Assignment on Literature review of Around the extensive and core of Australia

The land of extremes, Australia has a temperature that can range from below freezing in some regions of the south to high as 40°C is some deserts. Australia can experience these extremes sometimes in one day only. Australia is facing almost all of the weather changes encountered anywhere else on the globe. The long, hot, and dry summer is one of the climate features in Australia. Around the extensive and core of Australia, the pattern of rainfall is sometimes concentric. There is a margin for most of the humid state around those arid centers which raise the precipitation level around the coast especially on the east side of Australia. There is a high variation in the rainfall of Australia with low average annual rainfall over many of the regions and there are intense seasonal falls in tropics.

The danger for the floods came into existence after the flood’s incidents of 2010-2011 summer. And it somehow raised the question that how can we manage the risks of flood in Australia. The Black Saturday fires in Victoria gave an ide of ‘shared responsibility’ to manage the fire. The fire is not those and only the stakeholder domain but it involves responsibility for the various levels of the government and even the local communities. The same idea is implemented by Natural Strategy for Disaster Resilience (NSDR) for such kind of dangers. The capital territory of Australia has different features as compared to other states and territories. The planning of laws is not a concern for the federal government. There was the introduction of the policy in New South Wales 1977 which allowed removing subsidies for the development in areas that have 1 to 100 chances to catch flood, as well as the needs for the mapping of those regions. Over the consequence of the price of house pf public, the already present flood risk information causes the change into a more flexible strategy in 1980, which extracts the need to make 100-year flood planning but it also causes flood risk information to be less publicly available.

The flood risk management has evolved with time often get impacted by events of the flood. The flood in Windsor, Sydney west gave an example of living with the floods. After the various incidents, the Governor criticizes the living people to settle there even knowing the risk of the flood.

New South Wales (NSW) happens to be the first agency that is dedicated to responding to natural danger and emergencies and this has happened after the incident of 1955. It was then also followed by many other countries like Tasmania after the Hobart fire of 1967 and also in 1974 Queensland Brisbane flood. There are other major events like in Victoria the Ash Wednesday fire cause the establishment of state emergency Act. Many issues and roles and raised and responsibilities are discussed in the inquiry about certain recent events. The original draft of the National Strategy for Disaster Resilience (NSDR) in 1009 and came for the adoption in 2011 after which there were incidents of 2010-2011. ‘Shared responsibility’ strategy has influenced that there should be a shared understanding of the risk and there should be a holistic approach for all these hazards. Roles and responsibility of the government are covered in the Queensland flood commission inquiry.

After months of heat and deadly fire in Australia, about 28 inches of rainfall occurs in New South Wales at cause overwhelming of the dam. The south of Sydney also contains Nepal dam which was at the capacity f 100% because it is spilling Over the River and of the torrential rain. Overall, this system of a dam in Sydney is at 75% of its capacity and last week the capacity was at 25% because the droughts occur in past days. Sydney water storage level feels from the emergency throughput the summer, but with the start of the heavy rainfall, the water storage of the land grows to 41%, the highest in any city of Australia. But this also comes with a great hazard and that is a flood. Flood water can possibly overwhelm the water treatment system. The preparation should be down for the worst case of the scenarios. The reservoir of the dam Warragamba is increased more than 11 meters in the past weeks. More than 80% of the water in Sydney is supplied by this Dam. The Nopean and Tallowa Dams are now at almost its 100% capacity. This week according to the report of NCW about 865078 megaliters of the extra water were captures. This even dwarfed the total water production plants of the Sydney which are round about 250 megaliters a day even at its full operating capacity. The resident should not stop looking at the water-saving in Sydney, level 2 water restriction is applied here which banes for the use of garden hoses, and on the other hand level 1 restriction ban most of the water system and hosing of hard surfaces. The longer-term solutions can be found out, even along with those measures in Sydney. One of the options is expanding the desalination but this option is quite costly but there is also a great need for recycled wastewater. The water after the treatment of sewage purification and even urban stormwater treatment for the recycled water should get incorporated in the water supply. The measure can gain acceptance if the community is proved by Singapore. But its too early to predict that what will be the effect of the flood as well as bushfire at the same time on the water storage but the severity f the extreme events of the climate change is increasing in India and Australia, so all f the options should be listed on the table to share this supplies of the drinking water.

References of Around the extensive and core of Australia:

National Climate Centre (Australia). Frequent Heavy Rain Events in Late 2010/Early 2011 Lead to Widespread Flooding across Eastern Australia, Special Climate Statement 24; Bureau of Meteorology: Melbourne, Australia, 2011

Britton, N.R. Australia’s organized response to a natural disaster: Background and theoretical analysis. Disasters 1984, 8, 124–137.

Teague, B.; McLeod, R.; Pascoe, S. Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission; Parliament of Victoria: Melbourne, Australia, 2009; Volume 2.

 Council of Australian Governments. National Strategy for Disaster Resilience: Building Our Nation’s Resilience to Disasters; Council of Australian Governments: Canberra, Australia, 2009

State Emergency Service Tasmania. History of the SES; State Emergency Service Tasmania: Hobart, Australia, 2008. Available online: http://www.ses.tas.gov.au/what_is_ses/history/ (accessed on 21 January 2013).

State Emergency Service Queensland (SES QLD). History of the SES in Queensland; SES QLD: Brisbane, Australia, 2009. Available online: http://www.emergency.qld.gov.au/ses/history.asp (accessed on 21 January 2013).

Victorian State Government. Towards a More Disaster Resilient and Safer Victoria Green Paper: Options and Issues; State of Victoria: Melbourne, Australia, 2011