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THE
MAKING
OF A
POEM
A Norton Anthology of
Poetic Forms
E D I T E D B Y
Mark Strand A N D
Eavan Boland
W. W. NORTON & COMPANY
NEW YORK • LONDON
Table of Contents
Introductory Statement xiii
On Becoming a Poet by Mark Strand xvii
Poetic Form: A Personal Encounter by Eavan Boland xxv
Acknowledgments xxxi
I VERSE FORMS
Overview 3
THE VILLANELLE
The Villanelle at a Glance 5
The History of the Form 6
The Contemporary Context 8
Ernest Downson: Villanelle of His Lady's Treasures 9
Edwin Arlington Robinson: The House on the Hill 9
William Etnpson: Missing Dates 10
Theodore Roeth^e: The Waging 11
Elizabeth Bishop: One Art 11
Dylan Thomas: Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 12
James Merrill: The World and the Child 13
Mona Van Duyn: Condemned Site 13
John Hollander: By the Sound 14
Hay den Carruth: Saturday at the Border 15
Daryl Hine: Under the Hill 16
Marilyn Hacker: Villanelle 16
Wendy Cope: Reading Scheme 17
Jacqueline Osherow: Villanelle for the Middle of the Night 18
Close-Up of a Villanelle: "One Art" by Elizabeth Bishop 19
THE SESTINA
The Sestina at a Glance 21
The History of the Form 22
The Contemporary Context 24
Edmund Spenser: Ye wastefull woodes, bear witness of my woe 25
vi • Table of Contents
Philip Sidney: from Old Arcadia Barnabe Barnes: Sestine 4 from Parthenophil and Parthenophe
Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Sestina: Of the Lady Pietra degli Scrovigni
Algernon Charles Swinburne: Sestina
Sir Edmund Gosse: Sestina
Rudyard Kipling: Sestina of the Tramp-Royal
Ezra Pound: Sestina: Altaforte
Weldon Kees: After the Trial
Anthony Hecht: The Boo\ ofYole\
Miller Williams: The Shrinking Lonesome Sestina
Alberto Rios: Nani
Close-Up of a Sestina: "Sestina: Altaforte" by Ezra Pound
THE PANTOUM
The Pantoum at a Glance 43
The History of the Form 44
The Contemporary Context 45
Austin Dobson: In Town 45
Donald Justice: Pantoum of the Great Depression 47
Carolyn Kizer: Parents' Pantoum 48
John Ashbery: Pantoum 49
Nellie Wong: Grandmothers's Song 50
/ . D. McClatchy: The Method 51
Close-Up of a Pantoum: "Pantoum of the Great Depression"
by Donald Justice 53
THE SONNET
The Sonnet at a Glance 55
The History of the Form 56
The Contemporary Context 58
William Shakespeare: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 59
Michael Drayton: Farewell to Love 59
Mary Wroth: from Pamphilia to Amphilanthus 60
John Milton: Sonnet XXIII: Methought I saw my late
espoused saint 60
John Donne: Holy Sonnet: At the round earth s imagined corners 61
William Wordsworth: Composed upon Westminster Bridge,
September 3, 1802 .61
Table of Contents • vii
Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ozymandias 62 John Keats: Bright Star 62
Christina Rossetti: from Monna Innominata 63
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: from Sonnets from the
Portuguese (XLIII) 63
Gerard Manley Hopkins: Carrion Comfort 64
Edna St. Vincent Millay: What lips my lips have kissed,
and where, and why 64
Countee Cullen: From the Dar\ Tower 65
Patrick, Kavanagh: Epic 65
E. E. Cummings: from "Tulips and Chimneys" 66
George Barker: To My Mother 66
Jane Cooper: After the Bomb Tests 67
Gwen Harwood: A Game of Chess 67
Seamus Heaney: The Haw Lantern 68
Denis Johnson: Heat 68
Henri Cole: The Roman Baths at Nimes 69
Mary Jo Salter: Haifa Double Sonnet 69
Michael Palmer: Sonnet 70
Close-Up of a Sonnet: "What lips my lips have kissed, and
where, and why" by Edna St. Vincent Millay 71
THE BALLAD
The Ballad at a Glance 73
The History of the Form 74
The Contemporary Context 77
Anonymous: The Cherry-tree Carol 78
Anonymous: Sir Patrick Spens 79
Anonymous: The Wife of Usher's Well 81
Anonymous: My Boy Willie 82
John GreenleafWhittier: The Changeling 83
Oscar Wilde: from The Ballad of Reading Gaol 86
Elinor Wylie: Peter and John 88
Louis MacNeice: Bagpipe Music 90
John Betjeman: Death in Leamington 91
Ogden Nash: The Tale of Custard the Dragon 92
Gwendolyn Brooks: We Real Cool " 94
viii • Table of Contents
Sterling A. Brown: Riverbank Blues 94
W. S. Merwin: Ballad of John Cable and Three Gentlemen 95
Close-Up of a Ballad: "We Real Cool" by Gwendolyn Brooks 99
BLANK VERSE
Blank Verse at a Glance 101
The History of the Form 102
The Contemporary Context 104
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey: from his translation of
The Aeneid 105
Christopher Marlowe: from Tamburlaine the Great 105
William Shakespeare: from Julius Caesar 106
John Milton: from Paradise Lost 107
Charlotte Smith: from Beachy Head 108
William Wordsworth: from The Prelude 109
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Ulysses 110
Edward Thomas: Rain 112
Robert Frost: Directive 113
Richard Wilbur: Lying 114
Richard Howard: Stanzas in Bloomsbury 117
Close-Up of Blank Verse: "Directive" by Robert Frost 119
THE HEROIC COUPLET
The Heroic Couplet at a Glance 121
The History of the Form 122
Aemilia Lanyer: from The Description of Cooke-ham 123
Anne Bradstreet: The Author to Her Book 123
Anne Finch: A Letter to Daphnis, April 2, 1685 124
John Dryden.from Absalom and Achitophel 125
Samuel Johnson: from The Vanity of Human Wishes 126
Phillis Wheatley: To S. M., a Young African Painter,
on Seeing His Works 127
Oliver Goldsmith: from The Deserted Village 128
Alexander Pope: from An Essay on Criticism 129
Robert Browning: My Last Duchess 130
Wilfred Owen: Strange Meeting 132
Thorn Gunn: The J Car 133
Close-Up of the Heroic Couplet: "My Last Duchess" by Robert
Browning 135
Table of Contents • ix
THE STANZA
The Stanza at a Glance 136
The History of the Form 137
The Contemporary Context 139
Geoffrey Chaucer: from Troilus and Criseyde 140
Edmund Spenser: from The Faerie Queene 141
Thomas Wyatt: They Flee from Me 142
George Herbert: Easter Wings 143
William Blake: The Tyger 143
George Gordon, Lord Byron: So We'll Go No More A-Roving 144
Emily Dickinson: I died for Beauty—but was scarce 145
Thomas Hardy: The Convergence of the Twain 145
Walter de la Mare: The Song of the Mad Prince 146
Charlotte Mew: A Quoi Bon Dire 147
Jean Toomer: Song of the Son 147
Claude McKay: The Tropics in New York 148
Sara Teasdale: Night Song at Amalfi 149
Stevie Smith: Not Waving but Drowning 149
Yvor Winters: On Teaching the Young 149
Robert Hayden: Those Winter Sundays 150
Muriel Rukeyser: Yes 150
Carol Ann Duffy: Warming Her Pearls 151
Carol Muske: Epith 152
Close-Up of a Stanza: "I died for Beauty—but was scarce"
by Emily Dickinson 154
II METER
Meter at a Glance 159
A Brief Checklist of Further Reading on Meter 161
III S H A P I N G FORMS
Overview 165
THE ELEGY
Overview 167
William Dunbar: Lament for the Makaris 168
Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke: If Ever Hapless
Woman Had a Cause 171
x • Table of Contents
Ben Jonson: On My First Son 172
Katherine Philips: Epitaph. On her Son H.P. at St. Syth's Church
where her body also lies Interred 172
John Milton: Lycidas 173
Anne Bradstreet: Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of
Our House July 10th, 1666. Copied out of a Loose Paper 178
Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 180
Emily Bronte: R. Alcona to J. Brenzaida 184
Walt Whitman: O Captain! My Captain! 185
Matthew Arnold: Dover Beach 185
Ivor Gurney: To His Love 187
John Crowe Ransom: Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter 187
Louise Bogan: Tears in Sleep 188
W. H. Auden: In Memory of W. B. Yeats 188
Robert Lowell: from The Quaker Graveyard in Nantucket 191
John Berryman: Dream Song 324 194
Frank Bidart: To the Dead 194
Edward Hirsch: In Memoriam Paul Celan 196
Garrett Hongo: The Legend 197
Douglas Crase: The Elegy for New York 198
Mark Doty :Tiara 1 9 9
Gjertrud Schnackenberg: Supernatural Love 200
Thomas Kinsella: Mirror in February 202
David St. John: Iris 203
Paula Meehan: Child Burial 204
Rosanna Warren: Song 205
THE PASTORAL
Overview 207
Christopher Marlowe: The Passionate Shepherd to
His Love 209
William Shakespeare: from Love's Labor's Lost 210
Andrew Marvell: The Garden 210
William Wordsworth: To My Sister 213
John Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn 214
A. E. Housman: Loveliest of Trees 215
Francis Ledwidge: The Wife ofLlew 216
Babette Deutsch: Urban Pastoral 216
Table of Contents • xi
Janet Lewis: Remembered Morning
Ted Hughes: The Thought-Fox
Philip Larkjn: The Explosion
James Wright: Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm
in Pine Island, Minnesota
Derek Walcott: Midsummer, Tobago
Galway Kinnell: The Bear
Amy Clampitt: Fog
Jane Kenyan: Let Evening Come
Philip Levine: Smoke
Robert Hass: Meditation at Lagunitas
John Koethe: From the Porch
Alfred Corn: A Walrus Tuskjrom Alaska
Charles Wright: Looking West from Laguna Beach at
Night
Les Murray: The Broad Bean Sermon
Lucie Broc\-Broido: Of the Finished World
Thylias Moss: Tornados
C. K. Williams: Loss
Timothy Steele: Waiting for the Storm
Mary Kinzie: An Engraving of Blake
Eilean Ni Chuilleandin: Pygmalion's Image
Louise Gliick: Mock Orange
Mary Oliver: The Black Walnut Tree
Medbh McGuckian: Gateposts
Susan Prospere: Heart of the Matter
Mary O'Malley: Shoeing the Currach
THE ODE
Overview
Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind
John Keats: To Autumn
Henry Timrod: Ode
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Fire of Driftwood
Hart Crane: from The Bridge
Marianne Moore: The Paper Nautilus
Judith Wright: Australia 1970
Charles Simic: Miracle Glass Co.
217
217
218
219
220
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223
224
224
226
227
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
233
233
234
235
236
236
238
240
241
243
244
245
247
248
249
250
xii • Table of Contents
Howard Nemerov: The Blue Swallows 250 Robert Creeley: America 252
Robert Pinsky: Ode to Meaning 252
Joy Harjo: Perhaps the World Ends Here 254
IV OPEN FORMS
Overview 259
W. B. Yeats: The Circus Animals' Desertion 260
T. S. Eliot: The Love Song ofj. Alfred Prufrock 262
Langston Hughes: I, Too 266
Wallace Stevens: The Idea of Order at Key West 266
William Carlos Williams: Spring and All 268
Allen Ginsberg: America 269
Frank O'Hara: Ave Maria 272
Denise Levertov: Uncertain Oneiromancy 273
Sylvia Plath: Daddy 274
Adrienne Rich: Diving into the Wreck 276
Lucille Clifton: move 279
Sharon Olds: The Language of the Brag 280
Carolyn Forche: The Colonel 281
Ai: The German Army, Russia, 1943 282
Yusef Komunyakaa: Starlight Scope Myopia 282
Jorie Graham: Reading Plato 284
Close-Up of Open Forms: "Diving into the Wreck" by
Adrienne Rich 287
A Brief Glossary 289
Biographies and Further Reading 293
Suggested Reading 335
Credits 337
General Index 349
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines 357
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