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Abstract of Impact of
diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour
Sandstones (Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq
In this report, there is brief information
about the diagenesis on reservoir quality evaluation. This project is related
to the geography. It is showing that there are different particles are present
beneath the earth that are affecting the quality of reservoir. Due to this, it
will required absolute maintenance. These reservoirs are present in the
Northwest area in Iraq. The
main purpose of this study is to show the integrate distribution of the
diagenetic alterations into different frameworks. Then after this case, there
is some information about the related literature review. This will give proper
information about the previous researched about the relative problem. For the
methodology section, there are different sandstone samples are collected from
the different parts of the country. Then after this, these samples are tested
properly in the experimental section. It can be noted that the results are
gained through two methods. The first one is backscattering of electron
microscopy and the next one is scanning electron microscopy.
Introduction of Impact of diagenesis
on reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour Sandstones
(Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq
Assessment, as
well as prediction of the temporal and spatial distribution of the reservoir
quality, evolution and development and Pre-khuff equivalent khabour sandstones,
are not only difficult but as crucial task. Such a project can be addressed by
different types of methods of diagenesis and stratigraphy. The sequence of
stratigraphic approach enables reservoir quality distribution, distribution of
faces controlled, variation in size and sorting of stones and sand, and high
correlation between the source rocks, seal and reservoir. However, the
depositional reservoir quality of sandstones can be altered by different
extents of chemical and mechanical alternations in post-depositional surfaces
The diagenetic
modification in the sandstones can be controlled by detrital composition,
porewater chemistry, paleoclimatic conditions, and buried thermal history. Morad et al (2000) devised a new method for
the prediction and assessment of reservoir quality distribution and the method
work by the integration of diagenesis into the sequence stratigraphic
framework. The approach allows refinement for the temporal and spatial
distribution of diagenetic alterations of shallow marine sandstone. The
stratigraphic framework can impact on reservoir quality of sandstones and it
can be controlled by changes in the relative sea-level (RSL) and sedimentation
rate. Some important factors of eogenetic alterations of siliciclastic deposits
can be affected by organic matter, variation in the water owning depositional
change of RSL, paleoclimatic condition, sedimentation rate, and an influx of
meteoric water. The key goal of the analysis is to characterize the temporal
and spatial patterns of the distribution of diagenetic alteration of reservoir
unit, the research considers different factors such as subsurface distribution,
porosity, and permeability. The integration of the research model is based on
the prediction of alterations and quality modification in the marine clastic
sediments
Purpose of study of Impact of
diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour
Sandstones (Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq
The present work
aims to integrate the distribution of diagenetic alterations into different
framework sequence that demonstrates the reservoir quality and the sandstone
successions. The study is based on the heterogeneity analysis and linked with
the depositional facies, previous researchers worked to demonstrate the
successions of different depositional facies and our research take the research
further to analyze the impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of
Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour Sandstones (Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq.
Diagenetic studies analyzed the conditions of sandstones and conducted work on
the sandstones from poorly and cemented lithified sandstones.
The research is
the sequel of these systems along with the key sequence of different
stratigraphic surfaces. Further research is based on the aim of measurement of
factors and parameters that play a significant role in the distribution of
chemical competition on the quartz cementation. The study will find reasons and
causes that lead to the present potential hydrocarbon reservoir and quality of
this reservoir within the deeply buried sandstones. The project, also
considering the previous outcomes, provides an understanding of geology in Iraq
and the formation of Khabour. The results will find links between the
depositional facies, alteration, and diagenetic quality of the reservoir
Literature review of Impact of
diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour
Sandstones (Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq
McKay et al.
(1995) concluded that depositional reservoir quality of sandstones is based on
the mechanical and chemical alterations and it mainly occurs at the
near-surface conditions because of the progressive burial and increasing
temperature. These diagenetic modifications are controlled by the detrital
composition, paleoclimatic conditions, and porewater chemistry. Ketzer et al.
(2003) conducted the assessment and prediction of the reservoir quality
distribution. The outcomes were based on the integration of the stratigraphic
framework of sandstones. The approach allowed further refined ability of
assessment and prediction of the diagenetic alterations. Al Ramadan et al.
(2005) determined that the integration of the eogenetic alterations result in
better elucidation. The research also measured the improvement in the quality
of reservoir with paralic stones around the surfaces. Van Wagoner et al, (200)
correlated the sedimentary successions that are bounded by the unconformities
and it is related to the correlative conformities. Jevery (1998) researched the
stacking patterns of the sediments that are often controlled by the rate of
sediment supply and the rate of change in the RSL. The parameters play a vital
role in the preservation and deposition of sediment. The shallow marine realm
and paralic both can be further generated by increasing the sea level or basin
floor subsidence
Hunt and Tucker
(1992) worked on the depositional facies display and the trend of the upward
stacking patters on the stones. The researcher considered rates of sediment
supply and normal regression. The retrogradation is encountered by the rate of
sediment supply along with the rate of accommodation creation. Mitchum (1977)
evaluated the basin-fill successions into different unconformities. Consider if
RSK falls below as compared to the shelf edge so it will end up as unconfirmed
surface that can be marked by the non-deposition or erosion of the shelf in the
rivers. The turbidite deposits end ups on the slope and the floor basin. The
system tracts are the reasons for the formation of Para sequence and define the
curve of changes in the RSL. The deposition rate is higher when moving to the
minor marine flooding surfaces. Until now, four system tracts are identified
including transgressive (TST), low stand (LST), forced regressive wedge (FRWST)
and high stand (HST) has been introduced by researchers. Sequence stratigraphy
techniques are applied t the marine and the paralic realm and provides an
understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution of different sort of
sedimentary facies. The folding and thrusting in the north of Iraq are
responsible for the formation of Zagros mountains. In the elevated areas of the
beaches in Iraq, these particular sandstones are observed. In the Arabian plate
that is the smallest type of the lithospheric plates, there are different
continental and marine sedimentary rocks. the distribution of these rocks is
often unequal and result in different elevations
Methodology of Impact of
diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour
Sandstones (Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq
Sandstone samples were collected
from different locations in Iraq. The selected samples represent several system
tracts, sequences, and depositional facies. After collection of the samples,
they were converted to the polished thin section with an additional thin layer
of carbon for the electron microprobe (EMP) analysis. The research methodology
in this project can be further subcategorized into three types. different
samples of Khabour sandstones were obtained and analyzed. the samples were then
processed under a microscope by the thin sections. The microscopic studies
measure constraints that were the main diagenetic events. The second method
used in the research is backscattered electron imaging of the collected samples
of rocks. backscattered electron imaging is a method to provide a deep
illustration of the features. In this process, the electron beam interacts with
the sample and nucleus of the atoms. In the process of interaction, a large
number of signals are generated when electrons scatter in backward direction
after interacting the surface. The technique is particularly important to
analyze the compositional properties of the sandstones and minerals. The stable
samples can be composed of Wollastonite (Ca), Hematite (Fe), MgO, MnTiO3,
Sr, and Mg. Some carbon and oxygen isotope analysis can be done to evaluate the
compositional percentage of all components. The data extracted in the analysis
provides a relationship between the material properties. The third method used
in the present research is scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The technique is
beneficial when dealing with three-dimensional structures. In the SEM analysis,
a high-resolution imaging technique is used. SEM study also provides
information about crystal habits and paragenetic relationships with the other
samples and diagenetic materials. The process is dependent on secondary
electrons that come back to the detector after scattered from the surface of
the sample. These three techniques are beneficial for structural and
compositional analysis. optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy
provide real-time imaging of structures with maximum accuracy at the nanoscale.
On the contrary, backscatter electron microscopy provides information about the
composition chemical properties of the selected samples. Different samples from
different regions are under observation to find the common and different
properties of the rocks
Results of Impact of
diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour
Sandstones (Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq
The factors such
as chemical, temperature, physical, and pressure change the diagenesis of
sedimentary rocks. the results are aimed to measure impact of diagenesis on
reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour Sandstones
(Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq. The first model integrates the temporal and
spatial distribution of diagenetic alterations. The changes in the RSL are
mainly due to the water chemistry and induce impact on the structure of the
sandstones. The microscopic analysis provides limited results as it used a thin
slice of the sample. The results are valid for the thin surface structures but
failed to provide information about bulk material. Still, this method was valid
for the analysis of the distribution of eogenetic alterations and distribution
of non-cemented and cemented alterations with different deposits. The lower
part of different samples exhibits firm layer of microcrystalline calcite
cement on the sandstones and it was dominantly signature of marine isotopic
items.
The sandstones showed a layer of diffusion of
HCO3 – and Ca 2+. The samples repeat different
patterns that are due to the flow of water and minerals on the surface. Water
drag minerals on the sandstones and left the marks when it goes down. The
process leads to anticipated burial diagenetic modifications in the samples at
several depths. The key modifications due to pressure and temperature are the
formation of chlorite and deep burial illite. The lower parts of the sandstones
have poor depositional reservoir quality that generates microcrystalline
calcite. The images obtained from the optical microscope further goes to the
backscatter electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for the
refined and in depth images.
Results of backscattered electrons microscopy
It can be noted
that for backscattered electron microscopy a phase diagram investigation method
is used. For that case, Cu-Sn system is used. It can be done through using
twenty rich and proper sample of copper and they are extracted from the thermal
analysis, crystallographic analysis and metallographic methods. On the other
hand, there was one main issue and it is related to the high temperature powder
experiments. This is because there is two phase field is present between the
beta and gamma that is affecting the plate badly. For conducting results there
are about different sample of mixture are tested. It can be noted that these
samples contain 11 to 48% of Sn in it. Moreover, another thing is that they are
heated at the temperature of 400 to 700 degree centigrade. After some tine they
are put in the cold water for rapid temperature change. On the other hand,
powdered methods are analyzed in the separate phase and it is carried out in
room temperature. From the results it can be noted that all phases are gathered
in the form of quenched samples except gamma and beta samples. This is because
they are not showing proper behavior at high and low temperature of the mixture
during experiment. Moreover, another fact is that both of these phases are
considered as high temperature. This shows that they are not able to be reduced
in different parts. But the fact is that they are changes into different bulk
transformation and also into metastable phases at low temperature of the
material.
Another point is
that in some samples there are about two different phases and they are
according to the Gibbs phase rule of binary system. The results are showing
that there is comprehensive change in the phase and it is not able to perform
at high temperature. Moreover, another point is that it is not easy to take
measurement at constant temperature. This is because it contains quite narrow
concentrations steps during measurement.
Furthermore, the
results are showing that the combination of these two phases will provide
comprehensive presentation on the phase relations and copper is considered as
main part of the phase diagram. In this result, it can be noted that at 400
degree centigrade Sn is converted into liquid form. Another thing is that the
result HT-XRD samples are gained at equilibrium temperature. Moreover, the next
important point is that all results related to phase analysis is carried out at
different temperature ratings. It can be noted that these results are showing
characteristic changes in the temperature. Furthermore, in these results there
is not possible to evaluate the critical point of the temperature. Due to this
critical evaluation of original results is presented properly. Moreover, the
results are also showing two phase region is present between the beta and gamma
phase.
The main reason
behind this is related to the occurrence of weak effects gained during thermal
analysis. It shows that the thermal analysis is carried out at two different
temperatures that are 557 and 765 degree centigrade. Therefore, it shows that
both of these phases present in beta and gamma phase are not reduced but they
will be converted into bulk transformation. It is due to the effect of
backscattering of the copper electron when they are present in the beta and
gamma phase. This can be explained as both of these crystals are mixed together
with each other at different rates. During the backscattering of copper
particles, it can be noted that if the concentration of Sn is higher. Then it
shows that there are Beta single crystals are present in it. Due to this, there
will be increase in lattice parameters in the mixture. The main reason is that
there are solid particles are of Sn are present in beta phase
Results of scanning electron microscopy
It ca be noted
that splicing of backscattered scanning electron microcopy method was applied
on the system. Through the help of this method it will become simple to
evaluate the main characteristics of the lower Silurian Longmaxi shale sample.
Such samples are extracted from the Pyl well. The results are obtained from
these methods are related to frequency, volume and other specific areas for
organic and inorganic pores. Moreover, another fact is that results are showing
that the changes in the organic and inorganic pores in the surface is due to
the increase of image area. The next important thing is that this method is
also suitable for evaluating the microscopic pores present in the shale
samples. But the main drawback of the method is that it is not able to estimate
volumes, frequencies and also specific area pores because of smaller
resolution. It can be noted that through the use of scanning electron microcopy
method different results are obtained. These results are in the form of
composite images, single scan images and local images gained from the two shale
samples. Moreover, the next point is that size of each composite image is
different and it contains different resolutions. The next fact is that there
are about 3024 individual images are present in the system.
The results from
this method are also overcoming the problem of heterogeneity pore values of the
organic sample. Another point is that these values are gained through the help
of different experiments. The results are showing that through the help of this
method the surface porosity value become stable and it will become easy to
achieve results at same rate. The results are also showing that the images
taken from this method are taken large volume. This shows that scanning
electron microscopy is advance method for resolving different issues related to
geographical images of the well. But the image area for this method is greater
than 0.4
Conclusion of Impact of
diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour
Sandstones (Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq
Summing up all the discussion from above it
is concluded that there is need to maintain the quality of reservoir in a
proper way. The sequence of stratigraphic approach enables reservoir
quality distribution, distribution of faces controlled, and variation in size
and sorting of stones and sand, and high correlation between the source rocks,
seal and reservoir. The stratigraphic framework can impact on reservoir quality
of sandstones. The study is based on the heterogeneity analysis and linked with
the depositional facies, previous researchers worked to demonstrate the
successions of different depositional facies and our research take the research
further to analyze the impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of
Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour Sandstones (Ordovician). The research methodology
in this project can be further subcategorized into three types. Different
samples of Khabour sandstones were obtained and analyzed. the samples were then
processed under a microscope by the thin sections. The stable samples can be
composed of Wollastonite (Ca), Hematite (Fe), MgO, MnTiO3, Sr, and
Mg. Some carbon and oxygen isotope analysis can be done to evaluate the
compositional percentage of all components. The process is dependent on
secondary electrons that come back to the detector after scattered from the
surface of the sample.
The first model integrates the temporal and spatial distribution of diagenetic alterations. The changes in the RSL are mainly due to the water chemistry and induce impact on the structure of the sandstones. For that case, Cu-Sn system is used. It can be done through using twenty rich and proper sample of copper and they are extracted from the thermal analysis, crystallographic analysis and metallographic methods. Moreover, another fact is that results are showing that the changes in the organic and inorganic pores in the surface is due to the increase of image area. The next important thing is that this method is also suitable for evaluating the microscopic pores present in the shale samples.
References of Impact of
diagenesis on reservoir quality evolution of Pre-Khuff equivalent Khabour
Sandstones (Ordovician), Northwest of Iraq
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Shuangfang Lua, X. D. (2018). The splicing of backscattered scanning electron
microscopy method used on evaluation of microscopic pore characteristics in
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Harethi, A. D.,
& Morad, a. S. (2012). Impact of Diagenesis on Reservoir Quality Evolution
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