In this
research study the data is analyses using the statistical methods, analysis of
both correlation and the regression were used by SPSS software to Investigating
ways of building merchant usage trust on mobile payment across mobile platforms
in Tanzania. The significance of data analysis both descriptive
and the inferential are very important. The data analysis tools were used to
evaluate the variables impact. By using the SPSS software the overall trends of
the mobile platforms usage for the payment transfer is evaluated. The
T-Test is used to look for the evidence of significant different between the
hypothesized value and population mean. More precisely, T-test is applied to
measure the difference size relative to a variation in sample data used for the
research. Both ANOVA and t-test are used to test a research hypothesis, in
other words t-test is basically ANOVA’s special case. ANOVA confirms the
validity of t-test while analyzing the mean of groups. Furthermore, t-test is
applied on the coefficients of regression obtained from simple linear
regression. T-test is applied to determine either the regression line’s slope
significantly differ from zero or not.
The
appropriate statistical technique selection is the significant factor in this
study. The techniques data analysis for this research study depends on
descriptive and inferential data analysis. For the analysis of the variables in
the study the descriptive data analysis technique will be used. These
techniques contain graphs charts, percentages, and central tendencies. These
are very significant methods which are basically used in the analysis of the
research. On the other hand, the techniques of inferential data analysis were
also used in the study. These techniques comprise the regression
and correlation. Both techniques of regression and correlation used to evaluate
the overall impact of variables on each other in this research study. In the
same way, the regression technique examines the impact of independent variable
over dependent variable in the study. Consequently, the analysis of both
correlation and the regression was used by SPSS software to Investigating ways
of Building Merchant Usage Trust on Mobile Payment across Mobile Platforms in
Tanzania. The significance of data analysis both descriptive and the
inferential is very important. The data analysis tools were used to evaluate
the variables impact.
It is analyze
that the use of mobile payment by using mobile platforms is increasing very
fast in Tanzania. The people who use the mobile payment services
are able to transfer the money through their mobile devices anytime and at any
place. The mobile payment services are providing the people with a lot of
benefits and ease in the transfer of money. As it is analyze from the past
research, use of the mobile payment is growing very fast globally because of
its flexibility and ease in the payment. There are also some issues related to
the usage of mobile payment across the mobile platforms. it is discussed in the
literature that main issue in this research is that some people are not willing
to adopt the mobile payment technology because they not feel secure
transferring the money through mobile devices and it is also very hard for them
to trust the merchants.
The merchants
in the market of the Tanzania also need to improve their overall customer’s
services and also try to develop better relationship with the customers. The
merchants also need to change the attitude towards the customers of the mobile
payment services to build effective relationships and make the customers feel
comfortable towards the mobile payment services. The banks have built a
standard for the transactions of money by ensuring the security and building
effective relationships with their customers.
T-test
Hypothesis 1 of
Building Merchant’s trust on Mobile Payments in Tanzania
SUMMARY
OUTPUT
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Regression
Statistics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Multiple
R
|
0.042122
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R
Square
|
0.001774
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjusted
R Square
|
-0.00497
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Standard
Error
|
1.385709
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
150
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ANOVA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
df
|
SS
|
MS
|
F
|
Significance
F
|
|
|
|
Regression
|
1
|
0.50512
|
0.50512
|
0.263057
|
0.608792
|
|
|
|
Residual
|
148
|
284.1882
|
1.920191
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
149
|
284.6933
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coefficients
|
Standard
Error
|
t
Stat
|
P-value
|
Lower
95%
|
Upper
95%
|
Lower
95.0%
|
Upper
95.0%
|
Intercept
|
2.972128
|
0.262006
|
11.34375
|
7.45E-22
|
2.454373
|
3.489884
|
2.454373
|
3.489884
|
Mobile
service payment
|
0.000217
|
0.000423
|
0.512891
|
0.608792
|
-0.00062
|
0.001054
|
-0.00062
|
0.001054
|
Null Hypothesis
Accepted
It is conducted
after performing T test on the data that null hypothesis is accepted in
hypothesis 1 example there is relationship between the mobile payment services
usage and building trust on the merchant.
Hypothesis 2 of
Building Merchant’s trust on Mobile Payments in Tanzania
t-Test:
Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
|
|
|
|
|
Elder
|
Younger
|
Mean
|
3.169014
|
3.025316
|
Variance
|
2.113883
|
1.742941
|
Observations
|
71
|
79
|
Hypothesized
Mean Difference
|
0
|
|
Df
|
142
|
|
t
Stat
|
0.631155
|
|
P(T<=t)
one-tail
|
0.264477
|
|
t
Critical one-tail
|
1.655655
|
|
P(T<=t)
two-tail
|
0.528954
|
|
t
Critical two-tail
|
1.976811
|
|
Null Hypothesis
Accepted
It
is conducted after performing T test on the data that null hypothesis is
accepted in hypothesis 2 example the young people are more willing to trust the
mobile payment services as compare with the elders.
Hypothesis 3 of
Building Merchant’s trust on Mobile Payments in Tanzania
SUMMARY
OUTPUT
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Regression
Statistics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Multiple
R
|
0.055722
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R
Square
|
0.003105
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjusted
R Square
|
-0.00363
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Standard
Error
|
1.384786
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
150
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ANOVA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
df
|
SS
|
MS
|
F
|
Significance
F
|
|
|
|
Regression
|
1
|
0.88394
|
0.88394
|
0.460954
|
0.498239
|
|
|
|
Residual
|
148
|
283.8094
|
1.917631
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
149
|
284.6933
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coefficients
|
Standard
Error
|
t
Stat
|
P-value
|
Lower
95%
|
Upper
95%
|
Lower
95.0%
|
Upper
95.0%
|
Intercept
|
3.252486
|
0.260258
|
12.49716
|
6.4E-25
|
2.738184
|
3.766787
|
2.738184
|
3.766787
|
Relationship
|
-0.05377
|
0.079194
|
-0.67894
|
0.498239
|
-0.21026
|
0.102729
|
-0.21026
|
0.102729
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Null Hypothesis
Accepted of Building Merchant’s
trust on Mobile Payments in Tanzania
It
is conducted after performing T test on the data that null hypothesis is
accepted in hypothesis 3 example there is relationship between the mobile platform
and the trust of the people on mobile payment services.
The results of statistical
analysis have indicated the negative relationship between dependent and
independent variable i.e. mobile payment and trust of merchants respectively. A
trust of merchants is cause negatively and 0.05377 variation in mobile payment.
Moreover, mobile service payment positively impacts the dependent variable
References OF BUILDING
MERCHANT’S TRUST ON MOBILE PAYMENTS IN TANZANIA
Kotecha, R. M. (2010). Analysis and Comparison of
Popular Models forCurrent-Mode Control of Switch Mode Power Supplies.
INDIA: Wright State University.
Purton, K., &
et.al. (2002). AVERAGE CURRENT MODE CONTROL IN POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS –
ANALOG. http://chamilo1.grenet.fr/ujf/courses/PGEL4107/document/Datasheet_UC3842/K-D-Purton.pdf?cidReq=PGEL4107&id_session=0&gidReq=0&origin=.
A, D., & D, M.
(2016). Average Current Mode Control Technique Applied to Boost Converter for
Power factor Improvement and THD Reduction. International Journal of
Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology.
Chale, P. R. (2014).
THE ROLE OF MOBILE MONEY SERVICES ON GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN
TANZANIA: EVIDENCE FROM KINONDONI DISTRICT IN DAR ES SALAAM REGION. 17,
81-96.
Chandranadhan, R.,
& Renjini.G. (2015). Comparison Between Peak and Average current. IEEE
International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power & Energy.
Chen, B.-Y., & Lai,
Y.-S. (2012). New Digital-Controlled Technique for Battery. IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, 59(3).
Chunxiao, S., &
Lclunun, B. (1999). Modeling of Average Current Mode Control In PWM DC/DC
Converters. IEEE.
Dahlberg, T., Guo, J.,
& Ondrus, J. (2015). A critical review of mobile payment research. Electronic
Commerce Research and Applications, 14, 265–284.
Dahlberg, T., Mallat,
N., Ondrus, J., & Zmijewska, A. (2017). Past, present and future of mobile
payments research: A literature review. Electronic Commerce Research and
Applications .
Dixon, L. (1999).
Average Current Mode Control of Switching Power Supplies. Unitrode
APPLICATION NOTE.
Dixon, L. H. (1990).
“Average current-mode control of switching power supplies,”. Unitrode Power
Supply Des. Semin. Handbook, 5.1-5.14.
Gacio, D., Alonso, J.
M., Calleja, A. J., García, J., & Rico-Secade, M. (2011). A Universal-Input
Single-Stage High-Power-Factor Power Supply for HB-LEDs Based on Integrated
Buck–Flyback Converter. Manuel Rico-Secade, 58(2), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS.
Gallaher, L. E. (1967).
“Current regulator with AC and DC feedback,”. U.S. Patent.
Huang, C.-Y., Boys, J.
T., & Covic, G. A. (2013). LCL Pickup Circulating Current Controller. IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, 28(4).
Jack, W., & Suri,
T. (2014). Risk Sharing and Transactions Costs:Evidence from Kenya’s Mobile
Money Revolution. American Economic Review, 104(1), 183–223.
Kazimierczuk, M.
(2008.). Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters. John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd,.
Kazomierczuk, M.
(2008). Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters. John Wiley & sons
Ltd.
Kim, C., Tao, W., Shin,
N., & Kim, K.-S. (2010). An empirical study of customers’ perceptions of
security and trust in e-payment systems. Electronic Commerce Research and
Applications, 84–95.
Leon-Masich, A.,
Valderrama-Blavi, H., Bosque-Moncusí, J., & Maixé-Altés, J. (2015).
Sliding- Mode Control- Based Boost. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS .
Li, J., & Lee, F.
C. (2010). New Modeling Approach and Equivalent Circuit. IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON POWER ELECTRONICS, 25.
Maxim;. (2003). MAX1545
datasheet. Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. Retrieved from
http://datasheets.maxim-ic.
maximintegrated. (2006,
November 22). DC-DC Controllers Use Average-Current-Mode Control for
Infotainment Applications. Retrieved from
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-notes/index.mvp/id/3939
N.Vishwanathan, &
V.Ramanarayanan, D. (2002). Average Current Mode Control of High Voltage DC
Power Supply for Pulsed Load Application. IEEE.
Peterchev, A. V., &
Sanders, S. R. (2006). “Load-line regulation with estimated load-current
feedforward: Application to microprocessor voltage regulators,”. IEE trans,
1704-1717.
Rampton, J. (2017,
March 31). 8 ways to build client confidence in paying you online.
Retrieved from
https://blog.payoneer.com/e-sellers/industry-tips-sellers/8-ways-to-build-client-confidence-in-paying-you-online/
Rodr´ıguez, M., Lopez,
V. M., Azcondo, F. J., Sebastian, J., & Maksimovic, D. (2012). Average
Inductor Current Sensor for Digitally Controlled Switched-Mode Power Supplies. IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, 27(8).
Saggini, S.,
Stefanutti, W., Tedeschi, E., & Mattavelli, P. (2007). "Digital dead
beat control tuning for DC–DC converters using error correlation,”. IEE
trans Power Electron, 1566-1570.
Saini, D., & et.al.
(2016). Average Current-Mode Control of Buck DC-DC Converter With Reduced
Control Voltage Ripple. IEEE, 3070-3075.
Schierz, P. G.,
Schilke, O., & Wirtz, B. W. (2010). Understanding consumer acceptance of
mobile payment services: An empirical analysis. Electronic Commerce Research
and Applications, 9, 209–216.
Singh, S., Srivastava,
V., & R.K.Srivastava. (2010). Customer Acceptance of Mobile Banking: A
Conceptual Framework. SIES Journal of Management, 7(1), 55-64.
Soloelectronica.Net.
(n.d.). UC3842/3/4/5 PROVIDES LOW-COST CURRENT-MODE CONTROL. Retrieved
from http://www.soloelectronica.net/PDF/AppNote03.pdf
STMicroelectronics,
PM6685 datasheet. (2007). STMicro-electronics, Inc., Geneva, Switzerland.
Retrieved from https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en.html
Vekslender, T., &
at, a. (2017). Fully-Integrated Digital Average Current-Mode Control
12V-to-1.xV Voltage Regulator Module IC. IEEE.
Ying Qiu, H. L., &
Chen, X. (2010). Digital Average Current-Mode Control of PWM DC–DC Converters
Without Current Sensors. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, 57(5).
Zhou, T. (2011). An
empirical examination of initial trust in mobile banking. Emerald Group
Publishing Limited, 21(5), 527-540.