Report on Principles and core values to ethical decision making

    Ethical decision making mean the process of choosing and evaluation between different alternatives in a way that will be consistent with the principles of ethical decision making. While making any ethical decision, it is important to eliminate unethical options and thus choosing the best ethical way.

The procedure in ethical decision-making is;

·         Commitment: a wish to perform the right thing no matter what

·         Consciousness: having full awareness of the acts and the application of moral conviction in daily life behavior

·         Competency: this is the ability to evaluate the given information, then developing the alternative and also evaluate the future consequence and risks that will be involved

To things are involved in ethical decision making that is balance and choice. It is way to eliminate bad choices in order to have good one remaining. So, while making any ethical decision it is important to question yourself that ‘what a reasonable man would do in such condition?’ there are 3 rules of management while making the ethical decision;

1.       The rule of private gain. What if you are the only one who is getting benefit from this decision. Then you have to reevaluate in advance.

2.       If everyone does it. In order to identify the unethical decision making. One should question that what would be the result of it, who would get hurt.

3.       Benefits vs. burden. If the benefits do the results, are they going to outweigh the burden?

Following are some major ethical principles that can be used by individuals and organizations;

Utilitarianism: A Consequentialist, “Ends Justifies Means” Approach

The utilitarianism principle is actually something about holding that the action was morally right if it will create a great good for many of the people. This concept is broad in nature. Judgement is always required. “good for all” concern is basics of this principle. But sometimes it is difficult to measure costs and benefits of some action. This principle is widely used by many institutes and organizations and even by the general public. This principle generally used when sources lack, and there is conflict in priorities and no choice could meet needs of everyone.

Universalism: A Duty-Based Approach

This is the principle that look toward the welfare and risks of everyone when making decision or the outcomes. This principle takes seriously everything like including individual, their needs and even values on which they believe. “Universalism is the outward expression of leadership character and is made manifest by respectfulness for others, fairness, cooperativeness, compassion, spiritual respect, and humility.”

Rights: A Moral and Legal Entitlement–Based Approach

The roots of this principle are on moral and legal rights. Legal rights are surrounding the legal system and jurisdiction. On the other hand, moral rights are universal and, in every society, it is based on norms like rights to work and rights for not making slaves.

Justice: Procedures, Compensation, and Retribution

This methodology has nearly four important components that are structured on the basis of tenets which are as follows

1.       Equality should be practiced among all individuals

2.       Equal opportunities and advantages should be provided to all persons (through their positions and offices) to the opportunities and burdens offered by the society and this is how justice is served

3.        Practices based on fair decisions, methodologies and mutual consensus among the parties should be practiced

4.       The process should be vigilant to enforce punishment to those who have caused harm and compensation and justice shall pe provided to those who have been the victim of any sort of injustice practiced against them

Virtue Ethics: Character-Based Virtues

The ethics of virtue relies on character which reflects the capabilities such as being truth spoken, talking on practical basis and wisdom, well-being and flourishing.  This principle is connected to the literature of universalism, there are many leaders’ characters and their actions which serve as an example of working of character-based virtue. Some certain limitations also reside in this ethic, some people might not come to an agreement about who is virtuous in multiple circumstances and result into refusing to use the character of that person as a principle.

The Common Good of Principles and core values to ethical decision making

“The accumulation of those situations of social life which allow groups of social and their individual members relatively thorough and accurate access to fulfillment of their own” is elaborated as the Common good. The decision handlers should acknowledge the intent and also the effects of their action which will brough up in a broader canvas and the common good of the many should always be in mind. A critical point of limitation when implementing this principle is “who analyzed regarding the common good in a situation where multiple parties don’t collaborate over whose interests are being effected”. In a society full of individualistic parties and capitalist societies it is quite hard in many circumstances for particular to let go of their interest

Ethical Relativism: A Self-Interest Approach

Ethical relativism is not considered as a principle to be implemented or structured. It is a Process that many individual implements frequently. Ethical relativism holds that people set up their own standards of morality for judgement of their actions. The limitations which are clear of relativism involves following the binds spot of one or self-interest that can change and interfere with reality and facts. The follower who practice this law become true believers of their ideology and are mostly resulted of becoming a dictator.

 References of Principles and core values to ethical decision making:

Buck, J., Moore J., Schwartz, M., and Supon S. (2001). What is Ethical Behavior for an Academic Adviser? The Mentor: An Academic Advising Journal, 3(1) . Retrieved April 23, 2004, from http://www.psu.edu/dus/mentor

Hojnacki, William. (2004). Three Rules of Management. In Managerial Decision Making, graduate course conducted in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University South Bend

https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofmanagementopenstax/chapter/ethical-principles-and-responsible-decision-making/

http://josephsoninstitute.org/