Assignment on Electronic Counters with Their Applications and Limitations

Introduction of Overview of Electronic Counters with Their Applications and Limitations

An electronic counter is a device in electronics that has various applications. Some of the counters have single function while some have multi-function. All these counters are preprogrammed with their designated functions. The basic function of electronic counters is to count the pulses which are fed to it. They have the ability to display the information in digital numbers which is fed to them. From timers to digital analogues, these electronic counters have wide applications (Holdsworth, 2002). An electronic counter is a solitary or multi work units gadget used to determine a particular rate or time. A solitary capacity electronic counter is either bidirectional or single directional while other pre customized counters are intended to play out various capacities. As the name recommend, a solitary directional electronic counter check just "Up" or "Down", though bidirectional electronic counters tallies both of "Up" and "Down". These counters are increasingly costly and convoluted in establishment when contrasted with mechanical counters. There are numerous kinds of electronic counters as follow (Zungeru, 2012).

Counters have modes. The ‘mod’ of the counter represents the number of states of the cycles through it, before setting the counter to its initial state. For example, a binary mod 8 counter has 8 countable states. They are from 000 to 111. So, the mod 8 counter counts from 0 to 7. A binary mod 4 counter has 4 count states, from 000 to 011. So, the mod 4 counter counts from 0 to 4. This means, in general a mod N counter can contain n number of flip flops, where 2n = N (Holdsworth, 2002).

Synchronous counter comprises of equal game plan of flip-flops wherein all the flip-flops are checked at the same time and in synchronization with the clock heartbeats. This is the explanation proliferation delay is free of the quantity of flip-flounders in the Synchronous counters. These counters are furnished with combinational rationale circuit too, to guarantee each flip-flop flips at the ideal time.

In synchronous counters, yield of one flip-flop is given to contribution of another flip-flop. Asynchronous comprises of a fell plan of flip-flops wherein clock beat of one flip-flop is driven by the yield of its ancestor flip-flop. The quantity of flip-flops utilized decide the modulus of the counter, wherein the quantity of flip-flops rely on the quantity of rationale states in the counter, before it arrives at its underlying state.  The clock input is given to the principal flip-flop. For a Modulo n counter, the clock contribution to the nth flip-flop is controlled by the (n-1)th flip-flop yield. Since clock of one flip-flop relies upon the yield of the past flip-flop, it would change its state after a specific time postpone which rises to the proliferation deferrals of both the flip-flops. For a Modulus n counter, the nth flip-failure will change its state after a deferral of n times the proliferation postponement of one flip-flop.

Background of Overview of Electronic Counters with Their Applications and Limitations

Electronic counters have been present since ages. There are various applications of electronic like frequency counters, digital counters, analogs to digital converters and many other applications like these. There are many potential applications like counters present in buses, hospitals, schools etc. All of these applications use the basic concepts of electronic counters which involve the common electronic circuits of synchronous and asynchronous pathways. The counter is a digital device and the counter output contains predetermined conditions based on the clock pulse application. The count output can be used to count the number of pulses. Counters generally include seesaw settings, which can be synchronous counters or asynchronous counters. In the synchronous counter, only one hour I / O is generated per flip-flop, while in the asynchronous counter, the flip-O / P clock signal is given for neighboring hours. Microcontroller applications must count external events, e.g. accurate internal delay frequency and pulse repetition frequency.

This event is common in digital systems and computers. Software developers can run both events, but the software cycle for counting does not provide definitive results. Important functions are no longer fulfilled. These problems can be solved with a timer and counter on the microcontroller that is used as a circuit interrupts. An electronic counter is a type of device used for various functions (Kumar, A. A. 2016).  This counter is a simple or multifunctional unit whose time or speed can be determined. Several types of electronic counters are programmed and used to perform more than one function. In addition, electronic meters have directional or directional functions. As the name suggests, the number of electronic addresses goes up or down, while the bilateral electronic counters count up and down. According to the specifications, this counter is described as durable, strong, compact and easy to use. These meters are generally more expensive and difficult to install than mechanical meters.

Statement of Problem of Overview of Electronic Counters with Their Applications and Limitations

While electronic counters have become a part of daily lives and we use many applications of them in our daily life functions. There is a need to have one comprehensive study about the overview and working of electronic counter, circuits involved behind their working, their current existing applications with pathways behind them, potential developments in in this subject and limitations. So, in this study all these aspects about electronic counters will be explored. 

Conclusion of Overview of Electronic Counters with Their Applications and Limitations

Counters can be either synchronous counters or synchronous counters. The asynchronous counter is also called the ripple counters. Not all FFs change simultaneously in the asynchronous counter. They are serial counters. All FFs change simultaneously in synchronous counters. They are parallel counters. Counters can be either up or down counters or up / down counters. If an ordinary module is a product of an individual module in each cascade counters, someone talks about a complete module cascade. The LSB for every meter is the most changing part. The Mod-M counter and the Mod-N cascade provide the Mod-MN counter. If the clock rate is very high due to the propagation delay accumulated in the state with an asynchronous counter, a state check can occur. The propagation delay for each FF is not recorded in a simultaneous counter. Synchronous counters have the advantage of less serious high-speed decoding problems, but the disadvantage is that they have more circuits than asynchronous counters. The counter suffers from locking issues or is not of an automatic start type if it continues to change from an invalid state to an invalid state after the next hour and never returns to its normal state. Shortened modulus counters can experience locking issues. The counter is the self-starting type when it returns to a valid state and is usually counted after one or more indicator bags, even if it goes into an invalid state. The shift register is quite restrictive because, in our opinion, it cannot move from one country to another. The shift register can be set as a counter or sequence generator. Ring counter also called basic ring counter or a simple ring counter. Twisted ring counter is also called the Johnson counter. A synchronous counter where the output of one counter controls the input of another clock counter is called a hybrid counter. Pulsed sequences can be generated by direct logic or indirect logic or shift registers. In direct logic, output is taken directly from FF, whereas in indirect logic is taken from port decoding.

 References of Overview of Electronic Counters with Their Applications and Limitations

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