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Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Robert N. Lussier, Ph.D. Springfield College

Christopher F. Achua, D.B.A. University of Virginia’s College at Wise

S I X T H E D I T I O N

Leadership THEORY, APPLICATION,

& SKILL DEVELOPMENT

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Leadership: Theory, Application, & Skill Development, 6e Robert N. Lussier, Christopher F. Achua

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DEDICATION

To my wife Marie and our six children:

Jesse, Justin, Danielle, Nicole, Brian, and Renee

— Robert N. Lussier

To my family, especially my wife (Pauline),

the children (Justin, Brooke, Jordan, Cullen, Gregory and Zora)

and my mother (Theresia Sirri).

— Christopher F. Achua

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Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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v

Brief Contents Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xxv

About the Authors xxviii

PART ONE INDIVIDuALS AS LEADERS

1 Who Is a Leader and What Skills Do Leaders Need? 1

2 Leadership Traits and Ethics 31

3 Leadership Behavior and Motivation 68

4 Contingency Leadership Theories 108

5 Influencing: Power, Politics, Networking, and Negotiation 144

PART TWO TEAM LEADERSHIP

6 Communication, Coaching, and Conflict Skills 183

7 Leader–Member Exchange and Followership 230

8 Team Leadership and Self-Managed Teams 268

PART THREE ORgANIzATIONAL LEADERSHIP

9 Charismatic and Transfor mational Leadership 319

10 Leadership of Culture, Ethics, and Diversity 357

11 Strategic Leadership and Change Management 395

12 Crisis Leadership and the Learning Organization 428

Appendix: Leadership and Spirituality in the Workplace 464

Glossary 474

Index 481

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vi

Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xxv About the Authors xxviii

PART ONE INDIVIDuALS AS LEADERS

CHAPTER 1 Who Is a Leader and What Skills Do Leaders Need? 1 Leadership Described 2

Leadership Development 2 / Defining Leadership with Five Key Elements 5

Leadership Skills 8 Are Leaders Born or Made? 8 / Can Leadership Be Taught and Skills Developed? 9 / Managerial Leadership Skills 9

Leadership Managerial Roles 11 Interpersonal Roles 11 / Informational Roles 12 / Decisional Roles 12

Levels of Analysis of Leadership Theory 14 Individual Level of Analysis 14 / group Level of Analysis 14 / Organizational Level of Analysis 14 / Interrelationships among the Levels of Analysis 15

Leadership Theory Paradigms 16 The Trait Theory Paradigm 16 / The Behavioral Leadership Theory Paradigm 16 / The Contingency Leadership Theory Paradigm 17 / The Integrative Leadership Theory Paradigm 17 / From the Management to the Leadership Theory Paradigm 17

Objectives of the Book 18 Leadership Theory 19 / Application of Leadership Theory 20 / Leadership Skill Development 20 / Flexibility 20

Organization of the Book 20

Chapter Summary 21 Key Terms 22 / Review Questions 22 / Critical-Thinking Questions 22 CASE: From Steve Jobs to Tim Cook—Apple 23 VIDEO CASE: Leadership at P. F. Chang’s 24 Developing Your Leadership Skills 1-1 24 Developing Your Leadership Skills 1-2 26

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CONTENTS vii

CHAPTER 2 Leadership Traits and Ethics 31 Personality Traits and Leadership Trait universality 32

Personality and Traits 33 / Personality Profiles 34 / Leadership Trait universality 35

The Big Five Including Traits of Effective Leaders 36 Surgency 36 / Agreeableness 37 / Adjustment 37 / Conscientiousness 38 / Openness 38

The Personality Profile of Effective Leaders 41 Achievement Motivation Theory 41 / Leader Motive Profile Theory 43

Leadership Attitudes 45 Theory X and Theory Y 46 / The Pygmalion Effect 47 / Self-Concept 48 / How Attitudes Develop Leadership Styles 49

Ethical Leadership 50 Does Ethical Behavior Pay? 51 / Factors Influencing Ethical Behavior 52 / How People Justify unethical Behavior 54 / guides to Ethical Behavior 56

Chapter Summary 57 Key Terms 58 / Review Questions 58 / Critical-Thinking Questions 59 CASE: Blake Mycoskie and TOMS 59 VIDEO CASE: “P.F.” Chang’s Serves Its Workers Well 61 Developing Your Leadership Skills 2-1 61 Developing Your Leadership Skills 2-2 63 Developing Your Leadership Skills 2-3 63

CHAPTER 3 Leadership Behavior and Motivation 68 Leadership Behavior and Styles 69

Leadership Behavior 69 / Leadership Styles and the university of Iowa Research 70

university of Michigan and Ohio State university Studies 71 university of Michigan: Job-Centered and Employee-Centered Behavior 72 / Ohio State university: Initiating Structure and Consideration Behavior 74 / Differences, Contributions, and Applications of Leadership Models 75

The Leadership grid 75 Leadership grid Theory 76 / Leadership grid and High-High Leader Research 77 / Behavioral Theory Contributions and Applications 78

Leadership and Major Motivation Theories 79 Motivation and Leadership 79 / The Motivation Process 79 / An Overview of Three Major Classifications of Motivation Theories 80

Content Motivation Theories 80 Hierarchy of Needs Theory 80 / Two-Factor Theory 82 / Acquired Needs Theory 86 / Balancing Work–Life Needs 87

Process Motivation Theories 87 Equity Theory 87 / Expectancy Theory 88 / goal-Setting Theory 89 / using goal Setting to Motivate Employees 91

Reinforcement Theory 92 Types of Reinforcement 93 / Schedules of Reinforcement 94 / You get What You Reinforce 95 / Motivating with Reinforcement 96 / giving Praise 96

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