A mineral consisting of a poisonous gas ionically bonded to an extremely reactive metal.

Question 1
Which rock type represents the highest grade of metamorphism?

Gneiss

Slate

Phyllite

Schist

Question 2
1. Which the following are the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus?

Protons

Neutrons

Ions

Electrons

Question 3
Imagine you are handed a mineral sample. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture, but displays no cleavage. It does not react with hydrochloric acid, is a light pink color, and has a nonmetallic luster. It is harder than a streak plate, and has a specific gravity of 2.65. What mineral is it?

Quartz

Olivine

Potassium feldspar

Calcite

Question 4
To transform an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock, which of the following processes must take place?

Impact by a meteorite

Melting and re-cooling, followed by crystallization

Chemical reactions under conditions of elevated temperature or pressure

Weathering, transport, deposition, and lithification

Question 5
Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?

Quartz

Calcite

Diamond

Olivine

Question 6
Match the texture of the igneous rock with the process that formed it.

Fine-grained

Vesicular

Coarse-grained

Porphytic texture

Glassy texture

A.

Magma that cooled rapidly at the surface or upper crust

B.

Magma cooled in two separate environments, first slowly, then more quickly

C.

Magma cooled slowly at the surface or upper crust

D.

Magma cooled slowly, beneath the surface

E.

Magma cooled rapidly, contained tiny gas bubbles

F.

Magma of high silica content was ejected into the atmosphere, cooling immediately

Question 7
Match the items in the first column with the correct descriptions in the second column

Ice

Dinner plate

Quartz

Glass

Halite

Coal

A.

A mineral made of oxidized hydrogen

B.

An item that is solid like a mineral, has definite chemical composition, and shows distinctive physical properties, but is not naturally occurring

C.

Silicate mineral consisting solely of silicon and oxygen, with silicon-oxygen tetrahedra bonded in a complex three-dimensional network

D.

An item that is solid like a mineral, has definite chemical composition, and shows distinctive physical properties, but does not have an orderly crystalline structure

E.

A mineral consisting of a poisonous gas ionically bonded to an extremely reactive metal

F.

A rock composed of nonmineral matter

Question 8
Place the following igneous rocks in order of cooling (high temperature to low temperature).

Potassium feldspar

Olivine

Pyroxene

Amphibole

Biotite mica

Question 9
Place the following elements in order according to the number of valence electrons (low to high).

Neon

Aluminum

Chlorine

Oxygen

Calcium

Sodium

Phosphorus

Carbon

Question 10
List the eight most abundant elements in the continental crust.

Question 11
List and describe the different characteristics of sedimentary rocks and discuss the processes that change sediment into sedimentary rock.

Question 12
How is a scientific hypothesis different from a scientific theory? How does a scientific theory differ from a regular theory (i.e., a non-scientific theory in the way the term is used by lay people)?

Question 13
Explain, with examples, how a change in each sphere will affect each of the other three spheres. Your response should be at least 200 words in length.