Report on the Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

Abstract of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

The world is changing day by day and the energy consumption has also increased because of doing daily works. Without having energy, people cannot run their businesses properly. Due to heavy consumption of energy, there are several problems also occurred and the climate change is one of them. To reduce and control the climate change, the engineers are now focusing on the sustainability and use of sustainable resources. They are focusing to produce solar renewable energy and is clean, cheaper and less harmful for the environment. The installations of solar energy generate the renewable and clean energy and it is also capable to generate electricity in cold weather. The complete study is based on the solar panel that provides clean renewable energy. It is shortly discussed about its history along with related works. There are several types of benefits of solar panel which are discussed in the study. Battery management system watch over alongside charge the specific power supply voltages alongside temperatures alongside the overall performance, by making utilization of it is inner software package. Some important types of solar panels are discussed in the study as well as the brief analysis on the energy storage system is also discussed into the study.

     I.          Introduction of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

The solar installations generate renewable, clean energy around the year-round, where the solar panel produced the electricity more efficiently in the cold weather. During the winter season, the solar panel would also brighten the day and home. The working of the solar panel, even in the winter months is that the sunlight hitting the solar panel which would also generate electricity. Then in the cold climate and rainy areas are optimal; for the efficiency of the solar panel. In the cold climates, the solar panel supplies dependable energy. From the winter conditions, the solar panel protects your home, where the cold temperatures also increase the production of solar electricity which could also be used to store for the future. The usages of the electricity averages annually are approximate 11,00KWh in the United States. Where the solar panel generates their own power which is therefore offset by the monthly electricity bill. By the installation, the solar panel is not cheap, where the average residential is 5kWh by the size of the system among the $3 and $5 per watt or the $15,000 to $25000 before the tax credit. Whereas most of the systems do not obtain great maintenance as well as it is also designed for 20 years which also has a little change amount of electricity produced.

II.    History of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

Many scientists have been given the credit for the invention of the solar cells but it can be safely said that it the contribution of all those men we have the present-day solar cells. French scientist Edmond Becquerel is given credit for the invention of solar cells because he was the one to determine that placing two metal electrodes in a conducting solution increases electricity production using light.

The modern solar cells have evolved a lot over time. Present-day solar cells cost a lot less than they used to in the past and due to this, the commercial use of solar panels is increasing at a rapid rate as more and more people can afford it. In 1956, a solar panel used to cost $300 per watt which reduced to around $100 per watt in 1975 and nowadays this has reduced to only $0.5 per watt.

 

Figure: Solar Panel History

III.  Lieterature Review of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

A.    Benefits of Using Solar Panels

There are many benefits of using solar panels using other energy sources. They save a lot of costs compared with other energy sources and they are also environmentally friendly. They also contribute to energy independence which means producing own energy for your needs. These are the main benefits of using solar panels: 

a)      Reduction in Energy Bills of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

The energy produced by solar panels is very cheap compared with energy produced from other sources. The solar energy is produced using the sunlight which is always available, hence the cost of production is reduced a lot; there is just the initial cost of buying solar panels and installing them. The maintenance cost is also non-existent which makes energy produced from solar panel super cheap. Even on cloudy days, the diffused sunlight is good enough for producing some energy.

b)      Reduction in Air Pollution of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

A lot of pollutants are produced using fossil fuels and these are responsible for the increase in air pollution. The increase in air pollution is also responsible for the production of smog which has devastating effects on the environment and also on the general public's health. The energy produced by solar panels has no such side effects making it environmentally friendly. This is the reason the energy produced by solar panels is called clean energy which has zero contribution toward air pollution (Solar).

c)      Reduction in Water Usage of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

     If the energy production does not use fossil fuels like coal etc. it usually uses water somewhere in the production process. Both hydroelectric and nuclear energy production uses water in an enormous amount of water; the water can be used somewhere else. Water scarcity is increasing and it poses a threat to all life forms on this planet. Also, dams that are used to store water have irreversible and damaging effects on the local ecosystem and animal habitats. As no water is used during the solar energy production, the water scarcity issue can be reduced if not resolved.

d)      Reduction of dependency on non-renewable energy sources of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

            Solar energy makes people energy independent as they can produce energy for their own needs and wants.  But at the same time, solar energy will reduce our dependence on the use of non-renewable energy sources. The non-renewable sources like petroleum, coal, etc. are called non-renewable for a reason because one day even if not in the near future these resources will deplete. So, it's better for mankind to shift from non-renewable sources to renewable sources as soon as possible so that we can keep on using those non-renewable resources in places where we don’t alternatives to those.

e)      Helps fight climate change of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

            As we keep on using fossil fuels, we keep on dumping more pollutants are carbon dioxide into the air around us. As the levels of these pollutants are carbon dioxide is increasing, the climate is changing a lot. The ozone layer is depleting a lot and it is causing global warming. The earth's temperature is increasing day by day, which is also a threat to a lot of species. The weather patterns are changing around the globe and these have become volatile and sudden. Solar energy is one of the many ways which can equip us to combat this ever-changing climate issue.

B.    Types of Solar Panel

a)       Monocrystallline Solar Panel of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

            The purest form of the solar panel is called Monocrystalline solar panel. Its salient features are uniform dark look and round edges. The take less space, they produce the highest electrical power per area unit, and they also have the longest life. These features also make them the costliest type of solar panels. Their main selling point is that they are least influenced by high temperatures and can still work pretty effectively.

Figure: Monocrystalline Solar Panel

b)       Polycrystalline solar panel of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

These solar panels usually have square shape, and their edges are not cut. They usually have a spotted look with blue color. They are cheaper than Monocrystalline solar panels as they are made by softening crude silicon. They have less efficiency compared to Monocrystalline usually around 15%. Their life expectancy is also lesser than Monocrystalline solar panel and higher temperatures have a greater impact on these.

Figure: Polycrystalline Solar Panel

Furthermore, some the electric characteristics are also provided in the tabular diagram given below.

 

Figure: Electric Characteristics of Polycrystalline Solar Panel

c)       Thin-film: Amorphous silicon solar panel

            Thin film solar panels are made using thin films photovoltaic material such as silicon or cadmium etc. These materials are deposited on a substrate such as glass or metal etc. Their demand is the lowest compared with the other types of solar panels and due to this reason, they are the cheapest as well. Their cell efficiencies are high. They are also not greatly influenced by high temperatures which is a plus point.

Figure: Thin-film: Amorphous Solar panel

d)       Concentrated PV cell

            Concentrated PV cells are somewhat different from conventional photovoltaic cells. They usually use curved mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto a solar cell which enhances the energy produced by them. They have efficiency in the 40 percent range which makes them light years ahead of other technologies. They also usually have a cooling system in them as well which also contributes to an increase in the efficiency as well (Premier energy).

Figure: Concentrated PV Cell

e)       Solar Panel used in rainy, cloudy areas and snowy areas

In winter conditions, the energy production as well as efficiency which diminish somewhat (Sunrun.com). By the cold temperature, the energy production, as well as the efficiency of the solar panel, also improved. Whereas solar panel creates the electricity from the sunlight and forms the sun's heat. By the lighter snow, the sunlight navigates the around the solar panels which also maintain energy production. It may sound counter-intuitive but the energy produced by solar panels in low temperatures is more compared to the energy produced on hotter days. As the temperature is low in the solar panel, the electrons have low energy compared to the hotter days, so the sunlight excites these electrons and causes a greater energy differential which causes more energy to be produced. Panels are equipped to deal with snow as well but they should be installed at an angle so that snow clears itself without any other intervention. And in case there is a lot of snow and it's not falling itself, people must contact professionals and do not take matters into their own hands as they can damage the panel.

   IV.        Modeling Simulations

a)       Specification of System

            In the solar panel specification, there were three main things were considered which are: Maximum power voltage, maximum power current as well as the dimensions of the solar panel. 4.0V is required for the maximum power voltage while 100.0 mA is the requirement for the maximum power current. On the other side, the dimensions of the solar panel can be 70*65*3.2 mm. In the outline view of the dimensions the of the solar panel the is also provided in this section.

Figure: Solar Panel outline View

            The outline of the dimensions is also provided in which L is the length which is 70+0.2 mm, the width W of the solar panel can be 65+0.2 mm while height H is 3.2+0.3 mm.

 

Figure: Outline Dimensions of Solar Panels

            In this study, it is also provided some technical characteristics of solar panel having STC standard testing conditions . It is also discussed about the description of the goods along with the technical specs. There are six five types of description goods are provided in the document which are: short circuit current (Isc), maximum Power (Ppm), Maximum power current (Imp), Maximum power Voltage (Vmp) as well as open circuit voltage (Voc). These descriptions of goods along with the technical specs are provided in the figure which is given below.

Figure: Description of goods & Technical Specifications

Mechanical Characteristics of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

            The solar panel design has also some very significant mechanical characteristics which can make the solar panel effective for generating current because of the material used in its build. To save the current generated by the solar panel, the monocrystalline Silicon solar cells are used because they can easily handle, manage as well as store the current generated by the solar panel. On the other side, it is also needed to encapsulate the solar panel with the PC the film lamination. The lamination is essential to protect the wiring as well as to provide the protection to the internal panel of the solar panel. So, these are the mechanical characteristics of solar panel.

·         Monocrystalline silicon solar cells

·         Encapsulated: PC film the lamination

b)       Estimation of gravimetric and volumetric energy densify for solar panel

            The technologies demand the battery use and the energy for the sustainable future is encourages the research and development nowadays. The reason of sustainable future is that it enables the new technologies as well as new mechanisms to create the electric vehicles, new smart consumer electronics as well as manufacturing or developing of the new smart grids for generating clean energy. Due new technology, these demand the batteries to store the energy effectively. So, the PV batteries can be used to store the solar energy and it can provide many days energy backup for normal use. In the graphical representation of the PV battery and solar panel, the solar panel will be placed in open air where it absorbs the sun energy directly. The solar panel will generate the energy which will be saved into the battery working on the PV module.

Figure: PV battery module for Solar panel

    V.         System Specifications

            The selected system is Battery management system that watch over alongside charge the specific power supply voltages alongside temperatures alongside the overall performance, by making utilization of it is inner software package.

Figure Battery management Systems

VI.   Analysis of Energy Storage system of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

            In the analysis of the energy of storage system the selected battery is Lithium ion battery;

            Power is given to the vehicle from side to side this part, made up of different cells. It is considered as the central power source. They are level for bigger surface region bringing about more prominent transfer of heat. The physical size and the amount of batteries in a module depend on the necessities. Battery heating in addition to battery cooling is two standard arrangements disengaging the warm administration framework [1]. For keeping up the ideal temperature extend for expanding battery execution and battery life, cooling and heating are vital. A basic example is watched for the majority of the batteries release time i.e. restrict increases as temperature goes past 25⁰ C and declines as temperature falls underneath 25⁰ C.

Figure Li ion Battery

            Individual the metallic component is lightest, lithium manufactures high voltage when dissimilarity when evaluate with the standard hydrogen electrode. The working of battery depends on the thermal behavior and excessive use of heat exchanger. The natural convection of the heat in the experiment reached. The temperature difference reached at the higher convection and the 3D model was used for the thermal model of the battery [2]. The results of the analysis are based on the process to develop the temperature control systems and to design the thermal management systems. The simulated results demonstrate the proposed thermal management system to improve the performance of battery. The system improves the performance of battery up to 58.4% and reliability is compromised for the existing thermal management.  Lithium ion batteries are recognized in market allowing for its favorable conditions over different sorts of battery innovation [1]:

·         Improved cycle life

·         self-discharge is higher

·         energy density is higher

·         voltage per cell is higher

·         Lower self-discharge

·         Methods for Simple charging

·         Friendly Environment

·         Battery management should be simple 

a)       Thermodynamics of Battery Cell

Different form of the cell is given below

 

Figure 5 Battery technology

b)       Battery Cell Heat Transfer

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇_m

q Is heat transfer

U is the overall heat transfer

A surface area of heat transfer

∆𝑇_m mean temperature

Using expressions for actual and ideal electrical work along with relationships between entropy change and voltage:

 

This equation implies a uniform cell temperature. In fact, cell temperature can vary significantly within the cell

Figure: Un-finned, tubular cross-flow heat exchanger

  VII.       Integration of battery

A.    Thermal management system

            Different type of the thermal management system requirement imposed the two applications of the EV and the PV. A Battery pack requirement depends on the cooling and heating of the active and passive modeling. Application requirements and the battery lifetime account into the technical parameters. On the basis of the given requirements the BTMS is designed [2]. Thermal management system of battery including the modeling of the cooling/heating for the active and the passive which deliver the pack of the battery for an ideal temperature where the distribution   of the temperature is verified by the manufacture of the battery. On the other hand, by manufacturer the pack of the thermal management system is required to assemble the necessities for the vehicle as particular. It should be easily packaged, compact, lightweight, low cost in addition to well-matched with position in the vehicle. Additionally, it should be effectively as well as reliable plus accessible for protection. It used for low freeloading power, make available for ventilation if the battery causes hazardous gases potentially as well allow performing wide range of climate conditions for the pack. “Thermal management system” might be used for air designed for ventilation; storage for thermal behavior, cooling, heating, insulation, like a combination of these methods is the phase change materials [3]. In electric vehicles the power is provided by the large number of batteries that requires complete and effective battery management system. The operational conditions for the batteries are power delivery system and the important factors are maintenance of operational conditions and power efficiencies. Temperature is a prime factor that considers existing BMS and policies of battery management at low and higher temperature. The malfunction and explosion prevent the battery cells to operate at low and higher temperature. 

Figure 1 General schematics of thermal management system

Thermal management systems have two types like: active and passive. The efficiency of battery depends on the temperature distribution as  and[2]. While setting up the thermal management system these must be measured to assurance correct operational state of battery pack:

1.      heating /cooling Liquid

2.      cooling /heating for Air

3.      Insulation

4.      Storage for Thermal

5.      Ventilation

The battery pack for security, execution and life expectancy causes should be placed in a controlled encompassing where temperature is prohibited and there is no threat of thermal absentee. As showed by establishment asks, the BTMS should be outfitted with four essential capacities to guarantee the Correct activity conditions of the battery pack. The prime consideration in the process is to find the characteristics of battery cells and reliability of the active thermal controls [4]. The change in the temperature is the basic operation of cells while thermal runway results in the explosion of battery cells. The temperature changes and control approaches are used in the present work to find the cell performance and to improve the performance of battery in the management system.  

 VIII.      Conclustion

Summing up all discussion it is concluded that, humans have been using solar energy way before the invention of solar panels to perform different tasks. Solar panels have revolutionized the energy industry. Solar energy empowers people to be energy independent and at the same time reducing the environmental impacts caused by other energy sources. Modern solar panels are equipped to deal with extreme weather conditions and at low temperature; the energy produced by solar panels is high compared to the energy produced at high temperatures.

IX.   References of Solar Panels Generate/Produce and Deliver Electricity

[1]	N. Kularatna, "Rechargeable Batteries and Their Management".
[2]	Y. Liu, S. Yang, B. Guo and C. Deng, "Numerical Analysis and Design of Thermal Management System for Lithium Ion Battery Pack Using Thermoelectric Coolers," Advances in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 01, no. 01, pp. 1-10, 2015.
[3]	Pesaran and ,. A. A., ""Battery Thermal Management in EV and HEVs: Issues and Solutions."," (2001).
[4]	R. Khan and at.al, "Towards an Ultimate Battery Thermal Management System: A Review," 2017.