for hazards evaluation  but make sure this  technique must be where it is properly needed and gives fruitful consequences .UKOOA [1999] studied clearly and proposes that this QRA is actually one of the adequate way for determination of  Type B basically which also associated with the risk trade-offs, divergence from quality of performance or any other meaningful economic information. EXCEPT from all these settlements, QRA provides us with unlimited store of information which make us capable of choosing right  decisions and also an adequate methods to opposite to other resources of research departments like engineering perception and for company proposes QRA plays an important role as main instrument of engineering research which have  some sympathetic role in regarding to awareness. Awareness in sense of patterning the tragedies which also included their action as shield in accurate manners, it leads all the supposition to the clear end and for this reason comes up a good way of handling the state of tentativeness than any other researches that are relied on judgment. The safety case order of working clearly depends upon QRA technique to demonstrate temporary protection and means of deportation which may indulge in many problems like fire and smoke ALARP but these all cannot be apply for marine environments. There is also quite many reasonable  function of QRA technique as it can be seen playing role for ship-platform collision risks and it is verified with great influences for organizing purposes .There are chances  this procedure can be used for marine hazards but for this it is not highly appreciated than the above discussed role of QRA for fire including activities  and for  any other eruption matter .

Frequencies and Consequences of marine world:

QRA actually balances wide differences between two significant unit of risk.

The affluence of event for example their survival in specific.

The results of event including factors such as mortality rate any harm or the any poisons effect.

Role hydrocarbon leakage in these destruction causing activities considered more often. And the idea of hydrocarbons role can be seen clearly with influence in way of eruption causing manners which has direct effect on human beings, materials and all-around universe. However, this leak of hydrocarbon gives the idea that frequencies can be more often have no any dependence. Here also studied description for the marine life. This complex environment of nature invited researchers for its vast consideration. Methods of analysis and results given below.

Failure and Causes of marine world:

Failure causes are considered worthy in estimation   of any particular threat also their aftermath can relate to the reality for some extent. For instance, a horrible risk like 'ballast system failure' possibly depicted below by two failure cases

1. accidental ballasting of one compartment.

2. accidental ballasting of two compartments.

Furthermore, QRA technique has to play its role in regarding of these two events improperly.

Frequency methods of marine world:

The analysis in frequency methods involve the evaluation of risks of happening of each failure case. Main steps in order to estimate the frequencies are;

Historical accident frequency data of marine world

This require the previous knowledge of the accidents. This one is simple approach and easy to get absorb but this is only useful in already present technology with much experience of accidents and where the particular records were present.

Fault tree analysis of marine world

This actually related to breaking down of some incident into its component causes. Which also include human error and evaluating the frequency of every component from comparison with generic data of history.

Simulation of marine world

Simulation models can be used in order to get frequencies of some types of incidents. Like in a ship collision where time domain simulation and analytical computation can help to estimate the frequencies of collision from the range of movement of ship in that particular area.

Event tree analysis of marine world

This is actually a path of showing how the incident happen from an initiating event in form of branches with rise to few possible results or outcome too.

Human reliability analysis of marine world

This include estimation of human error to accident and it can also generate through the inputs of fault tree analysis or event tree analysis

Judgmental evaluation of marine world

Based on judgment of some experience it is easy to select a frequency. This is a simple assessment for like some frequent events for the events which have some minimum risks

Bayesian analysis of marine world

This is kind of systematic type of combining the past data with the judgment and uncertainty measures. It is very rare in use.

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