Report on Uniporter Thoracoscopy with Enhanced Recovery Program is the Optimal Approach in Management of Pleural Empyema

Brief Overview of Uniporter Thoracoscopy with Enhanced Recovery Program is the Optimal Approach in Management of Pleural Empyema

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in the management of pleural empyema towards minimally invasive modalities. Performing a uniportal-video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (uVATS) may have a further beneficial impact on outcomes compared to multi-portal or open approach especially with the era of enhanced recovery program after surgery(ERAS).

Analysis of Uniporter Thoracoscopy with Enhanced Recovery Program is the Optimal Approach in Management of Pleural Empyema
Comparison between the pre eras and post eras period, in terms of length of stay and the drain duration

In order to solved out this query and comparing these variables various test has been applied. There are the two most important statically test that has been adopted for solving these queries. These statically test are means comparing as well as one way ANOVA test both of these test has been applied for collecting the accurate values of the variables.  While these test has been conducted it has been observed or estimated that there two dependent variables while on independent variables. pre eras and post eras are considered as the independent variables meanwhile of stay and the drain duration are dependent variables. It has been observed that the one way ANOVA is the best way to comparing the variables.

Means comparison of Uniporter Thoracoscopy with Enhanced Recovery Program is the Optimal Approach in Management of Pleural Empyema

The process of comparing means is particularly utilized when it needs to compare differences as well as summarize the descriptive statistics in the one or more factors. It also includes various categorical variables.

Interpretation of Uniporter Thoracoscopy with Enhanced Recovery Program is the Optimal Approach in Management of Pleural Empyema

It has been observed in the above given case processing summary tables that how much variables or factors are includes to comparing the variables as well as conducting this particular test. The averages for all variables as ; all patients LOS with the accordance of the PRE and POST ERAS and all pt drain duration with the accordance of  PRE and POST ERAS   has been explained effective in this table.  The table of the report summary is presenting the descriptive analysis of the all variable such as it is illustrating that average of the all patients Length of stay LOS is lies among the 0.000 to 1 during the pre and post eras with the standard deviation of about 0.000 to 0.51755.  

The ranges that are considered as the best for this analysis are the o and 1 only.

The table of the ANOVA shows whether there is a statistically significant difference among the means of the group means. It has been observed in this table that the significance value is 0.000 for all variables which is less than 0.05; it means there is a statistically significant difference in the PRE and POST ERAS and the all patients LOS. This is the one of the most important good thing to know, but we do not know which of the specific groups differed. Luckily, we can find this out in the Multiple Comparisons table. The value of the F is denoting the good fitness of the model. As it is indicated in this tables that all of the variables values are greater than 1 it represents the good fitness of the model.

Interpretation

It has been observed in the above given case processing summary tables that how much variables or factors are includes to comparing the variables as well as conducting this particular test. The averages for all variables as ; all patients LOS with the accordance of the PRE and POST ERAS and all pt drain duration with the accordance of  PRE and POST ERAS   has been explained effective in this table. 

The table of the report summary is presenting the descriptive analysis of the all variable such as it is illustrating that average of the all pt drain duration is lies among the 0.000 to 0.87 during the pre and post eras with the standard deviation of about 0.000 to 0.5164.  The ranges that are considered as the best for this analysis are the o and 1 only.

The table of the ANOVA shows whether there is a statistically significant difference among the means of the group means. It has been observed in this table that the significance value is 0.000 for all variables which is less than 0.05; it means there is a statistically significant difference in the PRE and POST ERAS and the all pt drain duration. This is the one of the most important good thing to know, but we do not know which of the specific groups differed. Luckily, we can find this out in the Multiple Comparisons table. The value of the F is denoting the good fitness of the model. As it is indicated in this tables that all of the variables values are greater than 1 it represents the good fitness of the model.

One way ANOVA test of Uniporter Thoracoscopy with Enhanced Recovery Program is the Optimal Approach in Management of Pleural Empyema

One-Way ANOVA ("analysis of variance") is particularly utilized to comparing the means of more than two independent variables for examining the statistical evidence by which the means of the associated population are significantly different. One-Way ANOVA is also considered as the  parametric test.

Interpretation

While the one ANOVA test has been conducted the various tables are generated the first table is related to the descriptive statics that express the minimum maximum and rages of the variables. It has been observed that minimum values for Pre ERAS is 2 while the maximum value is 29. The standard deviation is 4.89205 along with the mean of the 7.9375. Minimum values for Post ERAS is 1.00 while the maximum value is 10.00. The standard deviation is 1.94446along with the mean of the 3.7778. All of these values are conducted with the accordance of the all patients LOS. It has been observed that minimum values for Pre ERAS is 1.00 while the maximum value is 22.00. The standard deviation is 4.39409 along with the mean of the 7.3958. Minimum values for Post ERAS is 1.00 while the maximum value is 8.00. The standard deviation is 1.82895 along with the mean of the 3.5833. All of these values are conducted with the accordance of the all pt drain duration.

The table of the ANOVA shows whether there is a statistically significant difference among the means of the group means. It has been observed in this table that the significance value is 0.000 for all variables which is less than 0.05; it means there is a statistically significant difference in the PRE and POST ERAS and the all pt drain duration and all patients’ length of stay. This is the one of the most important good thing to know, but we do not know which of the specific groups differed. Luckily, we can find this out in the Multiple Comparisons table. The value of the F is denoting the good fitness of the model. As it is indicated in this tables that all of the variables values are greater than 10 it represents the good fitness of the model.

The Means plot is considered as the visual representation of the output of the comparing means. It explores various points that are considered as the average of each group. It is also considered as the much easier to observe from this graph that in the post ERAs the patients drain duration has fastest mean sprint time , while pre eras for the patients drain duration had the lowest mean sprint time.

Pre and post eras are comparable in the demographics and the stage of the empyema

Yes, pre and post era are comparable with the demographics and the stage of the empyema. In this case the same process and test will be repeated as well. One way ANOVA is the good tool to comparing the variables. In this case there are three dependent and one independent variables that are pre and post era is independent variable meanwhile demographics and the stage of the empyema are the dependent variables. Age and genders of the patients are considered as the demographic variables.  

One way ANOVA test
 

Descriptives
			N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error	95% Confidence Interval for Mean		Minimum	Maximum	Between- Component Variance
							Lower Bound	Upper Bound
empyemastage	Pre ERAS		48	2.2708	.49420	.07133	2.1273	2.4143	1.00	3.00
	Post Eras		72	2.2778	.50969	.06007	2.1580	2.3975	1.00	3.00
	Total		120	2.2750	.50147	.04578	2.1844	2.3656	1.00	3.00
	Model	Fixed Effects			.50358	.04597	2.1840	2.3660
		Random Effects				.04597a	1.6909a	2.8591a			-.00438
age	Pre ERAS		48	60.7083	15.31368	2.21034	56.2617	65.1550	32.00	89.00
	Post Eras		72	54.0000	17.55635	2.06904	49.8745	58.1255	17.00	84.00
	Total		120	56.6833	16.95321	1.54761	53.6189	59.7478	17.00	89.00
	Model	Fixed Effects			16.69921	1.52442	53.6646	59.7021
		Random Effects				3.39217	13.5818	99.7849			17.65948
gender	Pre ERAS		48	.6250	.48925	.07062	.4829	.7671	.00	1.00
	Post Eras		72	.6944	.46387	.05467	.5854	.8034	.00	1.00
	Total		120	.6667	.47338	.04321	.5811	.7522	.00	1.00
	Model	Fixed Effects			.47414	.04328	.5810	.7524
		Random Effects				.04328a	.1167a	1.2166a			-.00149
a. Warning: Between-component variance is negative. It was replaced by 0.0 in computing this random effects measure.

Interpretation of Uniporter Thoracoscopy with Enhanced Recovery Program is the Optimal Approach in Management of Pleural Empyema

While the one ANOVA test has been conducted the various tables are generated the first table is related to the descriptive statics that express the minimum maximum and rages of the variables. It has been observed that minimum values for Pre ERAS is 1.00 while the maximum value is 3.00. The standard deviation is .49420 along with the mean of the 2.2708. Minimum values for Post ERAS is 1.00 while the maximum value is 3.00. The standard deviation is .50969 along with the mean of the 2.2778. All of these values are conducted with the accordance of the empyema stage. It has been observed that minimum values for Pre ERAS is 32.00 while the maximum value is 89.00. The standard deviation is 15.31368 along with the mean of the 60.7083. Minimum values for Post ERAS is 17.00 while the maximum value is 84.00. The standard deviation is 17.55635 along with the mean of the 54.0000. All of these values are conducted with the accordance of the age. The minimum values for Pre ERAS is .00 while the maximum value is 1.00. The standard deviation is .48925 along with the mean of the .6250. Minimum values for Post ERAS is .00 while the maximum value is 1.00. The standard deviation is .46387 along with the mean of the .6944. All of these values are conducted with the accordance of the gender.

The table of the ANOVA shows whether there is a statistically significant difference among the means of the group means. It has been observed in this table that the significance value is .941, for empyema stage which is not less than 0.05; it means there is not statistically significant difference in the PRE and POST ERAS and the empyema stage. The significance value is 0.433, for gender which is not less than 0.05; it means there is not statistically significant difference in the PRE and POST ERAS and the gender. The significance value is 0. .033, for age which is less than 0.05; it means there is not statistically significant difference in the PRE and POST ERAS and the age. This is the one of the most important good thing to know, but we do not know which of the specific groups differed. Luckily, we can find this out in the Multiple Comparisons table. The value of the F is denoting the good fitness of the model. As it is indicated in this tables that all of the variables values are not greater than 10 it represents that the model is not good fitness of the model.

The Means plot is considered as the visual representation of the output of the comparing means. It explores various points that are considered as the average of each group. It is also considered as the much easier to observe from this graph that in the post ERAs the patients age has fastest mean sprint time , while pre eras for the patients drain duration had the lowest mean sprint time.

If there is a relation between the (COPD, DM, smoking, and stage of empyema) in a multivariate analysis with the duration of drain and length of stay post-op 

In order to measure the relationship among the variables correlation analysis has been applied because it is the one of the most important and good tool to measure the relationship among the variables. It also illustrates the strength of the relationship in good ways. Meanwhile the regression analysis is also applied in to solve this query because it illustrates the effects of the one variable on another.

Correlation Analysis

Interpretation

The above table represents the correlation between each variable with another variable. The correlation of all study variables with each and every dependent variable is positive and significant. It means that COPD and DM are significantly and negatively correlate with all patient drain duration and all patients’ length of stay and the correlation between these two variables are 0.005 and the correlation is significant at both level 0.01 and 0.05.  Similarly, smoking and age of the patients are significantly and positively correlate with patient drain duration and all patients’ length of stay and the correlation between these two variables is 0.29 and the correlation is not significant at 0.05. In addition, Epyama stage and COPD are positively correlates with patient drain duration and all patients’ length of stay and the correlation between these two variables is 0.107, and the correlation is significant at 1%. Moreover, dm and gender are not significantly and negatively correlates with patient drain duration and all patients’ length of stay, and the correlation between these two variables is -0.005, -.108 and the correlation is not significant at 1%. Last but not least, all of the variables are not significantly but positively correlates with patient drain duration and all patients’ length of stay, except DM and genders that are negatively correlate with other variables. The results show the not highest but moderate correlation of all variables with the patient drain duration and all patients’ length of stay.

Scatter Plot

It is also good tool to examining the relationship among the variables.

The above given graph is showing the scatterplot, which have been drawn by analyzing the relationship analysis for measuring the impact of the variables as well as the relationship of the variables for showing either the variables have positive relationship or negative. The best fitting line of the scatter plot is showing all the independent variables as; smoking; OPD and DM have negative relationship with all patients’ length of stay. It means by increasing the smoking, OPD and DM the all patients length of stay can be decreased.

Regression Analysis
 

Model Summary
Model	R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	Std. Error of the Estimate
1	.195a	.038	.004	3.97812
a. Predictors: (Constant), empyemastage, smoking, dm, copd

The value of the r=.195, which is showing the impacts of the  empyema stage, smoking, dm, copd on all patients length of stay because the value r is almost round about the 1.00 and r square value is .038 which shows 38 % influence and variations are founded in the independent

Variables it also have 38 % influence on the other variable.

Interpretation

The regression equation is constructed by applying the equation which shows the least squares and it have founded by the given formula which showing a = 3.178 and b = -.033,

1.645, .278 and.701 respectively it is demonstrated in the column of the coefficient an above given table.

The equation for the regression is shown as;

Y = 3.178 + (-.033)+ 1.645 +.278+.701X

In the above given table the values of the coefficient for all independent variables are showing it has positive relationship with dependent variable as all patients LOS. It means by increasing the empyema stage, DM, COPD and smoking the all patients LOS will also increase. The significance values for all independent variables are not less than 0.05 which shows all the variables has positive but not significant relationship.

The value of the r=.261, which is showing the impacts of the  empyema stage, smoking, dm, copd on all patients drain duration  because the value r is almost round about the 1.00 and r square value is .068which shows 68 % influence and variations are founded in the independent

Variables it also have 68 % influence on the other variable.

Interpretation

The regression equation is constructed by applying the equation which shows the least squares and it have founded by the given formula which showing a = 4.509 and b = -.526,

2.359, .278 and-.046 respectively it is demonstrated in the column of the coefficient an above given table.

The equation for the regression is shown as;

Y = 4.509 + (-.526)+ 2.359+ .278 +(-.046) X

In the above given table the values of the coefficient for all independent variables are showing it has positive relationship with dependent variable as all patients drain duration. It means by increasing the empyema stage, DM, COPD and smoking the all patients drain duration will also increase. The significance values for all independent variables are not less than 0.05 which shows all the variables has positive but not significant relationship

To compare between pre eras and post eras

Chi square is another good tool to compare the two variables or more than two variables it also offers the cross tabulation of the several variables.

If any relation between post-op duration and duration of drain with the other demographics

Correlation Analysis

Interpretation

The Pearson correlation has applied on this analysis because there are two dependent variable while two variables are independent variables. This shows the statistically significant association between the age, gender as well as the patients LOS and patients drain duration. The Pearson statistic is calculated 1.00** for the patients LOS and patients drain duration which shows the relationship is good for all variables. The value of the correlation for gender is - .108, .019 for gender. The values for all variables are roundabout the 1 and it’s enough to showing the positive significant relationship of the variables.

Regression Analysis

The value of the r=.096^a, which is showing the impacts of the  gender and age on all patients drain duration  because the value r is almost round about the 1.00 and r square value is .009which shows 0.9 % influence and variations are founded in the independent Variables it also have 0.9 %  influence on the other variable.

Interpretation

The regression equation is constructed by applying the equation which shows the least squares and it have founded by the given formula which showing a = 4.201 and b = .019,

-.242 respectively it is demonstrated in the column of the coefficient an above given table.

The equation for the regression is shown as;

Y = 4.201 + (-.242)X+ .019X

In the above given table the values of the coefficient for all independent variables are showing it has positive relationship with dependent variable as all patients drain duration. It means by increasing the age and gender all patients drain duration will also increase. The significance values for all independent variables are not less than 0.05 which shows all the variables has positive but not significant relationship