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Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing

Eleanor J. Sullivan, PhD, RN, FAAN

Eighth Edition

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto

Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

v

Eleanor J. Sullivan, PhD, RN, FAAN, is the former dean of the University of Kansas School of Nurs- ing, past president of Sigma Theta Tau International, and previous editor of the Journal of Professional Nursing. She has served on the board of directors of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, testified before the U.S. Senate, served on a National Institutes of Health council, presented papers to international audiences, been quoted in the Chicago Tribune, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and Rolling Stone Magazine, and named to the “Who’s Who in Health Care” by the Kansas City Business Journal.

She earned nursing degrees from St. Louis Community College, St. Louis University, and Southern Illinois University and holds a PhD from St. Louis University.

Dr. Sullivan is known for her publications in nursing, including this award-winning textbook, Effective Leadership & Management in Nursing, and Becoming Influential: A Guide for Nurses, 2nd edition, from Prentice Hall. Other publica- tions include Creating Nursing’s Future: Issues, Opportunities and Challenges and Nursing Care for Clients with Sub- stance Abuse.

Today, Dr. Sullivan is a mystery writer. Her first three (Twice Dead, Deadly Diversion, and Assumed Dead) feature nurse sleuth Monika Everhardt.

Her latest book, Cover Her Body, A Singular Village Mystery, is the first in a new series of historical mysteries featur- ing a 19th-century midwife and set in the Northern Ohio village of Dr. Sullivan’s ancestors. Dr. Sullivan’s blog posts, found at www.EleanorSullivan.com, reveal the history behind her historical fiction.

Connect with Dr. Sullivan at www.EleanorSullivan.com.

This book is dedicated to my family for their continuing love and support.

Eleanor J. Sullivan

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

www.EleanorSullivan.com
www.EleanorSullivan.com
vi

Our heartfelt thanks go out to our colleagues from schools of nursing across the country who have given their time generously to help us create this exciting new edition of our book. We have reaped the benefit of your collective experi- ence as nurses and teachers and have made many improvements due to your efforts. Among those who gave us their encouragement and comments are:

THANK YOU

Reviewers Theresa Ameri Part-time/adjunct instructor, Marymount University Arlington, VA

Becky Brown, MSN, RN Full-time instructor, College of Southern Idaho Twin Falls, ID

Candace Burns, PhD, ARNP Professor, University of South Florida College of Nursing Tampa, FL

Sandra Janashak Cadena, PhD, APRN, CNE Professor, University of South Florida Tampa, FL

Margaret Decker Full-time instructor, Binghamton University Binghamton, NY

Denise Eccles, MSN/Ed, RN Professor, Miami Dade College Miami, FL

Barb Gilbert, EdD, MSN, RN, CNE Part-time/adjunct instructor, Excelsior College Albany, NY

Karen Joris, MSN, RN Assistant professor, Lorain County Community College Elyria, OH

Jean M. Klein, PhD, PMHCNS, BC Associate professor, Widener University Chester, PA

Jemimah Mitchell-Levy, MSN, ARNP Professor, Miami Dade College Miami, FL

Rorey Pritchard, EdS, MSN, RN, CNOR Full-time instructor, Chippewa Valley Technical College Eau Claire, WI

Heather Saifman, MSN, RN, CCRN Assistant professor, Nova Southeastern University

Miami Kendall, FL Linda Stone Other Cambridge, MA

Sandra Swearingen Part-time/adjunct instructor, UCF Orlando, FL

Diane Whitehead, EdD, RN, ANEF Department chair, Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, FL

vii

PREFACE

Leading and managing are essential skills for all nurses in today’s rapidly changing health care arena. New graduates find themselves managing unlicensed assistive personnel, and experienced nurses are managing groups of health care providers from a variety of disciplines and educational lev- els. Declining revenues, increasing costs, demands for safe care, and health care reform legislation mandate that every organization use its resources efficiently.

Nurses today are challenged to manage effectively with fewer resources. Never has the information presented in this textbook been needed more. Effective Leadership & Management in Nursing, eighth edition, can help both stu- dent nurses and those with practice experience acquire the skills needed to ensure success in today’s dynamic health care environment.

Features of the Eighth Edition Effective Leadership & Management in Nursing has made a significant and lasting contribution to the education of nurses and nurse managers in its seven previous editions. Used worldwide, this award-winning textbook is now of- fered in an updated and revised edition to reflect changes in the current health care system and in response to sug- gestions from the book’s users. The eighth edition builds upon the work of previous contributors to provide the most up-to-date and comprehensive learning package for today’s busy students and professionals.

This book has been a success for many reasons. It com- bines practicality with conceptual understanding; is respon- sive to the needs of faculty, nurse managers, and students; and taps the expertise of contributors from a variety of dis- ciplines, especially management professionals whose work has been adapted by nurses for current nursing practice. The expertise of management professors in schools of busi- ness and practicing nurse managers is seldom incorporated into nursing textbooks. This unique approach provides students with invaluable knowledge and skills and sets the book apart from others.

Features new or expanded in the eighth edition include:

• Information about the Patient Protection and Afford- able Care Act

• An emphasis on quality initiatives, including Six Sigma, Lean Six Sigma, and DMAIC

• The use of Magnet-certified hospitals as examples of concepts

• The addition of emotional leadership concepts • The use of social media in management • An emphasis on multicratic leadership and interprofes-

sional relationships • Updated legal and legislative content • Tips on how to deal with disruptive staff behaviors,

including bullying • Guidance on preparing for emergencies and mass

casualty incidents • Information on preventing workplace violence

Student-Friendly Learning Tools Designed with the adult learner in mind, the book focuses on the application of the content presented and offers spe- cific guidelines on how to implement the skills included. To further illustrate and emphasize key points, each chapter in this edition includes these features:

• A chapter outline and preview • New MediaLink boxes introduce readers to resources

and activities on the Student Resources site through nursing.pearsonhighered.com.

• Key terms are defined in the glossary at the end of the book

• What You Know Now lists at the end of each chapter • A list of “tools,” or key behaviors, for using the skills

presented in the chapter • Questions to Challenge You to help students relate

concepts to their experiences • Up-to-date references and Web resources identified • Case Studies with a Manager’s Checklist to demonstrate

application of content

Organization The text is organized into four sections that address the es- sential information and key skills that nurses must learn to succeed in today’s volatile health care environment.

Part 1. Understanding Nursing Management and Organizations. Part 1 introduces the context for nursing management, with an emphasis on how organizations are designed, on ways that nursing care is delivered, on the concepts of leading and managing, on how to initiate and manage change, on

viii PREFACE

providing quality care, and on using power and politics— all necessary for nurses to succeed and prosper in today’s chaotic health care world.

Part 2. Learning Key Skills in Nursing Management. Part 2 delves into the essential skills for today’s manag- ers, including thinking critically, making decisions, solv- ing problems, communicating with a variety of individuals and groups, delegating, working in teams, resolving con- flicts, and managing time.

Part 3. Managing Resources. Knowing how to manage resources is vital for nurses to- day. They must be adept at budgeting fiscal resources; recruiting and selecting staff; handling staffing and sched- uling; motivating and developing staff; evaluating staff performance; coaching, disciplining and terminating staff; managing absenteeism, reducing turnover, and retaining staff; and handling disruptive staff behaviors, including bullying. In addition, collective bargaining and preparing for emergencies and preventing workplace violence are in- cluded in Part 3.

Part 4. Taking Care of Yourself. Nurses are their own most valuable resource. Part 4 shows how to manage stress and to advance in a career.

Resources for Teaching and Learning Student and Instructor Resources can be accessed by regis- tering or logging in at nursing.pearsonhighered.com.

Acknowledgments The success of previous editions of this book has been due to the expertise of many contributors. Nursing adminis- trators, management professors, and faculty in schools of nursing all made significant contributions to earlier edi- tions. I am enormously grateful to them for sharing their knowledge and experience to help nurses learn leadership and management skills. Without them, this book would not exist.

At Pearson Health Science, Acquisitions Editor Pamela Fuller and Development Editor Susan Geraghty guided this revision from start to finish. Editorial Assistant Cyn- thia Gates was also especially helpful.

Because health care continues to change, reviewers who are using the book in their management practice and in their classes provided invaluable comments and sugges- tions (see list on pages xi–xii).

I am especially grateful to experienced nurse manager and graduate student Rachel Pepper for her expert research assistance, ability to generate real-life examples, and ex- pertise in creating case scenarios to exemplify the experi- ence of nurses in management roles. She lent assistance throughout with ideas and suggestions. This book and Becoming Influential: A Guide for Nurses, 2nd edition, are better for her contributions.

To everyone who has contributed to this fine book over the years, I thank you.

Eleanor J. Sullivan, PhD, RN, FAAN www.EleanorSullivan.com

www.EleanorSullivan.com
ix

CONTENTS

Thank You vi Preface vii

PART 1 Understanding Nursing Management and Organizations 1

CHAPTER 1 Introducing Nursing Management 1 Learning Outcomes 1

CHANGES IN HEALTH CARE 2 PAYING FOR HEALTH CARE 2

How America Pays for Health Care 2 Pay for Performance 2

DEMAND FOR QUALITY 2 Quality Initiatives 2 The Leapfrog Group 3 Benchmarking 3 Evidence-Based Practice 3 Magnet® Certification 4

EVOLVING TECHNOLOGY 4 Electronic Health Records 5 Virtual Care 5 Robotics 5 Communication Technology 5

CULTURAL, GENDER, AND GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES 6 VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 6 CHANGES IN NURSING’S FUTURE 6

Even More Change . . . 7 Challenges Facing Nurses and Managers 7

CHAPTER 2 Designing Organizations 11 Learning Outcomes 11

TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES 12

Classical Theory 12 Humanistic Theory 14 Systems Theory 14 Contingency Theory 14 Chaos Theory 15 Complexity Theory 15

TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 15

Functional Structure 16 Hybrid Structure 16

Matrix Structure 16 Parallel Structure 16

SERVICE-LINE STRUCTURES 17 SHARED GOVERNANCE 17 OWNERSHIP OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS 18 HEALTH CARE SETTINGS 19

Primary Care 19 Acute Care Hospitals 20 Home Health Care 20 Long-Term Care 20

COMPLEX HEALTH CARE ARRANGEMENTS 21