Report on the Greenhouse emission

 Suitable Carbon Neutral standard and protocol

Carbon neutral standard and protocol is developed to find the ways for environmentally friendly processes. The standard framework reduces carbon emission and provide agreement on both methods and calculated emissions. Australian Federal Government ‘s National Carbon Offset Standard (NCOS) Carbon Neutral Program, is internationally recognized program that reduce and balance the emissions of carbon under the official carbon certification schemes. The major eligibility requirement of the program is to meet the criterion and it must consider the additional forms of abatement relative to BAU scenarios. the new national carbon pricing legislation under Australian Federal Government reduce the carbon emissions under the domestic offsets. Similarly, Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) in Australia is another method that use regional land management for landfill diversion and environmental tree plantings.

b.      Recommendation for the standard to manage emission inventory (2018-2019)

i.                    Carbon footprints and inventories are developed for precinct scale emissions that are considerable based on decisions and inputs. In the present condition, it is important to have uniform calculation of emissions. The other consideration that is highly important is comparability of carbon claims and transparency in the emission calculation.

ii.                  Clarification is important for greenhouse gases (GHG) that must include carbon footprints. The carbon footprints must include land area, mass, carbon emissions, and type of emissions such as indirect and direct emission.

iii.                It is important to identify appropriate scope and boundaries associated with the urban areas. The considerations of carbon footprints induce impact on the methodology such as inventory or lifecycle analysis.

c. i. 

Calculate and categorize the emissions into activity type and source for the 2018-19 financial year as the base year in a way that is meaningful for identifying carbon management strategies.

Categorized emission 

Combustion emission factor of fuel (liquid and gas)

 

Emission factor of Electricity

 

Emission factor from waste

 

ii. Calculate the total GHG emissions for the 2018-19 financial year as the base year.

 

 

iii. Based on current activity levels and estimated growth rates calculate,

a.      The projected emissions in each activity/source type in the 2024-25 financial year assuming BAU (without any carbon management plan).

 

b. The projected total GHG emissions for each year through until (and including) the 2024-2025 financial year assuming BAU (without any carbon management plan).

 

Data source https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/eb62f30f-3e0f-4bfa-bb7a-c87818160fcf/files/australia-emissions-projections-2017.pdf

d. Determine, and list, the leading Local Governments from across Australia, and in particular Western Australia, in terms of Carbon Neutrality. Include whether they are already, or the year they aim to be, Carbon Neutral.

i.

Local government authorities

State or territory	Commitment of carbon neutrality
Australia	20% by 2020
ACT	100% by 2020
QLD	50% by 2030
NT	50% by 2030
SA	50% by 2025
NSW	0% by 2050
VIC	0% by 2050
Capital city
Brisbane	From 2017
Melbourne	By 2020
Sydney	70% by 2030
Adelaide	0% by 2050
Perth	20% by 2020
Council or Local Government Area
Newstead Village	100% by 2017
Yackandandah Town	100% by 2022
Lismore Council	Self-generate by 2023
Tweed Shire Council	100% renewable energy
Coffs Harbour Council	100% by 2030
Tyalgum Village	100% renewable energy
Uralla Town	Plan of first zero net energy town
Byron Bay Shire	Plan of first zero net emissions community
Leichhardt Council	100% by 2030
City of Greater Bendigo	100% by 2036
Bega Valley Shire Council	Currently evaluating
Eurobodalla Council	100% by 2030

Source: https://100percentrenewables.com.au/australian-states-territories-local-governments-leading-way-renewables-climate-commitments/

ii. Summarized in tabular form

States	Target	Interim target	Policy
ACT	100% renewable energy by 2020 0% emission by 2050	40% reduction by 2020	Climate change strategy and action plan
VIC	0% by 2050 40% by 2025	15 - 20% reduction by 2020	Climate change act 2017
NSW	0% by 2050	N/A	Climate change policy framework
WA	No target	No target	No target
QLD	0% by 2050 50% by 2030	30% by 2030	Climate change response
SA	0% by 2050 50% by 2025	33% by 2020	Climate change strategy 2015-2050
TAS	0% by 2050 100% by 2022	N/A	Climate action plan 2017 – 2021
NT	50% by 2030	N/A	Northern territory climate change policy

Source: http://media.bze.org.au/ZCC/Australian%20Local%20Government%20Climate%20Review%20FINAL.pdf

iii. City Carbon neutral approach

Source https://www.bassendean.wa.gov.au/council-meetings/sustainability-committee/sustainability-committee/389/documents/sustain-agenda-and-atts-13-march-2019.pdf

e.  For past four years of Suitable Carbon Neutral standard and protocol

Based on the data collected for energy consumption and provided energy to the selected it is possible to calculate electricity savings. The percentage difference in measured as follow,

Energy savings are measured by finding difference of energy supplied to the area and consumption level. Commercial buildings are considered as in better position to save energy consumptions. percentage energy savings for whole Australia, new south wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, Southern Australia, TAS, and northern territory are mentioned in table 1 and figure 1.

Figure 1: Energy savings

Table 1: Electricity Savings

Column1	Australia		NSW			VIC			QLD			WA			SA			TAS			NT
year	Energy consumption	Energy consumption per capita	Energy consumption	Energy consumption per capita	% consumption per capita	Energy consumption	Energy consumption per capita	% consumption per capita	Energy consumption	Energy consumption per capita	% consumption per capita	Energy consumption	Energy consumption per capita	% consumption per capita	Energy consumption	Energy consumption per capita	% consumption per capita	Energy consumption	Energy consumption per capita	% consumption per capita	Energy consumption	Energy consumption per capita	% consumption per capita
	PJ	GJ/person	PJ	GJ/person		PJ	GJ/person		PJ	GJ/person		PJ	GJ/person		PJ	GJ/person		PJ	GJ/person		PJ	GJ/person
2012-13	5,919	256	1,569	201	5	1,421	246	2	1,337	287	1	1,023	411	-3	355	213	4	113	221	4	100	413	1
2013-14	5,896	251	1,517	192	4	1,420	241	3	1,339	284	-6	1,070	425	3	343	203	-5	109	211	3	99	408	17
2014-15	5,901	248	1,470	183	-2	1,402	233	1	1,434	300	-1	1,044	411	-7	363	213	12	105	204	-2	83	337	0
2015-16	6,045	250	1,517	186	1	1,430	232	4	1,461	302	-3	1,123	439	-4	323	189	9	107	208	0	83	339	1
2016-17	6,119	249	1,528	185	0	1,400	221	7	1,531	311	1	1,175	456	-2	295	171	-14	108	207	0	83	336	-11
2017-18	6,172	247	1,558	185	100	1,330	206	100	1,538	307	100	1,207	465	100	338	195	100	110	208	100	92	372	100