Report on the How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

Table of Contents

Executive Summary of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

In Australia, there is always a problem of land sliding during rough season. Due to this, it will become difficult to assist proper idea about land sliding at that place. For that case, there is a need of proper land sliding monitoring equipment. There are a lot of techniques are used for measuring the behaviour of land during tough time. But the facts are showing that such instruments are not reliable and proper. Due to this it will become difficult to monitor land sliding and also many people lives. This report is dealing with the improvement of land sliding risk monitoring equipment. This is because through this it will become easy and simple to save a lot of lives in a proper way. In the first section of this report, there is complete information about the problem statement.

There will be discussion about some tools used for the monitoring and risk management of the land sliding in Australia. But the main fact is that there is need to add some changes in these tools. This is because through this it will become easy to control the land sliding problem in that country. This can be done by adding alarming system so it will become more effective means of providing message to the management about land sliding. Moreover, in literature review section, there is some information about the past instruments used for monitoring land sliding problem in an effective way. Then after this in the methodology section there is complete discussion about these instruments in a proper way. This will discuss complete working of the instrument used for monitoring land sliding.

Introduction of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

It can be noted that the landslide monitoring is extremely important. According to this case of landslide, monitoring deals with comparing different natural conditions. These conditions include areal extent, Surface topography, rate of movement and soil moisture. In landslide monitoring, there is a need to access complete landslide activities at different time. Due to this, it will help to minimize risk of land sliding. The next important thing is that measurement of the superficial displacement deals with the slope movement and it is representing the main method for defining behaviour of soil. This shows that it will allow the response to trigger different factors for checking and analysing the mitigation measures effectiveness. It can be noted that retrieval of ground displacement is completely based on the traditional techniques. These techniques include, inclinometers, GPS, conventional wire extensometers, photogrammetry and levelling. From them the latest technique is related with the photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning. Moreover, another fact is that all of these techniques are perfect. The best thing about these techniques is that they are reliable and robust in action. Furthermore, there is requirement of proper time for its updates (Intrieri & Giovanni Gigli, 2012).

On the other hand, it can be noted that remote sensing images is considered as powerful tool for measuring the land sliding displacement. This is because they are offering a synoptic view of the required place at different time. Moreover, it can be noted that such view is also available at different scales. The next important thing is that SAR is considered as the best tools for accessing reasonable changes on the earth surface. But the main problem is that the analysis of one SAR image is not useful. This is because it will not give proper idea about the surface of earth. Moreover, it also shows that it is not easy to separate different phase contribution that are based on the object topography, noise inherent and other things (Intrieri & G. Gigli, Brief communication" Landslide Early Warning System: toolbox and general concepts, 2013).

For that case, there is need to apply two suitable approaches for exploiting information present in the phase values of SAR images. The first approach is related to the differential SAR interferometry. The next one is related to the multi-interferogram SAR techniques. It can be observed that the first approach is completely relies on the processing of two different SAR images gain from different places at the same period. It shows that it will obtain the phase shift according to surface distortion present between two acquisitions. On the other hand, the second approach is completely based on the large series. It shows that if the number of images are larger then it will give complete robustness and accuracy in the required results. Moreover, it also shows that the second approach is quite reliable and authentic to use for monitoring land sliding problems (Lacasse & Nadim, 2009).

Then after some time there is rapid advancement in both data processing algorithm and remote sensing sensors that is helping to achieve required results in the last few years. But the main challenge is that there is need of some improvement in the SAR technology. This is because it is required to take images of slow moving landslides that are moving with less than 13 mm/month. It can be noted that there are a lot of PSI techniques the interferometric point target analysis, Coherence pixel technique, the SqueeSAR, the small baseline subset, the persistent Scatterer pairs, the quasi-PS tech technique and stable point network (Segoni, Lagomarsino, & Riccardo Fanti, 2018).

            All of these techniques are unique and essential part of the system. On the other hand, it can be noted that the persistent Scatterer pairs technique is quite essential. This is because through this it will become easy to take information about the ground over large area with proper precision. The next thing is that it will made this approach more suitable for the slope and regional scale for huge mass movement investigations. But due to its statistical analysis of the signals it can be noted that there is problem of phase shifting. This is because during analysis other factor took place like topography, noise and atmosphere (C. Michoud, Bazin, & Lars Harald Blikra, 2013).

After some changes in the technique, they are applied to the monitor landslides. Due to this SAR is able to measure and monitor the positon of landslide at the same time. But the main thing is that there is need to access the archived SAR data.  This is because through that data it will become simple to study temporal variation of the landslides in the particular area. 

Despite this, it is still considered as the promising techniques for measuring and monitoring the displacement of land. On the other hand, characteristics of the existing satellites are putting strong image on the use of PSI for measuring and monitoring.  The next important thing about the system is that the spatial resolution of SAR images and the time interval between the two paths of the satellite are quite unsuitable for monitoring. The main reason behind it is that they are related to the fast movement of the satellite or some points are located at steep slopes narrow valleys. It can be noted that the temporal scale is controlled through the help of time interval between the successive acquisitions (Alfieri & Peter Salamon, 2012). 

This can be explained as temporal resolution is measured by this technology took 35 days. This kind of resolution is also according to the resolution time of the satellite and make change according to each day of the month. The next thing is that the main purpose of this report is to improve the landslide risk monitoring technology through the use of PSI and other conventional ground based technique. It can be noted that there are many parts of Australia that are quite complex and where landslide velocity is too much slow (Dixon & Alister Smith, 2018).

This will become extremely difficult to measure. At this area the extension of landslide is about 1.3 km square and its volume is about 10 million cubic meters. It shows that the change is velocity is extremely slow over the time. But this change will become a major threat for the building and other infrastructures. It can easily cause direct damages to this system. Now through the help of PSI analysis by taking images of the land in recent years. Now in the methodology section there is complete information about the solution of this problem (Calvello & Ricardo N. D’Orsi, 2015).

                Literature review of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms
App-based intelligent landslide monitoring system of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

According to the author Tao et al (2019), it is conducted that design of the app based landslides monitoring system is organized. By the continuous development of the landslides monitoring as well as the forecasting devices along with the landslide monitoring contents also become increasingly accurately by the different notable achievement. Nowadays the new method which is reported for the real time monitoring and the surface displacement due to the landslides that is also the advanced displacement and the monitoring of the early warring. The method for tracking the land over changes as well as assessing the various hazards through the individuals of reservoir landslides by using the high resolutions images. These types of landslides also depend on the balanced among the anti-sliding force as well as the sliding force which could also use for the accurate parameter of forecasting of land. The remote monitoring for the landslides warning system involves into two parts; indoor equipment and field equipment. Thus the field monitoring also pointed which could be ceasing and monitored to acquired the continuous monitoring data which is also shown in the below figure (Tao et al , 2019)

Figure: Remote monitoring and warning system      

Implementation of a landslide warning system

According to the Author Intrieri et al (2012), it is conducted that sometimes early warning system in case of landslides are the only solution. They describe early warning systems (EWSs) as the systems or devices which are designed to mitigate the threat imposed to humans, public or private property and environments. According to them an EWS has many component or other aspects from monitoring devices which include the risk identification, emergency plans, public awareness etc. According to them, the efficient EWS should do the monitoring which mainly includes data gathering from different kind of instruments like transmission or monitoring instruments. Upon data collection, the system should be able to analyze that data and forecast about the future depending on some threshold or other forecasting techniques. In case of any forecast of the thread, the system should send warnings and alert regarding the impending threat and it also be able to layout a proposed response to the threat so that concerning authorities can tackle the threat in a better way. The most important part of designing any EWS is the identification of risk for which the geomechanical and geological knowledge is a must so that system knows what parameters should be monitored and how to weight different parameter for better risk assessment. The authors argue that the most important, critical and difficult part of any EWS is the response of people i.e. how people will react in case of a threat. It is very difficult for people to know how to react in a case of threat and people training must be a part of any effective EWS. The also argue the correct education of people to be the most cost-effective way of reducing the risk. The authors also present the case of Torgivannetto landslide which is the city of Assisi, Italy. The identified the two highway roads named Provincial road 249/1 and Regional Road 444 to at the most risk as these roads connect Assisi to the surrounding towns. Different simulations showed that in a case of rock fall the Provincial road would be destroyed due to which the surrounding streets were closed for several months. They mention how effective monitoring and effective response became a big factor in saving a lot of lives and livelihood of people and also resulted in saving the property (Intrieri et al, 2012).

Strategies of landslide early warning system

In this article it has be suggested by Qingjia et al (2018), some of the strategies has been presented which is related with the domestic landslide early warning system and operations in all over the universe. In the initial part of study, it has been mentioned that some of the components has been explained which is related with information for experts and stakeholders which has been included in the structure and operations of LEWSs. In this landslide threats can be decreased by adopting various qualification methods and this is mainly divided into two classification structural works and non-structural actions. Despite from this there are operational monitoring system has also presented which gives the information which has been used to these problems once the risks of landslide passed. As well as it has also been observed that landslide early warning system become more applicable in latest years which mainly hold the decrease economical and atmospheric influence than the structural interventions (Qingjia et al , 2018).

Landslide monitoring experiences of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

According to the Author Angeli et al (2000), it is conducted that about the landslides monitoring experiences. The landslide presented the great variability which is not the typological and it’s from the geometrical and the kinematics standpoints. Every landslide is thus characterized through the methods which is developed and evaluate the various types of sensor which would also set-up by the number of location and the measurements points by the sampling frequency parameters. The disarrangement of hydrogeological is one of great destructive natural events which striking the various civilian populations for the urban settlements along with the infrastructures of the worldwide in every year. Natural phenomena monitoring also needed by the significance of the scientific community thus using the adequate monitoring system which is the powerful tool for the understanding of the kinematic aspects of the movements of mass as well as it also permits correct interpretation along with the analysis.   The morphological point of view which is the possible distinguish for the flat upper accumulations area as well as the lower accumulation area is also consisting by the main flow and there are two kilometer’s longs by the steep narrow which discharge the channel and connecting by these two area. The creation of latest socio-economic system which gives for the accomplishment of various operations. The environment safety system gives the quick attainment of measurement of data which observed landslides procedure and analysis of the distributed of monitoring outcomes between users and controllers of security of various aspects (Angeli et al , 2000).  

Acoustic emission landslide warning system

According to the Author Dixon et al (2018), it is conducted that the current detection systems for landslides are very complex and at the same time are also very expensive which makes them of no use to low or middle-income countries. They propose a novel acoustic emission (AE) monitoring system which can detect the accelerating slope and give warnings in case of a potential slope. The early warning in case of a landslide is crucial to saving a lot of lives and also saving public and private property and in case of low to middle income countries this becomes even of greater importance because of their lower GDP. The argue that as the currency and state of the art monitoring system cannot be used in low to middle income countries due to their sophistication and cost, so it more common there to use simple systems like regional rainfall trigger. These systems are not very good at giving site specific warning as the data these systems provide can misrepresent the actual site readings. They also argue that a simple and cost-efficient monitoring system proposed by Sassa et al. is not in wide use. They propose a novel, simple, low-cost and yet at the same time robust instrumentation which can leverage acoustic emission monitoring and it will give early warnings in case of a landslide, which can result in an effective response and the most vulnerable people can be saved. Acoustic emissions are elastic stress waves which are generation in case the materials are deformed and they are propagated using solid phase. As the frequency of these waves are very high so they audible by human ear. The waves along with slope alarm can give early indication of a potential landslide.

Problem Statement of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

The research has been based on the native species which plays the significant role in the improved efficiency of consistency of testing tools upper layers of slope which will never been mentioned before. There is a need to improve the tools so that these tools could be used in the better measurement of the risk. Improvements in the monitoring and alarming tools are as much necessary as the use of the tool as if measurement is not accurate then there are chances to get heavy loss due to land sliding. It has also been mentioned that some of the monitoring system and instruments has been studied here which is related with the landslide and slope mainly but it must be innovative and compatible in the measuring of risk. The proposed tools must be helpful to take the accurate measurement of the risk and could be save the risk of landslide loss.

Research Question of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

The study is based on the research about the upper layers of the stability that affect the slope of land. How effective are landslide risk management initiatives at encouraging community members to manage their risk? What landslide risk interventions or programs are you aware of in your community? What additional tools are required to assessing landslide risk to improve the early warning system? What is the method for replication of landslide susceptibility? Can FBG be used for land slide early warning system?

Methodology of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

For performing the methodology, quantitative data will be used. This data will be collected through geotechnical monitoring of the place. For that case, there are about six inclinometers and 11 piezometers are used. These equipment are used for monitoring the landslide movement. Moreover, they are installed in the main landslide perimeter. According to this some in clinometric measurements are taken in a perfect order. The next thing is that its measurement interval was about 12 months and after this three more instruments are added in the system. They are monitoring and measuring the displacement for about 14 months. This shows that all of these inclinometers are failed to reach the target (Tofani & Federico Raspini, 2013).

The data will be shown in the table given below

The table is showing that inclinometric measurement are allowing reconstruction of the sliding surface depth, due to this, it is going to affect the main layer of eh material. It can be observed that this layer is composed of colluvium soil made. Another fact is that layer of clay material is located in the soil and it is showing a slip surface. The next thing is that monitoring of land slide surface is showing the slip surface and it is located at the 10 meter depth. But it is not possible because in general this depth of the slip surface is increased from upper to lower side of the landslide (Gomez & Purdie, 2016).

Figure: Image of the land sliding and showing surfaces in the form of colluvium soil, weathered bedrock and bedrock

It can be noted that the inclinometer is measuring the cumulative displacement according to the reference period. This shows that the velocity is extremely high at the top surface of the land and it is measured by inclinometer. Moreover, it is also showing that this measurement is carried out from the past five years.

Data from PSI of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

Another fact is that monitoring of land slide area of the particular place is carried out through long stakes of SAR images. It shows that SAR is taken images in the C band and also it contains a wavelength of 5 cm and its frequency is about 5.3 GHz. Another fact is that all of these four stacks are processed through the help of PSInSAR approach. It is considered as the first technique for measuring the radar imagery properly. For analyzing the displacement result a mode is used, and it is called as APSA. This mode is involved in making four different datasets of each stack properly and leading towards the new generation of reducing velocity maps. It is dividing the velocity data set into different parts. Moreover, due to this mode it will become easy to collect point wise data at different positions. Another fact that interferometric analysis is converted into multi-interferometric then it will become easy for the system to generate displacement time series for radar targets. The accuracy of this equipment is ranges from 1 mm to 3 mm and it used in single measurement system.

Advance equipment used for measuring the land sliding is showing the information about the new system for minimizing the effect of land sliding. For that case, there is a need of proper information about the geographical knowledge. According to the above methodology proper information is gained about the risk management of the monitoring method. It is showing that system is not able to measure the velocity of land that is slower than 13 mm per month. Now after this, there is need to add a proper monitoring system for the new system.

Moreover, it shows that the monitoring system with get data from different parts of the land. This data is collected in the form of velocity, depth and area of the required place. On the other hand, there is decision box and it will ensure the reputation of data collected through this instrument. It is showing that if the data is according to the specified bound then it will move towards again data acquisition stage and collect data. But now the other fact is that if it is not collecting the data according to the requirement. Furthermore, there are some problems present in the instrument. For that purpose, this instrument will move towards the troubleshooting stage and measure the required problem and perform the data acquisition stage again. Moreover, if data is not according to the requirement then it will show the warning. Then according to this warning, alarm setup will be start and then according to this emergency plans are taken as response. This is used to overcome the problem of risk management.

Conclusion of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

Summing up all the discussion from above, it is concluded that there is need of improvement in the land sliding risk monitoring. This is because through this it will become simple and easy to overcome the land sliding risk at the particular area. According to this case of landslide, monitoring deals with comparing different natural conditions. These conditions include areal extent, Surface topography, rate of movement and soil moisture. In landslide monitoring, there is a need to access complete landslide activities at different time. From them the latest technique is related with the photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning. The next important thing is that SAR is considered as the best tools for accessing reasonable changes on the earth surface. But the main problem is that the analysis of one SAR image is not useful.

But the main challenge is that there is need of some improvement in the SAR technology. This is because it is required to take images of slow moving landslides that are moving with less than 13 mm/month. The next thing is that it will made this approach more suitable for the slope and regional scale for huge mass movement investigations. But due to its statistical analysis of the signals it can be noted that there is problem of phase shifting

On the other hand, characteristics of the existing satellites are putting strong image on the use of PSI for measuring and monitoring.  For that case, there are about six inclinometers and 11 piezometers are used. These equipment are used for monitoring the landslide movement. Moreover, they are installed in the main landslide perimeter.This shows that the velocity is extremely high at the top surface of the land and it is measured by inclinometer. Moreover, it is also showing that this measurement is carried out from the past five years.

References of How to improve Landslide Risk Monitoring Equipment and Alarms

Alfieri, L., & Peter Salamon, F. P. (2012). Operational early warning systems for water-related hazards in Europe. Environmental Science & Policy 21.

Angeli et al , M. G. (2000). A critical review of landslide monitoring experiences. Engineering Geology, 55(3), 133–147.

C. Michoud, Bazin, S., & Lars Harald Blikra, M.-H. D. (2013). Experiences from site-specific landslide early warning systems.

Calvello, M., & Ricardo N. D’Orsi, L. P. (2015). The community-based alert and alarm system for rainfall induced landslides in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory-Volume .

Dixon et al , N. (2018). An acoustic emission landslide early warning system for communities in low-income and middle-income countries. Landslides, 15(8), 1631–1644.

Dixon, N., & Alister Smith, J. A. (2018). An acoustic emission landslide early warning system for communities in low-income and middle-income countries. Landslides 15.

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Intrieri, E., & Giovanni Gigli, F. M. (2012). Design and implementation of a landslide early warning system. Engineering Geology.

Lacasse, S., & Nadim, F. (2009). Landslide risk assessment and mitigation strategy. In Landslides–disaster risk reduction,.

Qingjia et al , M. (2018). Design of Simple Landslide Monitoring System. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.

Segoni, S., Lagomarsino, D., & Riccardo Fanti, a. N. (2018). Brief communication: Using averaged soil moisture estimates to improve the performances of a regional-scale landslide early warning system. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences .

Tao et al , Z. (2019). Design and operation of App-based intelligent landslide monitoring system: the case of Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk,, 10(1), 1209–1226.

Tofani, V., & Federico Raspini, F. C. (2013). Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique for landslide characterization and monitoring. Remote Sensing .