Assignment Summary and five things learned from the chapter

It can be noted that this chapter is related to the drinking of contaminated water and its side effect. This water is contaminated by the Perchlorates chemical and it is proposed by the department of defense rocket fuel facilities. This article is written by Terry Gratton. Moreover. This article is talking about the history of World War 2. In that era, the rocket fuel had been manufactured in different facilities of the USA. There is some harmful chemical present in it that will result in improper disposal of gases. On the other hand, due to such chemicals the water is contaminated in different states of America. Moreover, it shows that Perchlorate contamination was present more frequently in the groundwater. Due to this whole water was contaminated. In this chapter, there is complete information about this chemical in a proper way.

Five things learned from this chapter

There are five important things that I have learned from this chapter are given below

1.      Through the help of this chapter I am able to perform a risk assessment. This kind of assessment was presented through a limited amount of data from humans and animals. This strategy will help me in the future for estimating the required risk factor in a particular area.

2.      Moreover, I am able to recognize the dose-response from the contamination is not always show linear results. It has been proved from the required results taken from the risk assessment.

3.      I have also learned and recognized the effect of contaminated water and it is affected by a different factor. I have learned this during the risk assessment. During the analysis I have seen that several other factors are contaminating water at a huge level.

4.      Furthermore, I have also seen that the setting reference may include diet and other related factors. This is because during the analysis of setting reference and these factors are obtained from it.

5.      Moreover, it has also seen that there is a need for different doses for different populations. This is because it can be noted that the contamination results from different areas are different from each other. This shows that if the same doses are applied in these areas then it will be completely useless. Therefore, I have learned that in every area supply of doses will be provided according to the nature of defects in a particular area.

Part B: About Perchlorates: It can be noted from chapter 19, Perchlorates is considered as an important chemical compound. Moreover, this chemical compound is containing a Perchlorate ion CIO. There are a lot of Perchlorates present around the world that are producing sales. These compounds are mostly used for propellants. This is because it is considered as a powerful oxidizing agent so it can easily control the static electricity present in foods.

PFAS chemicals: It is considered a large group of human-made chemicals and they are used in different industries and also in consumer products. This chemical was invented in the mid of the 20^th century. Moreover, these chemicals are also used for making commercial and household products for customers. These products can easily resist, grease, water, and oil strains without any difficulty. Furthermore in PFAS chemical, Perfluorooctanoic acid and Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid is present in it. On the other hand, it can be seen that PFAS chemical is found in wildlife, people, and fish present all over the world. It is not easy to breakdown PFAS. Due to this they remained in the environment for a long period of time like in water. Moreover, they also stay in the human body for a long period.

Risk potential from exposure: In this chapter, there is proper detail is presented related to the risk potential from exposure to these chemicals. It is showing that there is two types of exposure to perchlorate are present. The first one is related to the short-term and the next one is long-term exposure to perchlorate.

Extent of contamination: From this chapter the extent of contamination may vary according to the number of chemicals present in water. If perchlorates are present in water in a high amount then water is highly contaminated. On the other hand, if its value is low then it is not too much contaminated. This shows that contamination of water is directly proportional to the perchlorate compounds in water.

Sources for Perchlorates and PFAS chemicals

From the chapter it can be noted that the waste sites are considered as the potential sources of Perchlorates. On the other hand, manufacturing and processing industries are considered as potential sources for the PFAS chemicals

What is the current US EPA response to such chemicals?

From the chapter it can be noted that their response was active. This is because, in 1999, they have designed 8 animal studies. Moreover, EPA made a contract with the National Academy of science for studying the effect of this chemical on the public (Mark G. Robson).

Reference of Summary and five things learned from the chapter

Mark G. Robson, William A. Toscano. Risk Assessment for Environmental Health. John Wiley & Sons,, 2007.