18 heracleous st kifissia 145 64 athens greece

Green Energy and Technology

Panagiotis Grammelis Editor

Energy, Transportation and Global Warming

Green Energy and Technology

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059

Panagiotis Grammelis

Editor

Energy, Transportation and Global Warming

Editor Panagiotis Grammelis Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Athens, Greece

ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy and Technology ISBN 978-3-319-30126-6 ISBN 978-3-319-30127-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30127-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016933773

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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Preface

This book is associated with the Global Conference on Global Warming: Focus on

Energy-Transport-Greenhouse Effects, held in Athens on May 24–27, 2015. Objec-

tives are in accordance with the conference’s presentations and mainly concern the exchange of technical information, dissemination of high-quality research results

and presentation of new policy and scientific developments, while promoting future

priorities for a more sustainable development and energy security.

In particular, energy-related issues in all engineering disciplines for a wide area

of applications in the renewables and fossil fuels sectors are described, incorporat-

ing cross-cutting effects. It includes main aspects of transportation discipline with

emphasis on the elimination of the impact on greenhouse effects.

High-quality technical knowledge and research results from specific test cases

around the world are being analysed, providing a holistic view in the main aspects

of the Global Warming issue. The latter also concern current policies and emissions

from air and maritime transport, in addition to the fossil fuel applications. Novel

technologies such as Carbon Capture and Storage are investigated along with

process/systems analysis and optimization for mitigating CO2 emissions. Water

resources management and waste water treatment as well as waste management

issues are also tackled. Biomass, hydrogen and solar energy technologies are

presented along with an insight on green buildings.

The utmost scope of this book is to contribute to the scientific community, since

it includes scientific approaches from many organisations around the globe,

presenting key issues, challenges and research results in a variety of scientific

areas that relate to the Global Warming effects.

Athens, Greece Panagiotis Grammelis

v

Contents

Part I Global Warming and Climate Change:

General Issues and Challenges

General Aspects of Global Warming, Current Policies

and Challenges Policies and General Aspects of Global

Warming with Focus on Specific Examples

1 Urban Development Policy and Urban Sprawl

in Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Münevver Özge Balta

2 Perspectives on the Implementation of Climate Change Public Policies in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Rommel de Santana Freire, Monica Carvalho,

Charles Ulises de Montreuil Carmona, and

Alexandre Magno Vieira Gonçalves de Brito

3 30 Years Air Temperature Data Analysis in Athens

and Thessaloniki, Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

T. Slini and K.T. Papakostas

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Policies Related to Climate

Change in Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

I. Sebos, A. Progiou, L. Kallinikos, P. Eleni, I. Katsavou,

K. Mangouta, and I. Ziomas

5 Assessing Air Quality in the Urban Environment:

the Gender Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Theodora Slini and Fotini-Niovi Pavlidou

vii

6 Promotion of Sustainability by Quantifying

and Reducing the Carbon Footprint:

New Practices for Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Monica Carvalho, Rommel de Santana Freire,

and Alexandre Magno Vieira Gonçalves de Brito

Part II Global Warming and Climate Change:

General Issues and Challenges

Climate Change Mitigation Measures and Prospects

7 Group Comparison, Trends and Cluster Analysis

to Understand Historical Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Raphael Abrah~ao

8 Ground Response to Global Warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Mohamad Kharseh and Mohammed Al-Khawaja

9 Specific Case: Regional Estimates of Global Climate Change: A Dynamical Downscaling Approach to Southeast Europe . . . . . . . 99

Rafaella-Eleni P. Sotiropoulou, Efthimios Tagaris,

Andreas Sotiropoulos, Ioannis Spanos, Panagiotis Milonas,

and Antonios Michaelakis

Part III Global Warming and Climate Change:

General Issues and Challenges

Climate Change Observatory

10 Drought Conditions in Turkey Between 2004 and 2013

Via Drought Indices Derived from Remotely Sensed Data . . . . . . . 113

Nazila Molavizadeh, Elif Sertel, and Hande Demirel

11 Carbon Foot Print of a Passanger Aircraft Engine

at Landing and Take-Off Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Yasin Ş€ohret and T. Hikmet Karakoç

12 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends from Waste in Greece . . . . . . . 131

L. Kallinikos, I. Sebos, A. Progiou, P. Eleni, I. Katsavou,

K. Mangouta, and I. Ziomas

Part IV Global Warming and Climate Change:

General Issues and Challenges

Climate Prediction Tools

13 Development of Models for the Estimation of Global

Solar Radiation Over Selected Stations in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

M. Maroof Khan, M. Jamil Ahmad, and Basharat Jamil

viii Contents

14 Effect of Gap Between Absorber Plate and Condenser

Cover on the Performance of a Solar Still . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Basharat Jamil and Naiem Akhtar

15 Solar Assisted Organic Rankine Cycle for Power Generation: A Comparative Analysis for Natural Working Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Önder Kizilkan, Sandro Nižetić, and Gamze Yildirim

16 Rainfall Trend Analysis in the Region of Curitiba

Using Regional Climate Model Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Robinson Ploszai and Miriam Rita Moro Mine

17 Modelling of Wind Speed Using Artificial Neural Networks

for University Campus of Burdur (Turkey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Alper Kerem, Önder Kizilkan, and Serdar Salman

18 Cultural Landscapes as a Means of Energy Reduction

at Global Warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Afroditi Venetsanou, Alexandros-Theodoros Venetsanos,

and Lena Mantziou

Part V Energy Technologies and Their Effect

on Global Warming

Solar Energy

19 Solar-Driven Continuous Methane Reforming Reactor . . . . . . . . . 249

M. Lange, J. Lapp, R. Rieping, L. de Oliveira, M. Roeb,

and C. Sattler

20 Specific Applications/Examples: Use of Solar Energy

in Fishing: Community Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 J. Vincent Jain and Satish Babu

21 Diagnostic of Sensors for Induction Machine Powered

by Photovoltaic Generator Based on Fuzzy Logic Techniques . . . . 269

A. Amrane, A. Larabi, and A. Hamzaoui

22 Air Conditioning Based on Hydroxides with Solar Driving

for Low GHG Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

R.J. Romero, S. Silva-Sotelo, Y.R. Galindo-Luna,

C.V. Valdéz-Morales, J. Ibarra-Bahena, A. Hdz-Jasso,

and A. Rodrı́guez-Martı́nez

23 Life Cycle Analysis as a Decision Criterion

for the Implementation of Solar Photovoltaic Panels in as Northeast Brazil Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Monica Carvalho, Danielle Bandeira de Mello Delgado,

and Ricardo Chacartegui

Contents ix

Part VI Energy Technologies and Their Effect

on Global Warming

Green Buildings Technology

24 Energy Conservation Through Sunrays Reflecting Coating

on Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Imre Benk€o

25 Comparison of Heating and Cooling Loads of a Typical

Building with TRNSYS and eQUEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

E. Bellos, C. Tzivanidis, A. Kouvari, and K.A. Antonopoulos

26 Optimum Insulation Thickness for Cooling Applications

Through Exergy Analysis and Environmental Methods . . . . . . . . . 339

Beyza Nur Daldal, İbrahim Sarıo�glu, Gülcan Özel Erol, Emin Açıkkalp, and Hasan Yamık

27 Novel Tungsten Bronze Nanoparticles for Shielding

Near Infrared Ray and Decreasing CO2 Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Tsugio Sato, Chong-shen Guo, and Shu Yin

28 Modelling of a Solar Assisted Floor Heating System

with TRNSYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

E. Bellos, C. Tzivanidis, A. Prassas, and K.A. Antonopoulos

Part VII Energy Technologies and Their Effect

on Global Warming

Bioenergy–Biofuel Technologies

29 Biogas Production from Napier Grass at Various

Cutting Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Nusara Sinbuathong, Yuwadee Sangsil, and Suriya Sawanon

30 Sustainability Assessment of Fuels Production

via Hydrotreating Waste Lipids and Co-processing

Waste Lipids with Petroleum Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Stella Bezergianni and Loukia P. Chrysikou

Part VIII Energy Technologies and Their Effect on Global Warming

Hydrogen Energy and Technologies

31 Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Methane-Hydrogen

Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

G.M. Kosmadakis, F. Moreno, J. Arroyo, M. Mu~noz, and C.D. Rakopoulos

x Contents

32 Hydrogen Fueled Airplanes, Test Case: Aviation in Libya . . . . . . . 421

Satya P. Bindra, Ali Alwafi, Ashour Saasi, Elbahlul Musa Abogrean,

Mohsen Masaud A. Maatugh, and Khaled Khalifa

33 Perspectives of Hydrogen Automotive Applications in Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Ankica Ðukić, Ivan Güttler, and Robert Pašičko

Part IX Energy Technologies and Their Effect

on Global Warming

Fossil Fuels and Climate Change

34 Contribution to Multi-Criteria Evaluation of the Impacts of Air Pollution: Case of Cement Plant

(Ain Touta-ALGERIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Lylia Bahmed, Samia Daas, Mourad Chebila,

and Loubna Khadoudja Aggabou

35 Environmental Impact Assessment of Electricity

Production, A Case Study of Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Fatih Yılmaz, M. Tolga Balta, Reşat Selbaş,

and Do�gan Demiral

36 Hybridization of Parabolic Trough Power Plants

with Natural Gas Through Integration of Industrial

Gas Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Tobias Vogel, Gerd Oeljeklaus, and Klaus G€orner

Part X Energy Technologies and Their Effect

on Global Warming

Thermodynamic System Analysis and Optimization

37 Performance Analyses of CO2-N2O Cascade System

for Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Fatih Yılmaz, Reşat Selbaş, Arif Emre Özgür,

and M. Tolga Balta

38 Comparison of Thermal Repowering Alternatives

for Thermal Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

M. Zeki Yilmazoglu

39 Experimental Study of Heat Transfer for a Non-Newtonian

Fluid in a Heated Cylindrical Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Mounir Mellal, Hacina Abchiche, and Sabrina Ait Ouazzou

40 The SOC Estimation of LCO Battery Based on BP Neural

Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Sy-Ruen Huang, Yen-Huai Ma, Jheng-Shyun Li,

and Jun-Han Chan

Contents xi

41 Investigating the Effect of Different Refrigerants

on the Performance of a Supercritical Organic

Rankine Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Duygu Melek Çakıcı and Can Özgür Çolpan

Part XI Environmental Technologies Related

to Global Warming

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

and Geotechnology Issues

42 CaO-Based Sorbents for Post Combustion CO2 Capture

via Carbonate Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Zinovia Skoufa, Andy Antzara, Ioannis Milios, Eleni Heracleous,

and Angeliki A. Lemonidou

43 Kinetics of CO2 Capture by Carbon Dioxide Binding

Organic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Ozge Yuksel Orhan, Hakan Kayi, and Erdogan Alper

44 Flue Gas CO2 Sequestration by Turkish Coal Fly Ashes

and Anatolian Geothermal Hot Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Yıldırım İsmail Tosun

45 Geo.: Gas Production in Offshore Reservoirs in Brazil’s Pre-salt Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Isabella Vaz Leal da Costa, Pedro Rochedo, Mariana Império,

Alexandre Salem Szklo, and Roberto Schaeffer

Part XII Environmental Technologies Related

to Global Warming

Water Resources and Management Issues

46 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of the Water Quality

in the Hammam Boughrara Reservoir in Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

Belkheir DJELITA, Souaad Bouzid-Lagha,

and Kheira Camellia NEHAR

47 Natural Tracers for Identifying Causes of the Quality

Reduction in Groundwater Emerging Along the Aegean

Volcanic Arc (Greece) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

E. Dotsika and P. Chantzi

48 Experimental Study of Longitudinal Dispersion

on Trapezoidal Open Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

Ali Mansour Lagoun and Salim Benziada

xii Contents

49 Mygdonia Basin (N. Greece) in the View of Isotope

Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

P. Chantzi and E. Dotsika

50 Sustainable Management of Sewage Sludge Conditioning and Valorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685

S. Igoud, F. Souahi, and C.-E. Chitour

51 Photocatalytic Degradation of Tylosin and Spiramycin

in Water by Using TiO2 and ZnO Catalysts Under UV Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

D. Tassalit, N. Chekir, O. Benhabiles, F. Bentahar,

and N.A. Laoufi

52 Comparison Between the Photocatalytic Degradation

of a Textile Dye Under Sun Light and Artificial Irradiation . . . . . . 707

N. Sahraoui, N. Chekir, and D. Tassalit

53 Vulnerability and Impact of Climate Change Processes on Water Resource in Semi-Arid Areas: In Essaouira

Basin (Morocco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

Salah Ouhamdouch, Mohammed Bahir, Abdellatif Souhel,

and Carreira Paula

Part XIII Environmental Technologies Related

to Global Warming

Waste Management

54 Experimental Study of Transverse Mixing

of Pollutants in Trapezoidal Open Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

Ali Mansour Lagoun and Salim Benziada

55 Elimination of Micropollutent Lysine Acetylsalicylate

by Adsorption on Natural and Synthetical Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . 755

Amel Djouadi and Fatiha Bentahar

56 Integrated System for Optimized Data Collection

and processing of End of Life Tires: Case of Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

Panagiotis Vounatsos, John Vournas, George Mavrias,

and Panagiotis Grammelis

57 Smart Recovery of Materials and Upgrade of Organic

Compost and RDF in Existing Mechanical Biological

Treatment Plants by Using NIR Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

Dimitrios-Sotirios Kourkoumpas, Georgios Kontopoulos,

Ioannis Vournas, Dimitrios Koulocheris, Panagiotis Grammelis,

and Emmanouel Kakaras

Contents xiii

Part XIV Securing Sustainable Mobility to Mitigate

Climate Change

Transport Operation and Resilience Issues

58 Road Transport Induced GHG Emissions Calculation

for Urban Transportation Networks: The Case of Athens

and Thessaloniki in Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Christos Samaras, Iraklis Stamos, Leonidas Ntziachristos,

Evangelos Mitsakis, Zissis Samaras, and Georgia Ayfantopoulou

59 The Effect of Parameter Selection on Fume Formation Rate

in SMAW of AH36 Shipbuilding Steel and Analysis

with ANOVA Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 Tolga Mert, Levent Bilgili, Kutsi Mert Senoz,

U�gur Bu�gra Çelebi, and Serkan Ekinci

60 An Online Visualization Tool for Assessing the Robustness

of Multimodal Transport Networks in Case of Extreme Weather Events and Natural Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

Iraklis Stamos, Evangelos Mitsakis, and Georgia Aifadopoulou

Part XV Securing Sustainable Mobility to Mitigate

Climate Change

Climate Impact Effects of Air and Maritime Transport

61 Manmade Changes in Cirrus Clouds from 1984 to 2007: A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827

Kostas Eleftheratos, Gunnar Myhre, Patrick Minnis,

Ioannis Kapsomenakis, and Christos Zerefos

62 Emission Routing in Maritime Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

Levent Bilgili and Ugur Bugra Celebi

63 Pollution Effects Onboard and Its Generated Solution

for Minimized Pollution Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Munir Suner and Tankut Yildiz

64 Carbon-Mitigating Air Transport: Analysis

of Current Policy Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Ioanna Pagoni and Voula Psaraki-Kalouptsidi

65 Ship Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883

Stefanos Chatzinikolaou, Nikolaos Ventikos, Levent Bilgili,

and Ugur Bugra Celebi

xiv Contents

Part I

Global Warming and Climate Change: General Issues and Challenges

General Aspects of Global Warming, Current Policies and Challenges Policies and General Aspects of Global Warming

with Focus on Specific Examples

Chapter 1

Urban Development Policy and Urban Sprawl in Turkey

Münevver €Ozge Balta

Introduction

Metropolitan areas are rapidly changing in response to urban development dynam-

ics. Urban sprawl is defined as a form of urbanization which inefficient,

low-density, suburban development around the periphery. Sprawl is a leading

process at the edges of urban growth and implies deficient and weak planning

control on land policy.

Since the beginning of twentieth century, the world population has increased

dramatically, and especially metropolitan areas have undergone diverse structural

changes. As many other developing countries, Turkey was faced with the fast

urbanization which necessitated immediate formulation of new planning policies

in metropolitan areas. Metropolitan development areas have spread out into rural

areas, so planning policies supposedly regulate this new pattern of development.

In Turkey, local governments frequently use partial plans with a tendency for

discontinuity for urban fringe areas. In actuality, the urban space is patchy and the

applications can be different from the plan decisions. Partial plans may completely

change the urban settlement character. Since 1980, urban development in metro-

politan areas in Turkey has been especially piecemeal, rather than holistic. So, in

the process, urban development planning has tended to be piecemeal, resulting

urban sprawl.

M.Ö. Balta (*) Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Aksaray University,

68100 Aksaray, Turkey

e-mail: ozgearas@gmail.com

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 P. Grammelis (ed.), Energy, Transportation and Global Warming, Green Energy and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30127-3_1

5

mailto:ozgearas@gmail.com
This paper is concerned with the notion of urban sprawl, particularly planning

policies in metropolitan areas. It aims to discuss the impacts of planning tools and

regulations for urban sprawl. The paper also investigates a research problem that

could show the characteristic of metropolitan development and planning procedure

in Turkey.

Urban Sprawl

“Urban sprawl” is used to describe low-density, inefficient, suburban development

around the periphery. Sprawl is defined as a form of urbanization distinguished by

leapfrog development, commercial strips, low density, separated land uses, auto-

mobile dominance and a minimum of public open space (Table 1.1).

Squires (2002) defines sprawl as “a pattern of urban and metropolitan growth that

reflects low density, automobile-dependent, exclusionary new development on the

fringe of settled areas often surrounding a deteriorating city”. Urban sprawl is a

consequence of many factors, such as the need for industrial establishment for larger

and less expensive locations which force them to move out of the city centre where

they were previously settled, the increasing mobility of middle and high income

groups due to private car ownership and changing socio economic value systems.

Urban sprawl is a consequence of many factors, such as the need for industrial

establishment for larger and less expensive locations which force them to move out

of the city centre where they were previously settled, the increasing mobility of

middle and high income groups due to private car ownership and changing socio

economic value systems (Balta and Eke 2011).

European Environment Agency defines the stimulants of urban sprawl as macro

economic factors, micro-economic factors, demographic factors, housing prefer-

ences, inner city problems, transportation and regulatory frameworks (Table 1.2).

Sprawl is the leading edge of urban growth and implies deficient and weak planning

control on land subdivision.

Table 1.1 Characteristics of sprawl (Ewing 1997)

Leapfrog or scattered

development

It means subdivisions shopping centers and office parks widely

spread apart

Commercial strip

development

It is characterized by huge roads with shopping centres,

gas-stations, fast-food restaurants, banks, parking lots, etc.

Low density Suburban buildings are often single-story and widely spaced,

with intervening parking lots and roadways

Large expanses of single-use

development

Housing consist predominantly of single-family homes on indi-

vidual lots

Poor accessibility (Automo-

bile dominance)

The longer distances between activities

Lack of public open space In suburban area, public open space can be difficult to find

except school yard

6 M.Ö. Balta

In summary, some scholars (Beauregard 2006; Gillette 2005; Teaford 2006) thus

conclude that urban sprawl should be accepted as one of the forms of metropolitan

growth while others (Burchell et al. 1998; Cox and Utt 2004; Ewing et al. 2002;

Snyder and Bird 1998) condemn urban sprawl because of its detrimental affects

such as social segregation, upheave and change or economic prosperity; urban

sprawl is one of the evitable spatial attributes of metropolitan development (Balta

and Eke 2011).

There are two main reasons of urban sprawl. First reason is lack of laws and

regulations supporting planning, second, reason is lack of goodwill and determina-

tion of local authorities to keep the urban macroform as planned.

Urban Sprawl and Energy Consumption

In the last years, cities have gone through problems as global climate change.

Together with the urban growth, greenhouse gases (GHGs) are receiving increas-

ingly more attention (Glicksman 2007). The rise in population and individual car

ownership is mainly attributed to urban sprawl. Suburban areas is often believed to

Table 1.2 Stimulants of urban sprawl (EEA 2006)

Economic factors Macro-economic Globalization

Economic development

Integration

Micro-economic Quality of life

Land value

Land availability

Competition between local governments

Demographic factors Population growth

Increase in household formation

Physical factors Housing Housing preferences

More space per person

Urban problems Poor air quality

Small houses

Noise

Unsafe urban environment

Lack of open and green areas

Poor quality of schools

Transportation Private car ownership

Roads accessibility

Fuel cost

Lack of public transportation

Urban planning Weak land use planning

Lack of enforcement of existing plans

Lack of coordination and organization

1 Urban Development Policy and Urban Sprawl in Turkey 7

be less energy efficient than urban core. Overall energy consumption of a territory,

especially as far as travel energy consumption is concerned with urban sprawl

(Ewing 1994).

Urban sprawl is a consequence of many factors, such as the need for industrial

establishment for larger and less expensive locations which force them to move out

of the city centre where they were previously settled, the increasing mobility of

middle and high income groups due to private car ownership and changing socio

economic value systems.

Urban sprawl has many effects on urban environment as unplanned expansion of

the city may not coordinate with the public transportation system which brings loss

of time in journeys towards the city centre, increased energy consumption and

increased traffic congestion. Motorization has increased energy demand.

Urban Development Policy in Turkey

Metropolitan growth of Turkey is due to fast urbanization and results in urban

sprawl. The formulation and implementation of urban development plans in Turkey

is guided by the statutory provisions of the country’s planning system. The multiple

plans are lack of determined policies and the multiplicity of speculative market

forces and their heavy demands in Turkey. Thus, metropolitan growth was

transformed into an oil-spill form in most of the Turkish cities.

Metropolitan areas have been attracting a large population from rural areas since

the 1960s. Although the rate of migration has slowed down in the last two decades,

it has caused a considerable increase in the population of the metropolitan areas of

Turkey (Erkip 2005). Turkey was urbanizing fast, changing from an agriculture to

an urban-based economy. Two major steps were taken in 1960s. A new ministry of

planning was established to deal with planning, housing and infrastructural issues,

being responsible to draw urban development strategies, to undertake housing

programmes and improvement of squatter housing, and above all to approve all

plans prepared and adopted in local municipal councils (Balta and Eke 2011).

The new value systems, procedures and concepts brought to the era by global-

ization, privatization and neoliberalism affected Turkey as well. Two major reforms

were undertaken in the Turkish planning system in 1984. Besides the classical

municipal administration for cities, metropolitan municipalities were established

responsible for larger cities to plan and control the metropolitan region and the

municipalities in that area, the Metropolitan Planning Offices being joined to the

metropolitan municipalities. Metropolitan planning offices were established in

large cities with the collaboration of both local and central authorities which had

the aim of formulating new policies, models and methods to confront the negative

consequences of metropolitanism. The second major reform was the decentraliza-

tion of several administrative powers including planning. The local authorities were

now responsible for all the stages of planning practice, several administrative

powers including approval (Balta and Eke 2011).

8 M.Ö. Balta

In Turkey, local municipalities is flexible regulation of urban development. Cities

can be changed by partial plans or planning decisions (Ozuduru and Varol 2009).

This process has led to piecemeal implementation through partial plans and plan

amendments in metropolitan areas.