Report on the Orientation

Table of Contents

Acknowledgment 3

Abstract 4

Introduction 5

Mission 5

Vision 6

ELECTRICITY NETWORK AFFAIRS 6

Electricity Network planning Department 6

Distribution network and development section 7

Electrical distribution network planning section 7

Electricity Network Database section 7

Material standards and specification section 7

Transmission planning section 8

Electricity Distribution department 8

Distribution Maintenance Section 9

Safety Protection sections 9

Emergency Office section 10

System Protection section 10

Electricity system control department 11

DCC 11

NCC and DGCC 12

Electricity Transmission department 12

Assessment and Eng. Services section 14

System Protection Section 14

Transmission operations and maintenance section 14

Construction Section (Scheme, Reinforcement & Service Units) 14

New project execution 15

Acknowledgment of  Orientation

I am very thankful to ****** and ****** for their help and their endless support and supervision provided throughout the project. I would also like to thank Qatar general electricity for providing me with the resources needed to complete this project.

Abstract of  Orientation

The report is about the “orientation report”, in this report there are different modules which discussed. The report is regarding to the electricity company in Qatar. The distribution of electricity is the complete stages which are also deliver the electricity to the end user. The network of the distribution system also carries the electricity from the transmission and it deliver to the consumers. The water corporation as well as the Qatar general electricity is the electricity and water utility for the Qatar states that is also established in 2000 July in the terms of Law 3 10 which regulate as well as maintain the supply of water and electricity to consumers.  

Introduction of  Orientation

Electrical engineers had to face many problems and they are under heavy pressure to install the larger electric distribution efficiency in the electronic product design. They have to face problems in the distribution of electric power energy. The study is all about system power distribution. The study is providing comprehensive information about the smart power distribution system and the network. before starting talking about the smart power distribution system and the smart power distribution network, comprehensive historical background of the power distribution system and the network is provided in this study that is providing information on the electric power and where the first grid station was established. The electricity was firstly made in Europe and then it was started to distribute to the residential people and the commercial people. For the residence and indoor usage, the incandescent lighting system was introduced while for the larger, outdoor, and commercial use, the arc lighting system was used that was operational and consumed around 3kV current. The engineers used the copper conductor cables which were a requirement in the system of Edison DC. To overcome such kind problems, it is discussed the centralized power distribution architecture. The important information on the decentralized power distribution architecture is provided in the system. Some challenges related to power distribution are also provided. It is also discussed the effects of the renewables or the renewable energy on the smart power distribution network. The integration of wind farms importantly impact on the stability of the power distribution and some other important information is also provided in the document. 

Mission of  Orientation

By providing the sustainable electricity as well as high quality along with the water for better living in the Qatar. 

Vision of  Orientation

By the 2030 our people, systems, processes and assets which would also set the global benchmark for technological performance, innovation environmental sustainability plus the social responsibility in water sector and electricity. 

ELECTRICITY NETWORK AFFAIRS

There are five departments in the electricity network affairs;

i. Electricity network planning department

ii. Director office 

iii. Electricity system control department 

iv. Electricity transmission department 

v. Electricity distribution department 

Electricity Network planning Department 

The electric power distribution or the smart electric power distribution is the final stage of the distribution of electric power to the housing estates. The smart power distributor carries the electric power from the transmission system to every single user or the customer of electric power. The smart electric power distribution has a complete history and background. It this section, the comprehensive and detailed background of the electric power distribution is provided in this document. It used the US cities to supply arc lighting such as running of arc lighting on higher voltage. A very large amount of the power was required to turn on arc lighting around 3000 voltages of AC. Furthermore, the incandescent lighting worked on 100 volts of direct current. Both electric lighting systems based on the supplanting lighting system. The arc lighting was taking a large area but incandescent lights were used for residential lights and offices.

The single station of engineering could distribute the lights log string due to the high voltage more than 7 miles long circuits used in the arc lighting. To transmit the same amount of power, the same size cable would be allowed by every doubling of the voltage. The lighting systems of direct current for the incandescent lighting had faced the difficulty to distribute electricity to customers a mile away. The problem of the distribution of electric power to customers a mile away was due to the use of the low 110-volt system. The problem was due to the low power system from generators to the customer's houses and offices. Thick copper conductor cables were needed by the Edison DC system, as well as it was also needed to become in 1.5 miles by generating plants to avoid excessively large and expensive conductors. 

Distribution network and development section 

The distribution network is the significant part in a supply management as well as the design problem of distribution network is very significant strategic decision in the planning and management. The distribution network design problem includes the 

• Optimization flow of goods 

• Improvement of existing distribution

Electrical distribution network planning section 

This section highlights the management and smart planning for the distribution network which is the important and in order to satisfy the economic, technical and the customer requirements. The significance of the electric distribution network in the power delivery systems and the effective planning as well as managing the important of technical customer requirements.   

Electricity Network Database section 

Indices which is printed for every network and this section is the part of electricity network database section among the adjacent isolating devices and the every section which is also contain the various load points. The energy as well as cost of the outages which is supplied and represented for the complete electricity network. 

Material standards and specification section 

The insulating material standards are instrumental in specifying, evaluating, and testing the electrical and physical properties of materials used primarily as electrical insulation in devices and related equipment’s. These properties include dielectric breakdown voltage, dielectric strength, AC loss, permittivity (dielectric constant). 

Transmission planning section 

The transmission grid consists of the following voltage levels.

 Transmission Network

 220 KV

 132 KV

 66 KV

 Distribution Network

 11KV       

 0.433 KV

There are 90 No.s of primary substations out of the 100 No.s of transmission substations. It is facilitating to feed the 11KV distribution system

Electricity Distribution department of  Orientation

The Distribution Protection Department has got mainly five responsibilities:

1. Pre commissioning test for new Substations

2. Solkor Commissioning

3. Routine Maintenance

4. Attending faults in emergency conditions

The eclectic power distribution is the last step in electric power distribution and carries the electricity from the transmission system to the consumers. The substations for electric distribution connect to the transmission system as well as the transmission voltage at lower to a medium voltage that has the range among 2 kV and 35 kV with the transformers usage. This medium of voltage power is carried the primary distribution lines to the power distributing transformer installed near the locations of consumers. To voltage utilization which is used by lighting, household appliances, or the industrial equipment, the power distribution transformers again lower the voltage. Through secondary distribution lines, the power distribution transformers supply the power to several customers. Furthermore, the residential customers, as well as commercial customers, are linked to the secondary lines of distribution by using the service drops. It may connect directly to the customers that demand a larger amount of power to the primary level of distribution or the level of sub-transmission. 

Distribution Maintenance Section 

Field engineers are responsible for maintenance and operational work. The maintenance and operation activities can further be categorized into two subcategories. 

Preventive maintenance is making sure there are no breakdowns in future and making sure there is continuous supply. The periodic scheduled maintenance of all the 11KV distribution system comes under the umbrella of preventive maintenance. These include the systematic maintenance overhauling, servicing and routine gas and oil checks etc. 

Corrective maintenance includes the action which are takes in case of the failure or breakdown of equipment. This kind of maintenance results in the outage of supply and circuits. These types of actions generally include location the point of failure and repairing that.  

The master control is basically the power controller that distributes the electric power to the systems. 

Safety Protection sections of  Orientation

There are various primary substations which are well protected from the hazards of fire. Then the carbon dioxide fire extinguishers is also provided by the primary substations that the circuit breaker is provided in the OCB, and in the new phases of the primary substations which is also commissioned by the SF6 in the insulations medium. 

Emergency Office section of Orientation

The emergency offices come under the responsibility of System Operation Department. They are responsible for providing service to the end consumers. They are responsible for attending the supply interruption faced by end consumers. Depending on the availability other department like Construction and DCC can also utilize the standby office to collect information from the site or any other work. 

System Protection section of Orientation

Control and protection circuitry is provided with the Switchgear panel for the

Control and protection of Feeders and LTx. Local control facility is only available for

CB.

. Although, it is not easy to design a new different type of distribution architecture because it mostly has to become more customized to the application. To minimize the cost of the architecture, electrical engineers are required to deliver or distribute the power safely under the variations of load. The best way to get better information about the benefits of smart power distribution is the evaluate how the architecture of centralizing and decentralized power distribution works. 

The working way of centralized power architecture is to distribute the electric power to the consumer’s systems in the network from the power source. While the decentralized power distribution architecture is also known as the distributed power architecture. The decentralized distributed architecture has some power requirements which are divided into the different types of power distribution centers that have the ability to distribute the power into the other sources and components of the product. Furthermore, it is communicated with every module through a controller area network (CAN) or local interconnection network (LIN) by power distribution controllers. It designs the power distribution controllers or the smaller power units for as well as located or placed near the devices’ operation in the system. 

In this section, it is discussed about the impacts of the renewables or the renewable energy on the power distribution network. Wind energy is the form of renewable energy. The wind farms integration with the significant impacts on conditions stability under the faults of the system as well as to balance the reserve in the power distribution system or network. The effect of the wind farm on the voltage profile in the area of the power distribution system. The sharp generation of electric power from the renewables is creating and increasing the necessity to analyze the impacts of the integration on the power distribution system. The transmission of the electric power distribution network is discussed. 

Electricity system control department

DCC of  Orientation

• Controlling as well monitoring the distribution network which is 11KV

• Supply of electricity is also ensure for the various customers 

• Restore supply and also attend the faults of systems 

• In the distribution network approve the maintenance and construction outages. 

• Prepare the various research to enhance the distribution network 

• Balance as well as monitor the load which is about the 11KV feeders

• Support of transmission network is provided 

NCC and DGCC

• Controlling as well as Monitoring a 400 kV, 220 kV, 132 kV 66 kV and 33 kV transmission networks.

• Participates in short/long term operation planning activities.

• Contributes in short/long term load forecasts.

• Preparing a maintenance schedules and other activities.

• Answerable for an operation of National Control Center.

• Performs the required Power System Studies.

• Contributes in short/long term maintenance schedule for generating Plants (Power Stations).

• On-call 24hrs. 

• For any abnormality/emergency in the Transmission Network.

Electricity Transmission department 

Power distributor transmission carries the electric power from the transmission system to every single user or the customer of electric power. At that time, the power stations started to generate electric power. In the starting years of electric power distribution, the electricity was generated usually near to those areas where it was used. A very large amount of the power was required to turn on arc lighting around 3000 voltages of AC. The problem was due to the low power system from generators to the customer's houses and offices. Through secondary distribution lines, the power distribution transformers supply the power to several customers. There is a competitive demand forth high power and low loss, as well as consistent safety, has confronted the formation of the latest system for the distribution of power that is efficient and very effective.

The engineers had to face several problems to distribute the energy to their customers who were residents far away. They were facing several problems in the distribution of the electric power to the customers especially they were facing problems to supply power who were residents 1 mile away from the grid stations. The residential customer and the commercial customers of electric power supply are associated with the second lines of distribution via utilization of the service drops.

Considering the disconnection of the 400 kV lines of transmission, different types of simulations were conducted. Respectively a high line of transmission capacity is disconnected the larger renewable energy plant or the single small unite out of the operation. The diagram which is given below is illustrating the results related to the variation of voltage profile and overloading the elements in the power distribution network. The diagram is showing the levels of RMS voltage 400kV buses in a specific area. As shown in the figure, the reduction in the level of voltage is determined by the disconnection of the line of 400 kV with a maximum of 0.1 p.u. Moreover, the disconnection of the large wind power plan for renewable energy or the single renewable small unit initially recognizes the increase in the level of voltage by 0.01p.u. 

Assessment and Eng. Services section 

The electric power distribution became an essential element of life in the years of 1880. At that time, the power stations started to generate electric power. In the starting years of electric power distribution, the electricity was generated usually near to those areas where it was used as well as people have the knowledge and awareness of the characteristics and the effective use of electricity. The very first power distribution system implemented in Europe as well as in the cities of the United States.

System Protection Section 

The challenges in the distribution of power protection have led to new methodologies in the technology of the power distribution along with the distribution protection and it will be the latest innovations for the electric power distribution. The decentralized power architecture is used by a smart power distribution system that is completely based on the multiple electrical as well as electronic modules rather than devices of electromechanical such as relays and the fuses. Furthermore, it is the ideal power management control technique for the application which is mostly used in the robotics, aviation as well as transportation

Transmission operations and maintenance section 

The electrical engineers are under pressure for installing larger electric power distribution efficiency in the designs of the electronic product. There is a competitive demand forth high power and low losses, as well as consistent safety, have confronted the formation of the latest system for the distribution of power that is efficient and very effective from the source of power to distribution for those electric devices which are interconnected. Centralized power distribution architecture is proposed in this study that contains the power source as well as the master control.

Construction Section (Scheme, Reinforcement & Service Units)

The construction section is responsible for all the reinforcement and construction activities which are related to Distribution Network. Adding or upgrading the networks elements in the existing network to strengthen the distribution system consists of the work. Under the construction activity, network elements like indoor or outdoor substation, associated work or transformer are added to meet the consumer demand. The reinforcement section is responsible for upgrading the network. The planning the design department is responsible for conducting a detail study in case of a new proposal and after doing that the proposal is passed over to the construction section so that they can finally execute the proposal. So, in Qatar’s distribution network’s development, construction section plays a key role. 

New project execution of  Orientation

All the proposals are submitted to the construction section by Electricity Planning Network department for the final execution. The construction section allocates the schemes to the engineers in the department after proper approval from the government authorities. ROA wing is responsible for arranging the approval from the government agencies. The relevant government agencies are Qtel, Sewerage, Road Division, Civil Engineering Department, and Water Department.