Explain how art in the Paleolithic period differs from art in the Neolithic period based on their lifestyle shifts. Be specific in your discussion, and use the Venus of Willendorf and Stonehenge as your examples.

The paleolithic era is the time between the time of 2.6 million years ago to about 1000 years ago. On the other hand, the new stone age or also known as Neolithic Era is the era that from 10,000 BC and it end at about 4500 or 2000 BC, different according to different parts of the world. It has been said that during the era of paleolithic there were different human species but when Neolithic era arrived, only one specie is survived. The survival of the species mostly depended on environment and climate. The Neolithic human species was allowed to settle down in one area, because they somehow discovered animal and agricultural husbandry.

Neolithic Era: It is also known as New Stone Age. The lifestyle was sedentary. They have permanent settlement where they use to farmland raise their animals. Agriculture was discovered at that time and became the main source of food. Many families have evolved in this time. The clothes were of the animal skin and woven garments. There was the concept of private property and ownership for livestock and lands and even for tools. The people in Neolithic Era was shorter and average life was low. Many diseases which also include typhoid and tooth cavities was initiated in this time period. Because the lifestyle was not nomadic so the women use to have a lot of children. They use to grow crops like wheat, beans and corns to use then as the source of food. This era allows people to live in some permanent place and allow them to raise cattle. They were able to get settle in some fertile area where the climate can be predictive. They usually settle near river basins. Rice and wheat were the first crop that they use to cultivate. And the first domesticated animals were dogs, goats, sheep, horses. They invented writing poetries and poems. It was believed that the wheel is invented in this era along with calendars and time keeping processes. What happen in their everyday life has direct impact on their art. They were quite settled as compared to paleolithic people so they have their art quite different from them. They usually did rock art. Stonehenge art is one of the discoveries in Neolithic era.

Following figure is showing the T-shaped pillars, Gobekli Tepe, Turkey, ca. 9000BCE.

Paleolithic Era: It is also known as Old Stone Age. The lifestyle was quite Nomadic. There were tribe society. They use to be hunters and gatherers. The tribe consist of 50 or more persons. Clan was controlled by some elder or the one who has the power. At that time there was no concept of private property. People in this time period was quite taller and also have longer life span as compared to Neolithic era people. Agriculture was not known at this time so people use to hunt and gather for their food source. They were Nomads people who use to live in tribes and their food source is hunting, fishing and gathering fruits from forest and other places. Skin of animals was used to make clothes. They even live in clans of 20 to 30 people and they lived in caves or maybe in cabins that was made of tree branches or animal skin. The most important invention of the people living in paleolithic era was the language. And the other one is how to control the fire. The mysterious type of Paleolithic cultural making was or example, The Cupule. The early sculpture was known as the Venuses of Tan-Tan and Berekhat Ram. The upper age automatically modified the carvings and the paintings. Venus of Willendorf is another example of art from the Era of Paleolithic. Following figure is showing Nude woman (Venus of Willendorf), from Willendorf, Austria, ca. 28,000–25,000 BCE. Limestone, 4 1/4” high. Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Discuss the stylistic differences between the Greeks’ Classical period and their Hellenistic period. Use the Doryphoros and the Seated Boxer to make your comparison. Start your discussion of each period with its respective historical context. Be sure to use the terms ‘naturalism’ & ‘realism’ (correctly) in your discussion.

Classical Greece is mainly the period when the ancient Greek were dominant by Athens. The reason was that many of the major scholars and writers of that time were born in Athens. The Hellenic period was after Archaic period, from about 80^th century BCE or 700s BCE to about 510 BCE of formative period. Athens created first democracy. It allows the flourishment of free thinkers and poets as well as the writers that eventually produced some of the well known and common success in arts, science and mainly in philosophy and literature. Hellenistic studies emphasize on the study of ancient Greek/

The world of Greek was changed forever after his death in 323 BCE. It was Alexander who allowed Greeks t have relation with multiple cultures of Asia. So, we can say that Hellenistic period is all about the changes in conventional Greeks culture because of these contacts and in this way, we can separate these periods according to the history. When Romans came in that town, the Hellenistic period was almost ended. Romans conquered the world of Greek piece by piece in between 146 BCE and 30 BCE. The Romans and Greeks get absorbed and them termed as Roman Greek period which stayed for about 330 CE.

It was the time of Hellenistic period that is characterized by the invention of philosophy. The philosopher of this period is characterized by the base that have the reason as key of solving the issues and somehow, they denied the facts of truth. Philosophers revert to a reliance on faith and belief, with inability to know the facts.

Hellenic period gave the invention of Homeric epics, that recreated the belief in human greatness and highlighted the beautiful aspects of life. It was lyrical poetry that originated in its most gentle style. Production of tragic dramas were the supreme success of this era.

Define relic, reliquary, pilgrim, and pilgrimage. What was the role of relics and pilgrims in the changes seen in Romanesque church construction, such as Saint-Sernin (Figure 12-5 & 6)? In other words, what did Romanesque churches add in order to accommodate pilgrims and relics? Be specific, and use the correct terminology.

Relics: Relics are actually piece of Jesus, Mary, or a saint which are as old as the faith itself and keep on developing along with it. Christians have the strong belief on the power of relics. They were more than momentous for them. It was said that there was the healing power in those objects that were touched by Christ. The spiritual relationship between life and death was given by the body of the saint, between God and the man.

Those relics that were liked with Christ and his mother was thought to be the holiest of all relics. It was because of that faith of resurrection of the Christ, physical relics of the Christ with also some exceptions were thought to be the teeth of baby Jesus or the Virgins milk, usually those objects that they touched during their lifetime like the wooden piece of Cross.

Reliquaries: Reliquaries are receptacle for a relic. The container or the box that store the relics or display the relics are termed as reliquaries. It was considered appropriate to put them I some vessel of reliquaries because they are more valuable than precious gold or stones. The reliquaries were mostly crafted or covered by the ivory, or gems or stones or the enamel. Sometimes the reliquaries are covered with those scenes related to the life of the saints whose remains are present within it and sometimes the decoration of the reliquaries is not related to the life of the saint or community but sometimes it only reflect common themes of the Christians, that make it able to use by any community.

Pilgrim and Pilgrimage: Pilgrimage is a religious journey. This is a major topic that is related to many aspects of the human existence. It not only specifies the physical journey toward some special place but also elaborate the inner spiritual journey and thus life itself. It was pilgrimage which fired the imagination of many poets and artists for many years. Pilgrim and pilgrimage are the words that have range of different meaning for many years.

The origin of ‘pilgrim’ is a Latin word which basically mean foreigner or a stranger. It can also be said as traveler who is making a short journey to some specific place. Tis term undergirded he main image of the life of Christians. They say that the world is temporary residence, our true home is heaven. So, they behave according to the standards of their homeland. This was the primary understanding of the term during early ages

References of Pilgrim and Pilgrimage 

https://uploadfiles.io/02kzvmlx

Boehm, Barbara Drake. “Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/relc/hd_relc.htm (originally published October 2001, last revised April 2011)

http://www.historiasiglo20.org/prehistory/index.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXz17MbYtK4

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