Infrastructure Technology and Building Services

Introduction

            The Civil engineering and infrastructure technology provides facility to the engineers to effectively construct different types of buildings and provides brief information related to different techniques of handling situations. In this report, it is described about different types of civil engineering or infrastructure technologies which can or must be used in reconstruction of the building at the old petrol station. Several techniques of bearing capacity of the site for construing new building are also discussed. Furthermore, some important methods as well as techniques are also used in the preparation or remediation of the soil. The important part of the report is providing information related to the substructure frames of constructing new buildings. In the last of this report, it is discussed about the company’s building services and facilities briefly.

Different types of Civil Engineering/infrastructure technology

            Civil engineering is considered one of the world's most important areas of engineering. The industry strives to solve real problems through the planning, construction, management and maintenance of the infrastructure that is of crucial significance in countries' growth and promotes modern society. This covers homes, bridges, highways, airports, dams, water treatment facilities, flood control, etc. Civil engineers are leading the creativity in our societies. As you can see, while civil engineering is a specialty that typically focuses on constructing concrete manmade constructs, it is an incredibly diverse field that includes several sub-disciplines. In this guide, we have explained some of the main areas of this field.

Construction Engineering

            An architect is mainly responsible for the administration and oversight of a full building project. This includes not only the planning and physical construction process, but also material transport and site development. Their day-to-day duties would undoubtedly include the evaluation of logistical activities, contract analysis and contract coordinating. They must also ensure that programmesare successfully and reliably finished. If a new road has to be paved or a new building has to be constructed, construction engineers are required for all civil engineering tasks(Soga & Luo, 2018).

Structural Engineering

            Structural architecture includes the construction of bridges, flyovers, underwater structures and other facilities to be studied and analysed. These builders are responsible not only for the aesthetically appealing, but also for the safe, robust and operational use of these structures. For this, the weights, pressures and stresses that may impact a system are established. The architects must take many considerations into consideration when planning a structure. Cost and build ability, power and stability, for example. They will have to ensure that the system is built to meet environmental conditions such as hurricanes, flooding and aggressive winds. Competent mathematics and physical experience is important for effective structural engineers, and sound materials such as concrete, brick, steel and so on are required(Sirca Jr & Adeli, 2012).

Transportation Engineering

            Transport engineering remains one of the most significant fields of structural engineering. Engineers planning, constructing and managing all modes of international public transport, including highways, bridges, ports and airports, in that field. They are meant to increase the general flow of traffic, to alleviate congestion and to mitigate the likelihood of accidents. Either a completely new structure is built or an existing one is updated. However, engineers must consider different considerations, such as the fiscal, political, and ethical influence of the current system, if they are to develop transport links effectively.Transportation engineers will still be needed with vehicles and other future transport progress expected to be implemented in the next few years.

Geotechnical Engineering

            Geotechnical engineering is also an important branch of civil engineering. Specialists who work in this field are researching and analysing the rock and soil of the area where a civil structure is currently or is scheduled for use in future construction. These engineers require a vast knowledge of soil science, materials science and mechanical and hydraulic engineering that leads to the safe design of a variety of constructional structures(Shahin, Jaksa, & Maier, 2001).

Water Resources Engineering

            Water cycle engineering aims to increase water management efficiency and quantity in a given environment. They plan and develop hydraulic infrastructure, which capture and maintain water as natural resources (including barricades, canals and water delivery systems). Hydrology, meteorology and resource management concepts (amongst other elements) are adopted in this engineering field so that a large knowledge base is required. The engineers are primarily focused on the study of flood and tempest water, drainage systems and the remediation of groundwater.

Environmental Engineering

            This sub discipline focuses on how increasingly heavily populated environments can be conserved and pollution reduction impact the natural ecosystem. Environmental engineers evaluate and create solutions for a wide variety of environmental problems in depth. These include the collection and disposal of industrial waste, the treatment of water supplies and improving water and air quality. To be excellent in this career, we need to grasp atmospheric science and hydrology.

Improvement of bearing capacity of site for constructing new building

Increasing Depth of Foundation

The weight exceeds the burden on the soil at deeper depths; thus the soil is heavier and more compacted. As a consequence, the potential is greater. Only cohesive soils including sandy and gravely soils are acceptable. This approach is not valid if the soil content gets more moist as the depth increases. This approach is restricted since the weight and expense of the base both rise with an increase in profundity.

Draining the Soil

The bearing potential decreases with the rise in the percentage of water content in soil. For sandy soils, the ability of the bearings may be decreased by 50% because of the volume of water. Soils lacking consistency (e.g. sandy and gravely soils) may be drained over the bed of sand and filled up with loose boulders by porous pipes. By laying porous pipes on a gentle slope. These trenches could then lead to the closest well or other body of water(Jang & Han, 2018).

Compacting the Soil

If we use a compact form, the density and shear strength of soil is improved. This further increases the soil's ability to hold. Many compacting methods are available on site. There are few of them discussed further: in the spread of fallen blocks, gravel or sand, and later in the bed of trenches, using a suitable roller to travel at the specified speed as per the soil type, as well as bringingthe piles of concrete or timber, then cut piles, and cover with sand or concrete in the piles.

Confining the Soil

The piles of sheets using this process enclose the soils. This is further compacted to maximize strength. This confined earth. For shallow foundations this technique applies.

Replacing the Poor Soil

The bearing potential decreases with the rise in the percentage of water content in soil. For sandy soils, the ability of the bearings may be decreased by 50% because of the volume of water. Soils lacking consistency (e.g. sandy and gravely soils) may be drained over the bed of sand and filled up with loose boulders by porous pipes. By laying porous pipes on a gentle slope. These trenches could then lead to the closest well or other body of water.

Using Grouting Material

            This approach refers to soils where the base has pores, fissures or fractures, etc. Weak soil bearing strata is hardened in this manner by forcing the cement grout to remove any break, pores or holes, etc. The surface is bored and perforated pipes are placed to push the grout into accurate distribution of the cement groove.

Stabilizing the Soil with Chemicals

            It is an expensive and in rare cases applied approach for improving soil bearing capability. This procedure involves applying pressure into the soil chemical solutions, such as seda silicates and calcium chloride. These chemicals form a gel-like structure and a dense mass along with the solar components. These chemical compounds are called soil chemistry and help to give the soft soils additional strength at deeper depths.

Techniques and methods used in preparation/remediation of soil

            Site-remediation is a method for elimination, for reduction of humans or the ecosystem of degraded or tainted soil, sediments, surface water or ground waters. A contaminated site may have significant effects on public health, water sources, and eco-systems and on construction infrastructure, which is why numerous protections are in place to fix pollution concerns.In case of contamination due to an environmental event or past industrial practice, a number of regulatory mechanisms are in place that involve remedial action.These environmental standards are generally based on the 'polluter pays' concept, but the extent of remediation is usually based on the danger of contaminants from human health, regulated water and/or natural ecosystems.The remediation of waste sites is necessary as the regeneration of vacant Brownfield sites needs an assessment of emissions and validated site cleanup, in compliance with the Planning Scheme.This programare designed to realistically, cost-effectively and sustainably reduce environmental liabilities(Aljiran & Alkandari, 2019).

Working of Process

A phase 1 environmental site evaluation offers the first step in determining whether there is a risk for substantial pollution at a site. A study of its historical existence and surrounding areas with possible contaminant practisesis carried out on the current site. This is the basis for an initial computational site model that specifies the scope and the continuum of pollutants we are testing for.A Phase 1 Environmental Site Evaluation is the first step to deciding if there is a risk for major sites contamination. The present site is evaluated and its historical existence and nearby areas with possible contaminating events are reviewed. This forms the basis for an initial concrete site model, which defines the scale of the appropriate invasive inspection and the number of pollutants to be tested. The invasive research can include taking samples of soil and groundwater and testing the soil gas. Groundwater and gas monitoring is typically conducted by means of surveillance wells installed during the site inspection(Sharma, Thakur, & Dhulia, 2019).

This procedure is also consideredexpensive; it is definitely a contentious concern during a land sale or site refurbishment to find unwelcome or unintended emissions. However, a better understanding of the site pollution will lead to an overall reduction of the overall remediation costs and timescales in the early stages of production. Good survey data helps establish an effective approach, often using risk management techniques based on a software to classify the risk levels of contaminant forms and concentrations assessed on the site for a particular receptor. Combining these tools with on-site remediation and effective inventory handling, substantial cost savings can be accomplished. For example, where the construction plan puts less susceptible receptors in the more polluted area of the site, the remedial costs would be less costly (i.e. a car park rather than a nursing school). Further explanations could involve the implementation of a capping layer for splitting a pollution route and eliminating the need to dispose of contaminants off site at great extra costs. In general, early participation of contractors is helpful in delivering such sustainable solutions and reducing costs.

Detailed description of the types of substructure works

Land works and sub-superficial works, be it private houses, railways or new roads, are an integral part of any construction. The most fundamental and sub-structural work is carried out to plan the site for the planned structure and to establish the appropriate foundations to support it. Prior to the completion of the building, good practises and legal standards are considered to be enforced at the site by most local bodies in the United Kingdom, after planning permission has been given. Land surveys, also known as site surveys, facilitate the gathering of geotechnical data for the purpose of foundation design in order to encourage site construction to be cost efficient and effective.The presence of any voids or failed mine activity under the site can also be identified. Different invasive excavation methods are employed to retrieve and test earth and rock at the base, such as shell or eye and rotary boiling. When soil and rock samples are retrieved, geotechnical laboratory experiments are subjected to the additional parameter supporting base design. Planning authorisation would therefore stipulate that pollution checks be performed to guarantee that prospective inhabitants' wellbeing is not jeopardised by a site's historical contaminant until its growth. In soil samples collected during the field inspection, toxicity analyses may be performed. A location and nearby area should be examined at the site desk before the field inspection to assist in determining previous land use at the site where pollution samples are mentioned. This helps to assess the probability and position of any future emissions at the site to be tracked during the site survey. A geoenvironmental field assessment is planned to determine the pollution and geotechnical properties at the site(Pérez-Collazo, Greaves, & Iglesias, 2015).

Comparison of different types of structural frame

A-frame house

            An A-frame House is a home style distinguished by a steep corner rooftop, which resembles a triangle or 'A' letter. The roofline typically starts at or above the base line and the top of both sides. A-frame houses also are made of natural materials including stone and wood. It is sometimes designed in the manner of architectural traditions such as Arts and Arts or local architecture in Scandinavia or in the log cabin. A-frame houses also provide less living spaces than conventional household dwellings, so they are small and have a lesser floor area. Consequently, they are also used as apartments or second houses.

Balloon framing

            Balloon structure is a type of woodwork widely used in the building of houses between the end of the 19th and middle of the 20th centuries in the United States and in Canada. The style of the Queen Anne and Shingle architecture of the time have often been introduced.

Concrete frame

            A concrete framework is a common design consisting of a column network and beams which form the 'skeleton' of a structure. Usually this beam and column grid is placed on a concrete basis and is used to support floors, towers, walls, cladding and more throughout the construction.The beams are load-bearing horizontal frame members. Columns are the vertical frame elements which are the largest load-carrying feature of the house. They convey beam loads down to the base. There are many walls of materials, including heavy masonry (eg. brick, block work and stone), and light weight options for concrete frame structures (e.g. drywall, timber). Likewise, any form of reinforcing material may be used to strengthen frame structures in concrete. Since concrete has no tensile strength, it must normally be improved. A steel bar or a mesh of steel cords used to reinforce and keep concrete under place, sometimes referred to as refurbishing steel (or reinforcing steel). The surface of the bar is also constructed to enhance the strength of the bond with the concrete(Viot, Sempey, Pauly, & Mora, 2015).

Jetty

The art of jetting, historically, has been the method of constructing overhangs in the 14th to 17th century wood-framed buildings. The jetty (or jetty or jutty) refers to circumstances in which the upper floor is up to 1,200 mm above the floor below (although usually around 400mm). When a house consists of two stories, the second floor sometimes would bypass the next one. The precise reason why the jetty is not known, but the most famous theory is that additional space needs to be given. While this is possible – particularly in a cramped atmosphere of a mediaeval settlement – many of the buildings have not the same spatial constraints in rural areas. In any case, there might be no available space in the space supplied by a modest jetty.

Overview of building services

In the field of preliminary work, planning, construction management as well as construction supervisory and maintenance work, we provide our client with direct access to the highly skilled and seasoned team of specialists. In virtually every construction initiative, such as household homes, schools, hotels, recreation centers, bureau, warehouses, hospitals and health centres, Mannvit worked as engineering consultant. Specialists in Mannvit have the knowledge to address project problems of any scale – from tentative designs or structural designs for buildings and other installations to the construction of HVAC, electrical and control system to the elaboration of fire safety plans to the conception of different acoustic solutions(Alanne, 2016).

New Buildings Services

            A variety of steps may be used to construct new buildings. These include requirements assessments, estimation of costs, initial preparation and design, final design, tenders, help in the selection of a contractor and guidance in construction. The construction experts are able to use the very built pricing database of the organization for their calculations, which contains thousands of unit values covering a wide variety of services.

Maintenance and Renovation

            Efficient construction programs for maintenance and renovation require both expertise and accurate preparation and implementation. A number of considerations must be taken into consideration and these projects are often complex and can include elements such as: analyses, evaluation of the form and repair standard required, draught of the work planned, preparing of technical requirements and tender paperwork, estimates of the costs and help for the selection of the contractor. These schemes also include design advisory services such as building administration, supervision and evaluation(Rahmani, Maqsood, & Khalfan, 2017).

Cost Control

            Our experts have considerable expertise in project management and monitoring, including large-scale schemes such as aluminium smelters and shopping malls, as well as specialised projects for development and planning. Cost management is one of the criteria for effective design and thorough management of the building provides an overall view at all times(Zhu, Shan, & Hwang, 2018).

Conclusion

It is concluded that civil engineers are leading the creativity in our societies. Civil engineering is a specialty that typically focuses on constructing concrete manmade constructs; it is an incredibly diverse field that includes several sub-disciplines. Only cohesive soils including sandy and gravely soils are acceptable. There are few of them discussed further: in the spread of fallen blocks, gravel or sand, and later in the bed of trenches, using a suitable roller to travel at the specified speed as per the soil type. A contaminated site may have significant effects on public health, water sources, and eco-systems and on construction infrastructure. However, a better understanding of the site pollution will lead to an overall reduction of the overall remediation costs and timescales in the early stages of production. In virtually every construction initiative, such as household homes, schools, hotels, recreation centers, bureau, warehouses, hospitals and health centres, Mannvit worked as engineering consultant.

References

Alanne, K. (2016). An overview of game-based learning in building services engineering education. . European Journal of Engineering Education,, 204-219.

Aljiran, T., & Alkandari, W. (2019). Site Preparation & Soil remediation for Kuwait's Largest Environmental Friendly oil Refinery, by Utilizing Dredging & Soil Compaction. . In SPE Kuwait Oil & Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Jang, Y. E., & Han, J. T. (2018). Field study on axial bearing capacity and load transfer characteristic of waveform micropile. . Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 653-665.

Pérez-Collazo, C., Greaves, D., & Iglesias, G. (2015). A review of combined wave and offshore wind energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 141-153.

Rahmani, F., Maqsood, T., & Khalfan, M. (2017). An overview of construction procurement methods in Australia. . Engineering, construction and architectural management.

Shahin, M. A., Jaksa, M. B., & Maier, H. R. (2001). Artificial neural network applications in geotechnical engineering. . Australian geomechanics,, 49-62.

Sharma, R., Thakur, D., & Dhulia, A. (2019). Assessment of Groundwater Pollution Potential of Municipal Solid Waste Dumps in Himachal Pradesh. Groundwater Pollution.

Sirca Jr, G. F., & Adeli, H. (2012). System identification in structural engineering. . Scientia Iranica, , 1355-1364.

Soga, K., & Luo, L. (2018). Distributed fiber optics sensors for civil engineering infrastructure sensing. Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance,, 1-21.

Viot, H., Sempey, A., Pauly, M., & Mora, L. (2015). Comparison of different methods for calculating thermal bridges: Application to wood-frame buildings. . Building and Environment,, 339-348.

Zhu, L., Shan, M., & Hwang, B. G. (2018). Overview of design for maintainability in building and construction research. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,.