Climate change occurs due to changes in the weather in any country around the globe. This change brin many differences in the living ways of people of that country and it also makes issues in the regular living styles if these changes are in adverse form. If the changes are positive, then it will induce a great impact on the people. Australia is facing a very bad climate change as the last year’s bush fire caused a very adverse effects on its climate. Austria another country is also facing a bad side of changing climate due to man-made things causing adverse impacts on greenhouse effects (Water.vic.gov.au, 2019). The average temperature in Austria rises to 2C since 1880. In the same period, it raised to 0.85C as compared to globally. According to a report, the increase or change in climate is man-made due to emissions of greenhouse gas. Sunshine Alps has been increased to 20% in the last 130 years.

Figure 1: CO2 Emission by Australian recent Bushfire

Source: https://www.carbonbrief.org/media-reaction-australias-bushfires-and-climate-change

The clear reduction in Austria’s glaciers occurred due to climate change. Since the 1980s, hot days are common but cold nights are rare. Scientist warns Austrians, if nothing will be done, then the temperature will rise in 2100 about 3.5%. This shows that Austria is facing too much climate change effect if necessary, steps are not taken then they will face severe damage. Heavy rainfall causes many damages and impacts many things in various ways. In Australia, floods came in 2010/2011 which damage Queensland in very bad manners. This was the worst flood that ever recorded. The 2.8 million people are affected by it. 29,000 approximately are homeless and so many lives are distorted. The heavy rainfall impacts human health and the economy. The standing of rainwater on roads causes the growth of the mosquito population which results in several diseases like malaria fever (Bell, 2014).

The people are not able to do water treatment on time due to heavy rainfall. The government has to make some decisions and make some equipment to store this large water and took work from it. The utilization of water will serve humanity in the future when a shortage of water occurs. In this report, we briefly discussed the measures which if followed by us then we will get benefits. The utilization methods, conservation methods, types of planning, etc. are discussed briefly in this report. Climate change occurs due to the men which emitted greenhouse gas. If we want the situations or problems, we are facing today due to climate change our children or grandchildren will not face then we must take some precautionary measures for our new generations that they led their lives in peace. The solutions to all the problems are discussed briefly in this report. If we follow them then we will get rid of these problems.

Figure 2: Climate Change in Australia

Source: https://www.carbonbrief.org/media-reaction-australias-bushfires-and-climate-change

Kind of Hydraulics and Related Structures

The hydraulics includes dams, reservoirs, and plain flooded that make the water system of the countries. This system is important to carry out the differences in the climate changes of both the countries, Australia and Austria. The dam’s system in Australia is very much efficient as the Kolnbrein dam, Zellegrundi dam and few other big dams are there who are working anxiously in controlling water supply in the country. In Austria there is Bendora Dam, Corin Dam and other very huge capacity dams are there that handle a large reserve of water and can manage the high efficiency of rainfall in them. This makes their workings highly improved and the climate change can be controlled by controlling dam working to make water reserves appropriately in them (Vienna, 2017).

In the present era, there are so many applications of the hydraulic system which can be used daily. Lifting, holding, and gripping are the performance of a simple hydraulic system. A hydraulic system uses the pressure of incompressible fluids to transmit power. Using pumps in some cases the fluid is taken from the reservoir. These are economic systems that are safe and simple and can be controlled easily and accurately. This is an advantage of the hydraulic system regardless of the speed provide constant force. There are two main kinds of hydraulic systems which are open-loop hydraulic systems and closed-loop hydraulic systems. In an open-loop hydraulic system, there is fluid flow but no pressure, the actual mechanism is idle in it. While in the closed-loop hydraulic system, the pressure is generated, for fluids when the pump operates. In a closed-loop hydraulic system, the fluid without entering in the reservoir, the fluid flows continuously between pump and actuator.

While in the open-loop hydraulic system, the fresh fluid flows towards the pump inlet before it, fluids flow from actuator to reservoir. The directional control valve is used by the open-loop hydraulic system while an additional pump which is also called a feed pump or charge pump is used by the closed-loop hydraulic system. The main advantage of an open hydraulic loop system is to less generate heat, while the precise response of actuation is the advantage of a closed hydraulic loop system (Desk, 2019).

The hydraulic structure is a term and defined as: A structure fully or partially submerged in the body of the water and disturbs the natural flow of water is called a hydraulic structure. The hydraulic structure provides essential conditions to improve climate structure. The term "actions" means amounts of factors being sustained by structure, which results in deflection or stress which is named as "effects" within the structure. The actions taken based on information can be of different types such as direct, indirection action, and distribution of forces to reduce the issues. The implementation of these structures is called loads. The word load means the factors which cause or introduce extra deformation or restricted stress which leads to the cause of the earthquake, thermal variation, etc. (Chen, 2015).

Literature for Action Plans of Climate Change in Australia vs. Austria

The changes in climate occur due to many other changes such as excessive rainfalls and too much water reserves cause problems as in the form of food and water scarcity. Water scarcity causes an annual increase in globally averaged mean annual air temperature and the result increases the variations as well in the perceptions in different regional aspects and they can be diversifying in the future with high intensity if they cannot be controlled properly and efficiently. There are several actions have been taken by the governments to rescue the water scarcity in terms of keeping the climate change efficiency better in both the countries Australia and Austria we are discussing (Climatecouncil.org.au, 2019).

The extreme rainfall impacts severely on different things which are: health impacts, economic impacts. The impact on health is there due to the heavy rainfall impact badly on the health of people. Due to heavy rainfall water struck on roads and causes the growth of mosquitos which results in several diseases like malaria fever. Due to heavy rainfall, people are not able to get treatment on time and disease may increase. The heavy rainfall causes floods, damages properties, and claims lives. For example, in 2011 in Toowoomba and Lockyer valley intense downpours of 40-50 mm in only 30 minutes led to flash flooding up to 11 m. 23 people are drowned in these floods (Mallon, 2016).

The zone is declared as a disaster from the 78 states. Queensland floods in Australia 2010/2011 occurred. It was the worst flood that occurred due to heavy rainfalls. It was the records breaking flood which occurred from December 2010 to January 2011 at Queensland Australia. 29,000 homes and businesses experienced some form of flood and round about 2.5 million people are affected by it. Access of 5 billion costs is estimated economic cost by flooding. The rice of 2C in average global temperature leads to increase in downpours from 10-30% (Phillips, 2020).

Figure 3: Rising Trend of Global Temperature

Source: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/#tabs=Tracker&tracker=global-trend-maps

What Actions and Options Available to the Planning Authorities?

Planning authorities of Australia and Austria have been given many of the options to save the water for better usage. The local government authorities and the Department of Environment and Primary Industries are going to prepare proper guidelines for the authorities, and they are going to remain prepared for the emergencies with the dams while operating it. Privately owned dam’s farms and dams owned are operated under those authorities to keep working inflow. Developing the water conversation plans following steps are included in planning are:

Establish the goals to conserve water and Climate Change in Australia vs. Austria:

The first step is a water conversation plan that is developed for the conservation of water utility planning goals. It generates measurable goals that reduction of water usage which is useful for the evaluation to conserve it for the future.

Conduct a water system audit of Climate Change in Australia vs. Austria:

A water system audit completion is needed, as it is the basic integral part in developing a plan of water conservation, it acts as a baseline measure of water. For meeting goals that are established, the progress is tracked by the annual audits. For completing the water audit most of the water systems have already necessary basic information. The accounted and unaccounted water data is collected form the audit water system. Water that is metered but not billed and water that is not metered are included in unaccounted water. Unauthorized water use and unmetered water usage quantity are minimized by the utilities. Quantity and population served by water information are also provided by the water audit system.

Prepare a demand forecast of Climate Change in Australia vs. Austria:

A demand forecast is used to estimate the water usage requirements in the future. The demand forecast works according to the population growth to complex models that contain different variables. The complexity of projection is measured by the size of the utility. The forecast is prepared for 5 to 10 and 10 to 20 years in the future. A demand forecast is used in the utility or conservation of water for the population serving water more than 10,000 members. Preparation of estimated supply cost is necessary when water is supply to a larger group of people or population.

Identify and select potential water conservation measures:

The estimated implementation costs and projected water savings for each it measures the utility. For all water utility measures, all the elements are included. It categorized conversation measures into required measures and recommended measures.

Develop and present implementation strategies:

For implementing the water conversation strategies, the water utility should develop and schedule timetable. Timetable for securing resources, hiring staff, activity milestones, necessary permits, procurement of material etc. are included by the implementation strategies (Boulevard, 2018).

How These Hydraulic and Related Structures May Be Upgraded

The hydraulic and related structure up-gradation is very much important as they are going to make the water scarcity controlled by controlling the water reserves and keeping the extra efficiency of water in time of heavy rainfalls. If these systems will not be upgraded according to the current needs, then what would happen that these will losses their main aims and in terms of any emergency there remain no use of that reserves. High authorities should always remain with the emergency or backup plans that will save them in sudden bad times and do not let a heavy loss to the country. The climate changes from the past decades are faced by us, who are increasing every year and causing damage in physical health and causing damage in the atmosphere which leads to different diseases. The climate that we are facing from past decades we will not want our children or grandchildren will face them. That's why we have to make some perspective measures to prevent our new generations from this evolutionary change which is made by us. For making plants to do their work properly simple steps are followed which are the following:

· Be trained in the fundamentals of water treatment plant operation.

· Be trained in the operation of their specific plant.

· Understand raw water characteristics at their plant and the quality standards to be met.

· What information is collected, calculated, and recorded, all the times what they supposed to do, knowledge about their specific job.

· Proper supervision is received and transfers it to subordinators.

There are many solutions to upgrade the hydraulic and related structures which are the following:

· The raw water is drawn from the intake structures control level.

· The raw water flow is measured.

· Coagulant solutions in the solution tanks concentration are controlled

· Coagulant dilution and dosage control.

· An effective diffuser construction.

· Locating diffuser at the best application of the coagulant.

· Improve the shape and location of baffles in a hydraulic flocculation basin.

· Improve the energy input of the mechanical flocculation basin.

· Support gravel and filter sand are removed, clean, and replaced.

· Building a new support gravel layer using inverse graduation.

· Repairing the filter bottom where it may be damaged

· Verification of filter and backwash rates.

· Chlorine and lime dosage control

· After the application of chlorine pH correction

· Preventative maintenance programmers, for plant equipment and structure.

Competent operators can also want to do this:

· Modify or relocate intake structures for flexible draw-off of high-quality raw water.

· Design and construct a weir or flume to measure the intake of raw water accurately.

· Construct and install a diffuser and piping to apply to dilute coagulate at a weir or flame.

· Redesign and modify a flow-dividing manifold, if needed to distribute between basins.

· Design and build auxiliary flocculation units (Pinhero & Wagner, 2003).

Critically Compare the Cost and Benefits Involved

While discussing cost we can say that these dams making and reservoirs working costs too much as these are extraordinary tough efforts that man must put on it making as to keep water in control is almost impossible. Dams help is storing water to use it for making electricity for the residents and water reserves are also utilized to supply an adequate amount of water to the people living in the country and to make sure that there doesn’t have any shortage of water for the residents (Steffen, 2019).

Water is an important element that must be used in a different perspective or apply for everything developing systems. In the advanced and innovative period, different sources are used in the preservation of water in the form of Dam. Different benefits would be enjoyed by building a dam, although some expenses must be paid for the building of them. According to economic viability, there must be important and significant consideration about the economic cost and benefits that could be enjoyed after the implementation of the cost. Economic analysis includes the analysis of cost and benefits and other opponents of the cost there that may be accrued for dam building. There are different kinds of costs that could be faced in such projects. The cost, if you divided into 2 parts, such as public cost and private cost (Metag, et al., 2016).

Private cost is an internal cost that is related to the operations of the project of the business and borne by business owners. Public cost is close to that. A businessman could escape from it, but the public could not, they must bear this cost at large. Some benefits are different between public and private benefit. Benefits of the private project are extending to the captured portion of the producer or owner. When the product of the project is sold, the benefit goes to the private owner. As far as concerned with the public benefit, they are associated with the consumer and could not be fully captured by the producer. Such benefits tend to be on the divide, able by the producer and strictly appreciate according to the perspective, to capture the benefits fully in the environment of their capacity. According to the situation, different projects are related to the supply of water and do not have addressed with the labels and regulations based on government projects. Because there is a high cost or that could be faced while building this project. As a result, the organs of the project are not more beneficial, so the government avoid investing such kind of projects.

Suggestions on How These Dams Can Be Upgraded to Handle the Extra Flow

To make these dams to handle Extra flow authorities must make dams more spacious and these must be upgraded according to the latest technology inserted in this way as they are going to get outclass working while facing any heavy rainfall issues that do not make a bad impact on the country's water scarcity problems and among the working aspects to be (Kundzewicz, et al., 2014) highly beneficial and productive for the working on water issue for both the countries Australia and Austria. The reservoir could be used to act and prevent the flood and on the streaming of extra flow in the water or the flood. Reserve oil can also be used in balancing the flow of water according to the weather conditions, such as decreasing the flow by holding water bags during the heavy rainfall and losing more water in the situation of drops and other kinds. There is a lack of water. Different suggestions could. We used to implement that ends over time such as:

· Dissemble old ones and outdated damn suit as they could not be able to handle the extra flow of the water and could be a break in the Times of need.

· Make existing hydroelectric dams more efficiently so that it could paste the situation of extra flow and the water in excess from the backside.

· There must be research and substitutes are alternative resources of energy and efficient utilization of water in every culture and another purpose so that they could make space for. For their work in the time of the flood.

· There must be ensured of new and suggested them to that are built and cited on the environmental and social recommendation of the experts.

These suggestions are implemented by the government as well as the super-private projects of the builders. It should be based on effective kind of projects because there is a lot and have the amount of money that is utilized on this kind of project. Some factors must be considered while building dams on board. The risk mitigation offers flood or extra flow of water. The surface area of them should be minimized or maximized according to the reduction of operation and rate over siltation.

The preferable suggestions offered and should be approved by the expertise and then work should be started by the developers to it so that the temp could be affected and could face the weather climate in the country of Australia. Dams and Reservoir are an effective source of water and electricity according to the weather conditions are to determine the environment. As concerned with the environment, the mission 2017 proposed to reduce the number of dams and reverse it to preserve water in the natural climate. Therefore, some old and disseminated water dams vanished from the country.

How the Flood Plain Defense Should Be Improved to Handle Any Extra Flow

Flood plain defenses have been prepared on the dams that keep the flow of extra water controlled so that in case of any emergency one can get an extra amount of water reserves and can be able to utilize the water reserves at the time of any emergency. Different strategies of flood risk management could be reduced the waste from flood events to the people who are in the areas that are related to the flood forms. There are some levels of risk to the location within the floodplain that are on the high risk in the season of high rainfalls. The initial is give represented by the area that is near to the dams or the area that is macro controlled by the dams in and could create the flood in the heavy rainfall. But it is impossible to create the flood without an environment or strategies of the management.

The flood risk management strategies are recognized and implemented by the mayor to reduce the overall risk and remain that residual risk with the first flood and the strategies for keeping the environment of rainfall. It is important for the areas of the floodplain that are responsible for the activity in the floodplain, such as public official investors and other activities that are involved in the floodplain. There are different examples of measurement of the risk. And to reduce the flood risk from the areas of floodplain, such as building codes, risk communication, natural, this storage leaves, and floodwalls flood Proofing, Insurance, Anti residual risk. Some of these actions are adopted by the federal and state government in the areas of the people who are living in the floodplain at the business risk. That is, that is all to remain after the implementation of the strategies are treated with the residual risk (Löschner, et al., 2017).

Depending on the areas and the surface of the land, different strategies are considered interior drainage systems to ensure that wattage is trapped behind them. The arrangements that are made for draining one layer of potential risk lies in the levees that are measured by the number of the structure protected by the Management that are implementing different strategies to reduce the risk from the flood. Floodwall, flood proofreading as well as insurance are the basic factors that could be used to treat the risk behind the floodplain and other factors that could occur in the heavy rainfall season.

Compare and Contrast the Two Sites and the Mitigating Strategy

These two sites are both efficient and effective in working on the aspects of allowing things to be highly demanding and predicted in terms of keeping the advance of the working affected for better dam’s water reservations. The mitigation strategy uses to explain that how to control the climate change control as if it is not properly controlled by having the means of keeping water reserves and allowing the things to be utilized properly at the time of emergency. As far as I'm concerned with the stomach division of the risk Android measurement of the dealing of cloud peak, there are different. Measurements are sustained action and that are used to reduce or eliminate Paris from the People's life and property. Strip during the union such as damped floodwalls and a girl corrector sticks that could reduce the flooding in the location interest. It could be used to implement and there is the real positive impact of calling sequences of flooding that a little bit not impacting the Characteristics of the flood.

Australia is the country that is on the edge of the water and there could be a threat of flood in the country. Different structures are designed to prevent floodwaters, and its different serge reaching in the areas at the risk. The floodwaters could be stopped with the help of dams, floodwalls, spillways, as well as a good channel, there could be restored to stop the floodwater from getting into the area. As above discussed, bands are there Hyatt behaviors that could be used to stop the flow of water, and it could be stored water for the electric purpose and. Used in the afterwards time. The high participation of God and hold the upstream flood writer and rescheduling the small family of water to downstream the communities and the areas to use water.

Dams are used to strain the water inflow that could be used for household and professional cultures. Is there is no damn then water will be in the extra firm in the season of hiring poles and could disrupt the different kinds of laws such as the crops discretion earned their house destructions, etc.? There are different strategies to mitigate the risk from the structural improvements, such as levee, design or modification of the flood There are different strategies such as acquisition the location of the crater, streets that are used to sustain the flood, and damage of the loss. As concerned with climate change in Australia and Australia, there are different fears and missed roadster that ugly to the border as well as convenient about the country to engage in the climate-based transactions (Blöschl, et al., 2015).

References of Climate Change in Australia vs. Austria

Bell, B., 2014. Austria’s Alps hit by climate change. [Online]
Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29245606

Blöschl, G. et al., 2015. "Increasing river floods: fiction or reality?. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2(4), pp. 329-344.

Boulevard, W., 2018. developing and implementing a water conversation plan. MDE, p. 32.

Chen, S.-H., 2015. Actions on Hydraulic Structures and their effect Combinations. [Online]
Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300495142_Actions_on_Hydraulic_Structures_and_Their_Effect_Combinations

Climatecouncil.org.au, 2019. INTENSE RAINFALL AND FLOODING. pp. 1-45.

Desk, W., 2019. types of hydraulic system. [Online]
Available at: https://whyps.com/types-of-hydraulic-system

Kundzewicz, Z. W. et al., 2014. Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives. Hydrological Sciences Journal,, 59(1), pp. 1-28.

Löschner, L. et al., 2017. Flood risk, climate change and settlement development: a micro-scale assessment of Austrian municipalities.. Regional Environmental Change, 17(2), pp. 311-322.

Mallon, D. K., 2016. COMPOUND COSTS: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IS DAMAGING AUSTRALIA’S ECONOMY. pp. 1-32.

Metag, J. et al., 2016. Perceptions of climate change imagery: Evoked salience and self-efficacy in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.. Science Communication,, 38(2), pp. 197-227.

Phillips, N., 2020. The race to decipher how climate change influenced Australia’s record fires. [Online]
Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00173-7

Pinhero, R. & Wagner, G., 2003. Upgrading Water Treatment Plants. s.l.:CRC Press.

Steffen, P. W., 2019. COMPOUND COSTS:. pp. 1-32.

Vienna, 2017. THE AUSTRIAN STRATEGY FOR. pp. 1-150.

Water.vic.gov.au, 2019. Dam Safety Emergency Plan. [Online]
Available at: https://www.water.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/54249/LGA-DESP-fianl_r.pdf