Report on in the United Nations Security-General’s High-level panel on the threats, challenges and the change that is identified through five different kinds of the threats to human security. Discuss these threats paying special attention to how they have changed since the end of cold war.

In today’s time more than ever before, threats are being integrated and threat to one person is considered a threat to everyone. Here the mutual vulnerability for weak and the strong has not been clear till now.

Global economic integration here is one of the threat or challenge that means major terrorist is the one that can attack almost anywhere even in such a developed world that would definitely have the devastating results for the betterment of millions and millions of people in this developing world. The World Bank here makes an estimate that attacks after the end of cold war attacks have increased the ratio of the people that live in the poverty by the ratio of almost 10 million in number.

Nuclear war is the second threat to human society that has been identified. More than this nuclear war threat the real thing that needs to be worried about here is the Nuclear Winter. This is the kind of war in which cooling process gets extreme in some years and as a result it would dry out the whole world.

Third threat is the bioengineered pandemic. This Natural pandemics have almost killed the ratio of people more than the wars. There are many people who are often resistant to the pathogens but somehow it still affects the large ratio of people and it is the third major threat to human society.

Forth threat here is the super-intelligence. Intelligence is a factor that is known to be much powerful. Number of different efforts are going on to figure out the different ways for improving the collective intelligence. This intelligence level is being done through different software’s and no one knows how dangerous it can be or how negative it can go in the future.

The fifth threat of UN security is the Nanotechnology threat to the human society. This technology on one side is playing a positive role but on the other side it is the biggest threat and making people get worried. Through this, government can print large number of autonomous or semi-autonomous weapons and make race to be fast enough. It is making worried and a big threat because through this technology one can get anything what they wish for.

2. By the ways of example, explain what the “security dilemma” is and why it remains relevant in contemporary security studies?

This security dilemma is considered to be one of the most important theoretical ideas in the International Relations. This has been extended and applied as well for addressing out many different questions of the International Relations theory along with the security policy. This security dilemma is relevant in different contemporary studies because it is the one that is arguably one of the theoretical linchpin for the sake of the defensive realism. It also makes the genuine and the possible cooperation between different states. This security dilemma also makes the different wars to be rational as well as inevitable.

One example for this security dilemma is the one which can be seen in the arms of a race that can be seen through in the arms of a race during the cold war among the US along with the USSR in almost each state that feels to be threatened through weapons on the opposing side, built up of the military strength for trying get to be matched with one another.

3. Although there are some of the important differences between the definitions of culture given by the Geerts (1973) and Berger & Luckman (1967), they also share various aspects. What are the aspects and how do they relate to the security studies?

No definition can be same in any aspect. Like every person is different from the other same is their thinking along with their ideas. No one can think alike and same is the case with the definitions. Both of them have described the different definitions of culture that how they have an influence on the people and how this word impacts the lives of all the people.

Different aspects have been seen through the definitions and they also relate to the security studies. Most of the constructive related to the culture as the set of different practices which gives a meaning of some kind for the shared and mutual experiences along with the actions. Culture of the Security studies contains different linking national culture towards the different practices as well as the security beliefs. There are different norms and values that differs from area to area and every person follows their culture the way they have been taught. The aspects of the culture which are highlighted like values and the norms can vary in different origins. Furthermore, they can be related to the security studies. Every person or group of people has its own values and norms, they are possessive about their values. So, they always try to the protect their norms and values from different cultures because other cultures may have different values.

4. William (2013) identifies the five major trends to armed conflict since 1945. Identify and explain these trends through examples.

According to William, 2013 he identified the five different major trends to the armed conflicts since 1945. It includes all of the organized conflictions of the military over the government and they also cause at least 25 different battle associated fatalities in each single year. These trends are:

Colonial and the interstate conflict that had almost half of all the different conflictions of the armed in the early period that have been waned. Now one of the predominant form for this confliction is internal to the state, they also include some external factors as well. Here it doesn’t mean that it only have some of the internal factors just.

 Next one is the distinct rise in different conflictions of the interstate that peaks in 1991 and then being followed by the help of a decline. At that time almost 52 different conflictions of the armed were being witnessed and in the contrast of 23 back in year 2003.

Next trend is the pattern of falling and then rising numbers is simple because of the onset of new conflictions that are being set against to the number of conflicts at an end.

Aggregation of the conflictions over the time of cold war took place from more than the other different wars that starting than never ending. To reduce the number of conflictions it is required to prevent out the other and make sure to stop them before starting.

5. William (2013) identifies the three different types of the responses to the sub-state terrorism. What are these and what are their advantages and disadvantages?

William back in 2013 identifies the three different kind of the responses to the sub-state terrorism that are:

State sponsored terrorism, it is the kind of terrorism that acts on the state or even the government by any of the state or even a government itself. It has some advantages along with some disadvantages as well like it acts as the cause of the ripple effect by the economy that may have a negative effect. Here the most obvious one is the direct economic destruction of the property along with the lives as well. In an indirect way it effects the economy through the creation of market uncertainty and the increase claim of the different insurances.

Next one is the Dissent terrorism that is the group of different terrorists that have been rebelled against their government of the particular place. This kind of terrorism also have certain advantages as well as the disadvantages like different expressions may take place certain forms through the vocal disagreement towards the civil disobedience for using the violence. Con is that political dissent is the dissatisfaction through the opposition to the different policies of the governing body.

Last one is the Religious terrorism, they are extremely religious and motivated to follow their religion and can do anything for the sake of their religion. Pros here are that they no doubt make people convinced to follow the right path but the cons are that they get so grump and aggressive that they can go to any extent to kill the people who don’t follow the right path or don’t listen to what they try to teach.

6. What is meant by the “double failure of intelligence on Iraq” in the buildup to the 2003 invasion?

Ten years from the invasion, Iraq remains one of the most divisive war in the history of the recent time along with one of the greatest intelligence failure in the living memory. There has been a great debate related to the invasion that whether it was being launched with the explicit of the authorization. There is only legislation to find out about the aggression or even to find out about all of the illegal rests through the council of security under the Articles of 39-42.

The actual meaning of double failure of the intelligence on Iraq in the building up to 2003 attacks that the intelligence had to face failure in Iraq in the reporting. According the Saddam Hussein (the former Iraqi president), the US did not have any need to attack on Iraq to control oil because the first priority of control oil should be given to Iraq oil rights. Secondly, it was also assumed by the intelligence community analysts that Iraq was hiding and it was because of their failure in the intelligence.

7. What are the differences and similarities between the “genocide” and “crime against humanity”?

Terms like the genocide along with the crime against humanity are now considered to be the part of almost everyday business for the political claim making out that these terms once were much precise. Crime against the humanity was known to be one of the legal term that has been specifically applied after the World War II. It also involved certain different legal duties to pursue along with bringing out the justice. Genocide is the term that has meaning to destroy a certain part of the population due to the reasons of racist. There are certain events that include the civil war and the trading of slaves that can be easily described out in all these terms. The more this word genocide gets used broadly for some of the different kind of ideological reasons then more it becomes that word which historians completely try to avoid.

The similarities here in these two terms relate with destroying out the different factors that vary from area to area. As it has been described above clearly that how do these terms get linked with one another and how do they share different meanings as well.

8. Identify and describe the five of the seven aspects of the human security as identified by the 1994 UNDP report.

There are different aspects given in the UNDP report related the human security which are: health security, environmental security, economic security, community security as well as personal security.

The health security is basically referring to protect the health of the individuals before and after the disasters or the epidemics and for the making sure the communities are robust to the major challenges. The environmental security which highlighted in the report is telling that it is the viability of the environment to provide the support to life with respect to three different elements such as repairing military damage, preventing or responding to conflicts in environment as well as protecting the environment because of inherent moral value. The economic security is related to the provide the security to the finances of humans that ensures to have the stable income and resources of the humans. The community security focuses clearly to improve the relationship among authorities, institutions and the community. In the last, the personal security which is given in the report telling that it occurs after some notable efforts and it is also ensuring that every individual can have the security for his personal protection.

Since too long, there are different concepts of the security that has been successfully shaped out by the potential for the confliction between the different states. This security has also been equated with certain threats to the borders of a country. Many of the people these days have the feelings of insecurities that may arise from the worries that are being faced by the people on daily basis like the job security, health security, income security and much more. Different aspects according to the report are:

Human security is associated with the different people almost everywhere no matter in rich or the poor nations, both of them. Threats may differ here. But no doubt that some of the threats are also same to the different nations like the job insecurity.

While security for any of the people gets attacked in any corner of the world then all of the nations are most likely to get involved.

It is much important to develop out the some sort of operational indicators for the human security.

9. Discuss the International Community’s role in promoting the human security.

Human security is directly concerned with the protection along with the expansion of the different people’s freedom. It helps in the protection of the people from the critical as well as the pervasive threats along with the empowerment of the people to take a charge of their own lives and International Community is the one that is positively playing a part in this aspect and making sure that all of the human security rights are being done appropriately and accordingly. Along with this, International community also has another role that is to approach for the national as well as the international security that gives out the primacy to different human beings along with their complex social and their economic interactions as well. This also focus upon the security of a state.

10. Discuss the differences between four main approaches to the poverty?

Four different approaches to the poverty are:

Monetary approach: This is the kind of traditional approach which is being held up by common people as well as the experts. This is being used basically for defining the poverty as lack of the different resources of the material like income. People are obviously poor if they don’t have any money at all.

Capability approach: This is the approach that notes material resources are not enough to guarantee the well-being as their presence don’t entail their enjoyment at all. Through this it has been defined that poverty as the lack of different opportunities to enjoy out the different kind of the lives which is being enjoyed by the people or they value.

Social Exclusion: This is the approach that also notes down the narrowness for the monetary approach but it greatly focus upon the different processes of the marginalization to the specified groups.

Participatory approaches: This kind of the approach doesn’t bother to ask out the experts that what poverty in actual is. But they seek for understanding the poverty through the perspective of a poor person.

11. What was the Washington Consensus and how did it impact developing countries?

Washington Consensus refers towards the set of free market policies of the economy that has been supported by the prominent financially institutes like the International Monetary fund along with the bank of world as well. This has been named by a person who has been called from the name of John Williamson and he coined this term Washington Consensus back in 1989.

It cause a positive impact on the developing countries and it gives different sort of the solutions to the market policy for the different economies. This has also resulted into the structural reforms having a goal for making out the developing countries even way more competitive. Here it has three main thrusts for these reforms that have been the source of deregulation for the domestic markets and liberalization of the trade along with the flows that are related to the finance.

12. Discuss some of the negative effects conflicts that has on the development and the poverty alleviation?

Armed conflictions are the ones that lead towards the forced migration, causing disturbance in the infrastructure and some of the long termed refugee problems as well. Effects of the war like the civil war are much profound.

Some kind of the progress has also been made since the time of 2013. Violent confliction is the one that lead towards the poverty and it has a much negative effect. It cause number of different damages and people fail to even have their basic life necessaties due to all this sort of the conflictions.

13. Identify and define five “forms of the security thinking”

Five different kind of the security thinking here are:

Traditional view of the thinking.  In tgis kind of thinking different programs are being mentioned here like liberalism and things that falls into this category.

Challenging out the orthodoxy. Originality of this factor lies in the terms of the security stems that urge to go way beyond than the view of the security in regard to the military. In the survey of a man different kind of the non-traditional frameworks in the studies of the security. This is the part that covers the feminist security studies, human security studies and many more.

Some of the other ways to the security. There is not just one kind of the security that is being used to make sure that is everything going on track or not but there are many different kind of the securities here which undergoes and have a look at all such situations.

14. Describe and discuss the four meaning of health security.

Health security is the concept of framework for all the issues of a public health. It also includes the protection of the issues that may take place. Everyone living in this world have different issues and all these issues are different from one person to the other. So this health security is the word that covers this concept and it has all the meanings that fall in the category for protecting the health issues and different problems of the local people or the mankind.

Four different meaning are:

Biosecurity. This is the factor that covers that the family members are getting their proper rights.

Global health security. This is the one that covers the concept of health that whether all the people are getting basic health rights or not. This makes sure people are being treated in accordance and through equal rights.

Human security: This is the factor that covers that whether all the rights of mankind are being protected or not. Is every person in the community is being treated in an equal way or any favoritism is being done.

National security. This part is the one that whether government is fulfilling their duties in an appropriate way or whether the things are being neglected here. Each and every factor or group has its own benefits and they are equally important as well.

15. What are the two subcategories of the strategic coercion and how they have been connected?

Coercive diplomacy is the one that attempts to get a target in the state of a group or within the state. It has two different types that are being linked to one another in appositive way. Clearly two different forms are, deterrence and the compellence. These are the both types that depend upon the different kind of the risks, choice and the threats that are being seen.