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Abstract of Smart Power Distribution
The electric power distribution is
the last step of the distribution of electric power and the distribution to the
consumers as well as customers. In the olden times, the electric power created
in Europe, as well as the cities of the US, were used to distribute the
electricity. The study is showing that the lighting system was very heavy and
consumed around 3000 volts electricity and incandescent lighting system were
working on 100 volts that was completely designed and created for the offices,
commercial areas as well as residencies. The engineers had to face several problems
to distribute the energy to their customers who were residents far away. They
were facing several problems in the distribution of the electric power to the
customers especially they were facing problems to supply power who were residents
1 mile away from the grid stations. The residential customer and the commercial
customers of electric power supply are associated with the second lines of distribution
via utilization of the service drops. In the study, the centralized power
distribution architecture, as well as the decentralized power distributed
architectures, are discussed and their working behavior is different.
Introduction of Smart Power Distribution
Electrical engineers had to face
many problems and they are under heavy pressure to install the larger electric
distribution efficiency in the electronic product design. They have to face
problems in the distribution of electric power energy. The study is all about system
power distribution. The study is providing comprehensive information about the
smart power distribution system and the network. before starting talking about
the smart power distribution system and the smart power distribution network,
comprehensive historical background of the power distribution system and the network
is provided in this study that is providing information on the electric power
and where the first grid station was established. The electricity was firstly
made in Europe and then it was started to distribute to the residential people
and the commercial people. For the residence and indoor usage, the incandescent
lighting system was introduced while for the larger, outdoor, and commercial
use, the arc lighting system was used that was operational and consumed around
3kV current. The engineers used the copper conductor cables which were a requirement
in the system of Edison DC. To overcome such kind problems, it is discussed the
centralized power distribution architecture. The important information on the
decentralized power distribution architecture is provided in the system. Some
challenges related to power distribution are also provided. It is also
discussed the effects of the renewables or the renewable energy on the smart
power distribution network. The integration of wind farms importantly impact on
the stability of the power distribution and some other important information is
also provided in the document.
Background of Smart Power Distribution
The electric power distribution or the smart electric power
distribution is the final stage of the distribution of electric power to the housing
estates. The smart power distributor carries the electric power from the
transmission system to every single user or the customer of electric power. The
smart electric power distribution has a complete history and background. It
this section, the comprehensive and detailed background of the electric power
distribution is provided in this document. The electric power distribution became
an essential element of life in the years of 1880. At that time, the power stations
started to generate electric power. In the starting years of electric power
distribution, the electricity was generated usually near to those areas where
it was used as well as people have the knowledge and awareness of the
characteristics and the effective use of electricity. The very first power
distribution system implemented in Europe as well as in the cities of the United
States. It used the US cities to supply arc lighting such as running of arc
lighting on higher voltage. A very large amount of the power was required to
turn on arc lighting around 3000 voltages of AC. Furthermore, the incandescent
lighting worked on 100 volts of direct current. Both electric lighting systems
based on the supplanting lighting system. The arc lighting was taking a large
area but incandescent lights were used for residential lights and offices.
The single station of engineering could distribute the
lights log string due to the high voltage more than 7 miles long circuits used
in the arc lighting. To transmit the same amount of power, the same size cable
would be allowed by every doubling of the voltage. The lighting systems of
direct current for the incandescent lighting had faced the difficulty to
distribute electricity to customers a mile away. The problem of the distribution
of electric power to customers a mile away was due to the use of the low 110-volt
system. The problem was due to the low power system from generators to the
customer's houses and offices. Thick copper conductor cables were needed by the
Edison DC system, as well as it was also needed to become in 1.5 miles by
generating plants to avoid excessively large and expensive conductors.
Electric Power Distribution of Smart Power
Distribution
The eclectic power distribution is the last step in electric
power distribution and carries the electricity from the transmission system to the
consumers. The substations for electric distribution connect to the
transmission system as well as the transmission voltage at lower to a medium
voltage that has the range among 2 kV and 35 kV with the transformers usage. This
medium of voltage power is carried the primary distribution lines to the power
distributing transformer installed near the locations of consumers. To voltage utilization
which is used by lighting, household appliances, or the industrial equipment, the
power distribution transformers again lower the voltage. Through secondary
distribution lines, the power distribution transformers supply the power to
several customers. Furthermore, the residential customers, as well as
commercial customers, are linked to the secondary lines of distribution by
using the service drops. It may connect directly to the customers that demand a
larger amount of power to the primary level of distribution or the level of sub-transmission.
Smart Power Distribution Architecture of Smart Power
Distribution
The electrical engineers are under pressure for installing larger
electric power distribution efficiency in the designs of the electronic
product. There is a competitive demand forth high power and low loss, as well
as consistent safety, have confronted the formation of the latest system for
the distribution of power that is efficient and very effective from the source
of power to distribution for those electric devices which are interconnected. A
centralized power distribution architecture is proposed in this study that contains
the power source as well as the master control. The master control is basically
the power controller that distributes the electric power to the systems.
Figure 1:
Centralized Power Distribution Architecture
Challenges of Smart Power Distribution
The challenges in the distribution of power distribution
have led to new methodologies in the technology of the power distribution along
with the smart distribution of power and it will be the latest innovations for
the electric power distribution. The decentralized power architecture is used by
a smart power distribution system that is completely based on the multiple electrical
as well as electronic modules rather than devices of electromechanical such as
relays and the fuses. Furthermore, it is the ideal power management control
technique for the application which is mostly used in the robotics, aviation as
well as transportation. Although, it is not easy to design a new different type
of distribution architecture because it mostly has to become more customized to
the application. To minimize the cost of the architecture, electrical engineers
are required to deliver or distribute the power safely under the variations of
load. The best way to get better information about the benefits of smart power
distribution is the evaluate how the architecture of centralizing and
decentralized power distribution works.
Decentralized Power Distribution Architecture
The working way of centralized power architecture is to
distribute the electric power to the consumer’s systems in the network from the
power source. While the decentralized power distribution architecture is also
known as the distributed power architecture. The decentralized distributed architecture
has some power requirements which are divided into the different types of power
distribution centers that have the ability to distribute the power into the
other sources and components of the product. furthermore, it is communicated
with every module through a controller area network (CAN) or local
interconnection network (LIN) by power distribution controllers. It designs the
power distribution controllers or the smaller power units for as well as located
or placed near the devices’ operation in the system
Figure 2:
Decentralized Power Distribution Architecture
Impacts
of Renewables on the Power Distribution Network
In this section, it is discussed about the impacts of the
renewables or the renewable energy on the power distribution network. Wind
energy is the form of renewable energy. The wind farms integration with the
significant impacts on conditions stability under the faults of the system as
well as to balance the reserve in the power distribution system or network. The
effect of the wind farm on the voltage profile in the area of the power
distribution system. The sharp generation of electric power from the renewables
is creating and increasing the necessity to analyze the impacts of the
integration on the power distribution system. The transmission of the electric
power distribution network is discussed
Voltage Profile Variation and Overloading of Network
Elements of Smart Power Distribution
Considering the disconnection of the 400 kV lines of
transmission, different types of simulations were conducted. Respectively a
high line of transmission capacity is disconnected the larger renewable energy
plant or the single small unite out of the operation. The diagram which is
given below is illustrating the results related to the variation of voltage
profile and overloading the elements in the power distribution network. The
diagram is showing the levels of RMS voltage 400kV buses in a specific area. As
shown in the figure, the reduction in the level of voltage is determined by the
disconnection of the line of 400 kV with a maximum of 0.1 p.u. Moreover, the
disconnection of the large wind power plan for renewable energy or the single renewable
small unit initially recognizes the increase in the level of voltage by 0.01p.u
Figure 3:
Voltage variation at 400 kV buses (p.u)
Conclusion of Smart Power Distribution
It is concluded that the smart power distributor carries the electric power from the transmission system to every single user or the customer of electric power. At that time, the power stations started to generate electric power. In the starting years of electric power distribution, the electricity was generated usually near to those areas where it was used. A very large amount of the power was required to turn on arc lighting around 3000 voltages of AC. The problem was due to the low power system from generators to the customer's houses and offices. Through secondary distribution lines, the power distribution transformers supply the power to several customers. There is a competitive demand forth high power and low loss, as well as consistent safety, have confronted the formation of the latest system for the distribution of power that is efficient and very effective. The decentralized power architecture is used by a smart power distribution system that is completely based on the multiple electrical as well as electronic modules rather than devices of electromechanical such as relays and the fuses. Although, it is communicated with every module through a controller area network (CAN) or local interconnection network (LIN) by power distribution controllers. The effect of the wind farm on the voltage profile in the area of the power distribution system. The levels of RMS voltage 400kV buses in the specific area. The disconnection of the large wind power plan for renewable energy or the single renewable small unit initially recognizes the increase in the level of voltage
Balaban, G., Lazaroiu, G. C., Dumbrava, V. & Sima,
C. A., 2017. Analysing Renewable Energy Source Impacts on Power System National
Network Code. Power System, pp. 2-18.
Bayindir, R., Demirbaş,
Ş., Irmak, E. & Cetinkaya, U., 2016. Effects of renewable energy sources on
the power system. power system.
Vaccaro, A. et al., 2014. A self-organizing architecture for decentralized smart microgrids synchronization, control, and monitoring.. IEEE transactions on Industrial Informatics, , 11(1), pp. 289-298..
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