Report on The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Table of Contents

1. Management Summary 3

1.1 Project Description 3

1.2 Purpose of the project 3

1.3 Overall Resource Requirements 3

1.4 Constraints 4

1.5 Problem Areas and How they will be overcome 4

1.6 A Master Schedule Showing Major Events and Milestones 4

2. Management and Organization 5

2.1 Project Management and Organization 5

2.2 Manpower 5

2.3 Training and Development 5

3. Technical section: 7

Scope of Work 7

3.2 Work Breakdown 7

3.2.1 Requirement Analysis 7

3.2.2 Team Commencements & Workload Management 7

3.2.3 Initial Development 7

3.2.4 Alpha Development 7

3.2.5 Feature Testing 7

3.2.6 Beta Testing 7

3.3 Responsibility Assignments 8

3.4 Project Schedules 8

3.5 Budget and Financial Support 9

4. Communication Plan 10

4.1 Responsibilities of the project manager: 10

4.3 Project audience: 11

4.4 Project calendar: 11

4.5 Deliverable: 11

4.6 Approvals: 11

4.7 Escalation: 12

5. References 14

1 Management Summary of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Development of software is not an easy to go thing, at the same time its implementation is also not as easy. It requires number of different technical members that can uphold all of the things together and manage them. Oerlikon Aerospace (OA) is the systems integrator for the air defense missile system. Missile system is the one that consists of a one major launcher of missile that is being mounted on the tracked vehicle so that one can easily move it from one place to the other without causing much disturbance or the distortion. Along with the vehicle different kind of the radar, optical sensors, communication equipment and control systems are also being used. More than 100 different kind of the systems along with the software engineers are involved in developing as well as the maintenance of the whole system. It is not an easy job at all to recognize that whether the software engineer is a core competent or the president approve the establishment of the software engineering process group. This is not just it but maintenance of the budget for the assessment of software capability is something that needs to be kept in mind. There should be a complete preparation of the process involvement plan as well (Laporte, Guay, & Tousignant , 1998)

1.1 Project Description of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Description of the project is that there are different organizations present who are developing different kind of the software which can be used or implemented further on. Here we are going to talk about that how organization need to successfully develop a software and then further implemented towards the systems of engineering process. In this whole report, we will be discussing briefly about the different systems that are related to the engineering development process, application of the system for the re-engineering of two different components of the air defense missile system. This report will discuss about each fact and figure in detail. 

1.2 Purpose of the project of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Objectives of any study depends upon number of different factors and the whole report or the study revolves around those objective. For this study or report there are different objectives which are:

• First of all the very first purpose is to find the suitable team of the software engineers that will help out in making the things clear and telling an organization that what kind of the software needs to be prepared. There is no person in this world apart from the software engineers who can guide and give best opinions in this regard. So the very first objective should be to look for the bets team.

• Second purpose is to know about the software that what kind of the software needs to be installed. Complete study should be done on this part because software is the main thing that would lead the project further and if the first step would be wrong then obviously it would get difficult to manage the rest process.

• Third purpose of this study is to know about the different techniques through which the software needs to be implemented towards the systems of an engineering process. 

• Fourth purpose of this study is to briefly discuss about the different kind of the systems which are associated with all the process of engineering development.

1.3 Overall Resource Requirements of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Resource requirement is the area that covers all of the important things for making the project successful, here for this project the things that would be required is a very good and disciplined team of the software engineers that will further tell about all of the important essentials that would be needed to make a software that would then be installed towards the engineering process. Afterwards a launcher control electronic system would be needed along with the operator consoles as well. The launcher control subsystem is the one that is being composed of the main data processor which further helps in coordinating the operation of the sensors, the launch as well as the guidance of the different missiles, missile tracker processor would also be needed, target tracker processor along with the servo control processor as well. Operator consoles is the one that consists in the radar console that helps in allowing the control of communication and the radar subsystems. Along with all this, electro-optical console that is responsible for the allowing and controlling of the optical sensors as well as the missile launchers (Yasseri, 2014)

1.4 Constraints of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Constraints of this study are that make sure the team of the software engineers should be qualified and experienced enough so that any future problem won’t take place by any mean. All the above mention resources should be present along with their best working mechanism. Another thing that needs to be taken seriously is, both of the projects should be divided in the increments that are: system definition phase of a subsystem in the new system of configuration and the next part is make sure to have a detailed development phase of software and the hardware. Identification of each of the increments needs to be based upon the nature of the new subsystem that have to interface with all of the existing components like electro-optical module, power distribution unit and the missile. 

1.5 Problem Areas and How they will be overcome

Problem areas that pilot projects and the participants need to be selected carefully because such projects may foster the adoption of all the new practices throughout the whole organization. There are many chances that first time users will make many different kind of the mistakes so this is very important to train all such participants in all the proper measures so that any kind of the mistake won’t be part of the whole project because such small carelessness may make up many big issues. Therefore make sure that each and every participant get trained accordingly with the passage of time. Plus the training should not be only given once to the participants just at the start but such training should be given after some time according to the changes in the technology to make sure and have a look that whether all of the participants are working properly and accordingly or not. 

1.6 A Master Schedule Showing Major Events and Milestones

Events of this whole project will include the making of a software that how the software will get developed after analyzing different things. Next step will include that how the system will be then implemented in the technological process. These are the two major steps that further have different sub events in it (Blanchard & Blyler, 2016)

2 Management and Organization 

Management is the only group that can look after the whole organization along with the project that needs to be done. Same is the case here, different members should be made part of the whole management team starting from the leader and ending with the small person. Leaders should have a complete check and balance on all the factors that are they working properly or not because through this things will keep on working in a better way and it won’t disturb the whole system as well. Making any leader of the project doesn’t mean that they will be superior and they won’t have anything to do. Being a leader means having many responsibilities and keeping everything balanced, in the budget and in the time limit as well (Lemberger & Erasmus, 2014)

2.1 Project Management and Organization

Project management is a very big responsibility and for this, superior and experienced person should be made in charge so that he or she can have a complete look and check balance. There are number of different things that are the responsibility of the project leader to be checked upon with the passage of time to make sure everything is on track. 

Time limitation is the biggest responsibility, in this project leader have to make a complete check that whether all the processes and steps are being taken on the time or are the things getting late. If things won’t be on time then there would be no purpose left for the project to get completed because everything has a time and the things need to be done on that specified time no matter what.

Budget is the second main thing. There are many teams who fail to complete the project in the given or certified budget and as a result things need to be stopped before they get done. So every step should be pre assumed and things need to be done according to that. When all the things would be told to be done in the specified budget then things would work in a different way. Only project leader is not the one who is supposed to do all this, else team members should be particular about such things and need to do them properly (Grady, 1995)

2.2 Manpower of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Manpower is the one that is able to make the different kind of systems. In this project main work relied upon the shoulders of manpower and the group of those manpower is the team of software engineers who would build a software and then implement it as well. Obviously software would do its work on its own when it will be installed but all the pre steps need to be done by the manpower and this is one technical as well as the complicated step. 

2.3 Training and Development of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Training is the part of every project and every organization. Different kind of the techniques need to be developed to train the employees and staff. As this is a technical project and before giving training different participants can make number of faults that can damage the whole effort that has been done before. So it is very important and essential that training staff should also be made part of the project. Very first trail of the training need to be given to the participants before making participants the part of project or handing over the whole system to them. Training part doesn’t end up here but such training programs need to be given to the participants to make them aware about the latest technologies, how to use them and all such things. These training programs also help them out to get parallel to the other groups present in the market or the competing organizations. Different issues can be discussed in the training programs by the other employees or participants that would definitely help out the others before making any fault or facing any challenge. They get to know how to handle them before time. So training is a very important part and these training sessions need to be arranged for the participants over the period (Trudeau, 2005)

3 Technical section:

3.1 Scope of Work of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

The scope of work refers to the area of the signed consensus between two parties where the work will be implemented. The air defense system will be responsible for the controlling and monitoring of the flight operating inside the air space of Sindh provincial region. Further it will be responsible for navigating the flights and providing adequate response to the security forces if any threats found also it will be maintaining the data of the flights operational in the area.

3.2     Work Breakdown

The development and implementation of the project will be divided in to several levels which are as follows.

3.2.1 Requirement Analysis of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Requirement analysis is a methodology of explaining the requirements of the users of an application that is to be developed. Requirement analysis accumulates all the tasks which are conducted to clarify the needs of different domains therefore requirement analysis means to study, document, validate and govern software specifications and in this scope of the project it is going to gather the data and information from the clients and other relevant sources.

3.2.2 Team Commencements & Workload Management

Workload management is the method of effectively distributing and governing work among your team. Workload management increases employee performance and help decreasing chaos making you and your team satisfied. In regards to the current project quality and management team is set up which will follow the guidelines according to the project measures and further workflows are decided by the project management

3.2.3 Initial Development of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Initial development means first stage development cycle following the information gathering and requirement analysis in this area of the work the initial development of the project starts according to the requirement gathered of the airports and airlines and following up with the daily inflows and outflows.

3.2.4 Alpha Development of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

According to the software development lifecycle alpha release are rolling out new features to the client which happens after the completion of the initial development the teams move forward to beta development process which includes advanced feature development but more or less beta development is more of a polish to the features released in the alpha version.

3.2.5 Feature Testing

In between the development process the quality assurance team test and performs the desired operations to check the reliability of the system

3.2.6 Beta Testing of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Beta testing is the final part of analyzing the product before is finally released to a wide audience. The main goal is to find out as many bugs as possible or user issues which might occur and also includes testing business flows of the application. Beta test can be wide range or short range as it can be delivered to the client and let them test out the issues or a set of quality assurance team members are handed out the job to go through critical testing phase and in application like this critical testing is very important as the margin for mistakes must be very less (Kossiakoff, Sweet, Seymour, & Biemer, 2011)

3.2 Responsibility Assignments

The responsibility assignments matrix is mostly suitable for complex projects where activities are over checked and the matrix contains incomplete or inaccurate data. This will lead to multiple efforts on the same task therefore it is recommended that all information is accumulated in the matrix and that all the data remains accurate. In the light of the current project maintaining a hierarchy is important therefore the management is divided in to the following pools.

• The project manager will be responsible for governing the project and also in touch with clients

• There will be multiple team leads for different areas such as development and quality assurance

• The team leads will assign task heads and the employees will report to them.

3.3 Project Schedules of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

PHASES NAME DURATION CONTENTS

1 Semi functional Designing 5 days • Information gathering

• Database Structure

• Revisions

2 Alpha development 4 days • Development of functional screens

• Front end functionalities, 

• Web synchronization for data fetching with DB.

• Memberships(complete sub-divisions)

3 Beta development 6 days • Software Transaction testing

• Registration option

• Cross Platforms sync testing

• Safe check out (to make transferring sure)

4 DATA Integration 5 days • Implementation of your approved supplied data for functionality platform.

Summary

TOTAL PHASES STATUS DAYS REVISIONS

4 Testing and Deployment 20 days • QA verification.

3.4 Budget and Financial Support

Managing budgets and other financial practice for software development projects can be hard. Most approaches that have be in used for a long time are rapidly becoming unusable so it is a rare part of the project designing to handle the budget according to the project income and other things

The budget for the above-mentioned project will be divided into the total time of the execution of the projects which will be deducted from the total amount of salaries that would be paid in during the timespan.

3.5 Testing of deliverables of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Testing of deliverables process consider the working principle and analysis of software. After complete analysis of requirement, new software will be developed according to the budget and maximum output strategy. All the deliverables will be tested to measure efficiency of newly developed system.

3.6 Change control plan of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

The change management plan is defined to provide alternative plans for roles and activities for the control change. Incase of inefficiency of previous plan at any stage, some alternative plans can be used to reach the goals. If software system fails to provide sufficient and expected outcomes, then alternative strategies will be considered. The alternative strategies will be based on project scope, plans, schedule, risk, issues, and budget conditions.

3.7 Work review plan of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

The work review plan consists of testing the software product and to ensure that the product and system is according to requirement that were stated by the company. Software review program will verify the performance, system designs, test cases, and test plans. 

3.8 Documentation of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Technical documentation is required for the proper software development, practices and use. The documentation required in our project include user experience design documentation, source code document, maintenance and help guide, API documentation, and quality assurance documentation.

3.9 Implementation of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

The software implementation program is a systematic structure for the integration of services. It will consider the workflow of the whole process according to the individual end user and organizational structure. 

3.10 Economic justification of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

The purpose of the project is to prepare a solution for the software and the business environment. The alternative options are also considered for the analysis of benefits, cost, risk and impacts. The validation of solution is based on the input economic conditions and how it will increase benefits. The feasibility study includes evaluation of software and if the project is not technically feasible.

3.11 Areas of uncertainty and risk 

The future events can induce impact on the uncertainty and risk of the software development. The negative working condition can result in consequence of the project. The future event can be risky if the software is not working under the condition. 

3.12 Implementation of 3rd party review of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Third party review is important for the experienced and highly skilled team of developers in the software development. The third party security is provided to the entity that secure legal responsibilities of the software. After first design of software, the third party will review the program and it will define if working of software is according to requirement.

3.13 Assumptions, exceptions and limitations   of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Assumptions can be defined based on things that can be accepted. According to the defined software assumptions it is important to satisfy all the conditions and working principles of software. 

4 Communication Plan of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Project is a task that need to be completed within given time. Projects don’t get done by itself. It needs people to carry things out. Project manager and project management team are the individuals who carry out the project tasks by dividing accordingly. In the life of project management, a group of individuals are involved. The purpose of the topic is to define the role and responsibilities of project manager and team.

A project manager is someone who is leading the team. He takes care of the completion of the project with in the deadline and delivered to the client without any mistake. And the project management team is the group of individuals who team up together for a particular task (Al-Mayahi, Ismail, Wahab, & Amat, 2017)

4.1 Responsibilities of the project manager:

Responsibilities of the project manager can differ from sector to sector and from project to project. There are some basic responsibilities that almost all project manager should handle;

Planning – the purpose of the project is to achieve some mission. Creating a plan in start and a map that how it will get achieved is the responsibility of the project manager. Moreover, the plan is what describe that the project is going to be approved or not.

‘plan your work and work your plan’ – Napoleon Hill

Organizing – once the project is planned and the blueprint is in hands, now it’s time to organize the tasks accordingly. Provide team player with the structure of the project, assign roles to the team and set deadlines.

Leading – the most important responsibility of the project manager is to lead correctly. He/she must communicate with team members to ensure the smoothness of the ongoing project.

Monitoring – the project manager has to ensure every time that the project is going on right way, and the effective use of the resources. Monitoring does not mean imposing your decisions to team. It also happens through collaboration and with the help of team members

Communicating – communicating is the key factor in success of any project. It has been shown through results that project manager spend almost 90% of their time on communication. When we talk about communication, it does not mean that only project team is involved. Project manager is as much involved as the team. The project manage deal with various people, it may include clients, sponsors, some stakeholder etc. Many decisions require the project manager to communicate effectively to give command to members. But the most useful communication happens between team and manager. Manager shares the mission and future goals of the project. The manager takes regular updates of the work from members through communication. The project manager has the role in motivating and inspiring team members effectively to meet deadlines and encourage members to share information and vision individually.

Managing risks – to manage those conditions that can have the negative impact on project is a crucial task to handle by the project manager. Managing risks include identifying threats. Those threats could be in form of a potential key member who is resigning from the job or the client suddenly taking apart of project. Next step should be getting ready for the backups every time, look for the alternatives, look for other solutions at the spot. Risk management also include communication. The manager should inform other team members and stakeholder about the risks. In this way if a team member leave, the task could be assigned to another potential member of the project. It is the job of project manager to hold every person responsibility on his/her shoulder.

4.2 Information needs of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Some future events can impact the outcome and it could lead to adverse consequences if requirements are not fulfilled. The future events can be risky and uncertain if the team does not perceive the certainty of the events and software. It is important to look at the goals and risks that can be triggered during the mitigation process. The issues will be addressed by the testing department and users and members are directed to inform the manager immediately.

4.3 Communication calendar of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

The communication tool will work as a simple tool to line up the projects that can cause stress and panic in the working process. The overall planning and execution of the final project will be based on the communication calendar. The communication calendar of software development is provided below,

4.4 Responsibilities of project team management:

The member of the project team also has roles and responsibilities. The most important priority for every team member is to complete the assigned task at the times given by the project manager. Members should talk about the task to their project manager. In case of any issue or change the member should inform immediately to the manager.

If the member knows about his/her specific ability or potential on a specific field, he/she should not wait for manager to guide him/her on small tasks. If team members do not collaborate with each other it could lead to delay or in some cases if gone so far it can cause failure of the whole project. Hence, team work is so much important in this regard. If the project is big, some members should automatically lead, if they are capable and selected by the other without any argument. They should guide other team members even if they are not leading in proper way.

4.5 Project audience of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System:

As a project manager it is the responsibility of the manager to involve the appropriate audience at the appropriate time. Project audience are involved in success of overall project. From starting the project, organizing and preparing, carrying out, closing the project.

Driver – the people who have a say in explaining the result. They evaluate the project success when it’s finished.

Supporters – people who authorize and give resources to the project.

Observer – who have no say in the project but have interest in end result.

4.6 Project calendar of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System:

A project calendar takes all the tasks of the project and put them together to a visual location where entire team can access. It gives an overall view of the project and tasks. It helps the manager tp step ahead through a planned road map everyone in team can see what needs to complete in what deadline.

4.7 Contact information of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Company name: ABC

Company address: ABC

Phone number: ######

Website: www.abc.com

Fax: ###########

4.8 Deliverable:

A project deliverable is the product of work done during overall project. Explaining, tracking and managing deliverables is the most important task of the project manager to perform. In project management, deliverables refer to as something more specific created through the product of performed work during time of project completion. Following should be the characteristics of the deliverables;

• Lies within the scope of the project

• Stakeholders should agree with it

• It should be the product of the deliberate task experience

• It should have important role in completion of project mission and objective.

4.9 Approvals:

Before the start of the project, every project manager should work on the approval of the project. It includes many things like, plan and road map to approach to the objective of the project, setting of costs and budgets, formation of the schedule. If working closely with the sponsor or stakeholder, the work should be presented accordingly in a developed way. Data bump is the term used when a project manager thinks that all they have to do is recite the budget, schedule and scope highlights and they will provide approval automatically. The cost of the project is according to its requirement. 

Two things the executive cares about is the time of finishing the project and the ways to reduce the cost. Project manager should answer these questions accordingly. The tradeoff will ensure the executive about how the project is going to finfish earlier and how the budget cost will be reduced.

4.10 Escalation of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System:

By bypassing the immediate person, the increase in magnitude and intensity is termed as escalation. Highlighting the issues to the higher authority as per the roles set for escalation in the project. Like if the stakeholder is not willing to do something or some activity, he/she is responsible for telling the information or to escalate the issue to the superior ones for resolving it.

Before escalation, the project manager should take the responsibility of ensuring that the data gathering and analysis process is complete. Some impatient project manager show hurry in escalating without knowing and evaluating everything completely. Approve for the defined escalation matrix before the start of the project. Ensure that the stakeholders are informed about the escalation process. Within that matrix it should be clear that what issue will be raised to whom and within what frame of time. Produce an environment where people will feel ok to escalate the issue timely. Project escalation is art as well as science. It is something that is risky and can lead to clashes too. Identify the situation where escalation is the only option out and have courage to take step about it.

5 References of The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System

Al-Mayahi, H., Ismail, S., Wahab, M. H., & Amat, R. C. (2017). An Overview of Project Communication Management in Construction Industry Projects. Journal of Management, Economics, and Industrial Organization, 1(1).

Blanchard, B. S., & Blyler, J. E. (2016). System Engineering Management (5th Edition ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Grady, J. O. (1995). System Engineering Planning and Enterprise Identity (illustrated Edition ed.). CRC Press.

Kossiakoff, A., Sweet, W. N., Seymour, S. J., & Biemer, S. M. (2011). Systems Engineering Principles and Practice. John Wiley & Sons.

Laporte, C. Y., Guay, A., & Tousignant , J. (1998). The Application of a Systems Engineering Process to the Re-Engineering of an Air Defense System. Symposium of the International Council on Systems Engineering, Vacouver, July 1998. 

Lemberger, I. D., & Erasmus, L. D. (2014). Systems Engineering Management Process Maturity of South African Manufacturing Organisations. 2014 Proceedings of PICMET '14: Infrastructure and Service Integration. 

Trudeau, P. N. (2005). The process of enhancing a systems engineering training and development program. 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE.

Yasseri, S. (2014). Application of systems engineering to subsea development. Underwater Technology The International Journal of the Society for Underwater, 32(2), 93-109.