A program used to create process and administer a database

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

3. Examine the importance of mobile systems and securing information and knowledge.

5. Evaluate the approaches to developing organizational knowledge management strategies.

8. Identify major types of hardware and software used by organizations.

Reading Assignment Chapter 4: Hardware, Software, and Mobile Systems Chapter 5: Database Processing

Unit Lesson In Unit II, we investigated ways information systems can support collaboration and reviewed Porter’s five forces model. In this unit, we will discuss the basic concepts of hardware and software. We will also discuss open source software development, database management systems, and compare the differences between native and thin-client applications. Lastly, we will explore mobile systems and the characteristics of quality mobile user experiences. It is important that business professionals understand hardware components, types of hardware, and computer data. We will start off with bits and bytes. Bits are used for computer data because they are easy to represent electronically. For example, you should know the differences between bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabyte, terabyte, petabyte, and exabyte (see Figure 1).

UNIT III STUDY GUIDE

Collaboration Hardware, Software, and Mobile Systems; and Database Processing

Figure 1. Storage Capacity Terminology (Kroenke, 2015, p. 116)

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 2

A byte generally contains eight bits. A switch can be open or closed (see Figure 2). The author of your textbook describes the “open switch represents zero and a closed switch represents one” (Kroenke, 2015, p. 115). The zero and one also represent “off” and “on” respectively. He goes on to explain that “all forms of computer data are represented by bits. The data can be numbers, characters, currency amounts, photos, recordings, or whatever. All are simply a string of bits… specifications for size of main memory, disk, and other computer devices are expressed in bytes” (Kroenke, 2015, pp. 115-116).

The categories of computer software are clients and servers. Personal computers use non-mobile operating systems such as Windows and OSX. Remember that operating systems are developed for specific hardware and are often referred to as native applications. In other words, MS Windows was created specifically for PC hardware based systems so, you cannot install MS Windows on an Apple Macintosh as a base OS, nor can you install the Apple OS on a PC based system. Some version of Windows resides on more than 85% of the world’s desktops, and, for business users, it is more than 95%. Other major operating systems are Unix and Linux. Be careful not to confuse operating systems with applications. MS Windows 8 is an operating system, while MS Office 365 is an application. Another application program, thin-client, are applications specifically designed for use within web browsers such as Firefox and Internet Explorer. Because these applications run within a browser, they can run on any type of computer with an internet connection and a browser. Thin-client applications vary considerably. Some are simply fancy Web-based brochures, while others are quite sophisticated. Which is best?

 Choice depends on strategy, particular goals, schedule, requirements for your application, budget, tolerance for managing technical projects, need for application revenue, and other factors.

 In general, thin-client applications are cheaper to develop and maintain, but may lack the wow factor. Let’s take a look at Question 4-3, “Using Your Knowledge,” on page 151 (be sure to review the AllRoad Parts scenario on pages 111-113). 4-3. Suppose that you are Lucas at AllRoad Parts. List five criteria you would use in helping AllRoad Parts decide whether it should develop a native or a thin-client mobile application. Justify your criteria. There are a number of considerations that should be evaluated for this decision. Here is a partial list:

 Strategy for the mobile application: Are they just trying to create a mobile-device presence (browser- based) or are there very specific, complex elements to include in the application?

 Specific application requirements: What specific features and functions are to be included in the application?

 Budget: Native applications are much more costly to develop, requiring talented developers who will need to create a unique version of the application for every mobile operating system.

Figure 2. Physical Representation of Bits (Kroenke, 2015, p. 115)

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 3

 Schedule: Native applications will take much longer to develop.

 Ability to manage a technical project: Technical expertise to develop native applications is scarcer and will require more effort to acquire and manage.

 Need for application revenue: Native applications can potentially generate a revenue stream from royalties, while thin-client applications are made available for free.

Kroenke defines virtualization as the “process by which one computer hosts the appearance of many computers. One operating system, called the host operating system runs one or more operating systems as applications” (2015, p. 120). Hosted operating systems are called virtual machines (vm).

 Each virtual machine has disk space and other resources allocated to it.

 Operates as if installed on own computer.

 Host operating system controls activities of virtual machines to prevent them from interfering with one another.

An example is in the way Apple Macintoshes can take advantage of virtualization technology and run multiple operating systems (see Figure 3).

Own Versus License

 You do not actually own a program—you own a license or right to use the program.

 When you buy a Windows license, Microsoft is selling you the right to use Windows. Microsoft continues to own the Windows program.

 Large organizations negotiate a site license that authorizes the company to install the product on all company computers or a specific site.

 Linux, no company can sell you a license to use it. It is owned by the Open Source Community.

Figure 3. Virtualization Example

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 4

What is Firmware?

 Software installed into special, read-only memory of a printer or other device and becomes part of the device’s memory.

 Users do not need to load firmware into memory.

 It can be changed or upgraded, but normally, this is a task for IS professionals. Why do Programmers Volunteer Their Services to Open Source Projects?

 Programming is an intense combination of art and logic. Designing and writing a complicated computer program is exceedingly pleasurable (and addictive).

 Programmers can exercise creativity while working on projects they find interesting and fulfilling.

 Programmers can exhibit their skill, both for pride, finding a job or consulting employment, or start a business selling services to support an open source product.

Open source involves:

 Collaboration of many programmers

 Examining source code and identifying a need, creating a new feature or redesigning an existing feature, or fixing a problem

 Code evaluated and extended by others

 Iteration, peer reviews, and well-managed projects yield high-quality code Mobile Information System In addition to computer operating systems, there are mobile client operating systems. The Apple iPhone uses iOS, and Motorola Android uses the Android OS. As of 2013, there are 6.8 billion wireless subscriptions. One- third of those subscriptions involve smartphones or other mobile devices, meaning there are already 1.9 billion mobile system subscriptions worldwide. Mobile systems have a major impact on business and society today—an impact forcing industry change while creating new career opportunities for mobile-IS-savvy professionals and large numbers of new, interesting mobile-IS-related jobs. What Characterizes Quality Mobile User Experiences? The primary emphasis is on users’ content, giving such content as much display as possible. Rather than show menus, toolbars, and heavy window borders, content should be shown cleanly and in center stage. Context-sensitive chrome pops up in the display when appropriate. Because mobile screen size is often limited, modern mobile applications eliminate it as much as possible. Touch-screen oriented, context- sensitive, pop-up menus are used with a mouse and keyboard. Characteristics that indicate quality mobile user experiences are:

 feature content,

 use context-sensitive chrome,

 provide animation and lively behavior,

 design to scale and share, and

 use the cloud. Application Scaling Mobile applications need to be designed to share data. For example, Windows 8 introduces a feature called charms, which are icons that slide in from the right of the display. One of the default charms is Share, and it is used to share data from one mobile application to another.

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 5

The Cloud Push data is data the server sends to or pushes onto the mobile device. Pull data is data the mobile device requests from the server. (Notice that those terms use the server’s perspective.) Of the two types, push data is more impressive to users because they need to do nothing to receive it. On the other hand, excessive pushing is annoying. Let’s take a look at question 4-4 Using Your Knowledge on page 152: 4-4. Describe how the class enrollment application at your university could benefit from a mobile application that uses the cloud. The class enrollment application could enable students to view course offerings, register for classes, view class waiting lists, change class registration, and view class schedules. Being able to do all of these things would be highly valued by students who can be anywhere and perform these registration-related tasks at any time. Challenges of personal mobile devices at work: Organizations have a love/hate relationship with their employees’ use of their own mobile devices at work. They love the cost-saving possibility of having employees buy their own hardware, but hate the increased vulnerability and loss of control. BYOD Policy:

 A BYOD (bring your own device) policy is a statement concerning employees’ permissions and responsibilities when they use their own device for organizational business.

 BYOD policies are rapidly evolving and many organizations have not yet determined what is best for them. If your employer has a committee to develop such policies, join it if you can. Doing so will provide a great way to gain exposure to the leading technology thinkers at your organization.

As an example, an employer in recent years had a very restrictive policy on laptops—any laptop in use on site that wanted access to the organization’s WiFi services had to be physically registered with the central Information Technology Services organization. Although this policy has been relaxed, it had the advantage of “forcing” each user to have certain malware protection installed. BYOD policies will have to continue to relax and accommodate with wide array of devices and respond to user demands. Case Study 4 – Apple Computers Apple tripled its market capitalization to become the second largest public company in the world. They pioneered well-engineered home computers and innovative interfaces with Apple II PC and Macintosh computer for students and knowledge workers. The succession of CEOs made numerous mistakes, such as not rewarding innovative engineering, creating too many products for too many market segments, and losing the respect of the retail computer stores. In 1996, Apple bought Job’s NeXT Computing and gained technology that became the foundation of Mac OS X. Apple also soon created new markets with iPod, iPhone, iPad, and Internet sales of music and apps. Apple encourages customer visits and earns loyalty with its open and inviting sales floor, Genius Bar help desk, and well-trained sales force. Apple shares its revenue with application developers who created 445,000 iOS applications. Now, let’s take a look at Apple’s strategy and the future of Apple by discussing the questions on page 155, “Apple without Steve Jobs.” 4-7. Which of Porter’s four competitive strategies does Apple engage in? Explain. Apple is pursuing a focused differentiation strategy. It is focused primarily on the mobile computing device market and is differentiating itself through its incredible engineering and huge array of applications for its devices.

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 6

4-8. What do you think are the three most important factors in Apple’s past success? Justify your answer. Apple has demonstrated a capability of creating innovative new products successfully. Apple has also been able to keep that stream of innovations going and to enable the innovations to play off of each other. A culture that encourages and supports these engineering successes is obvious. Apple also has developed an ability to sell and market its new products successfully. 4-9. Steve Jobs passed away in October 2011. Until his death, he had been the heart and soul of Apple’s innovation. Today, 35,000 Apple employees continue onward in his absence. A huge question facing many investors is whether the company can be successful without him. The current stock price would seem to indicate that the market does not. What do you think? What role did Jobs play? How can Apple respond to his loss? Would you be willing to invest in Apple without his leadership? Why or why not? Jobs had a very hands-on involvement in the business. He was the company’s chief innovator. Of course, he did not do it all alone, but he seemed to set the direction for the business in a very effective way. He had the ability to be a visionary and send his company’s engineers out to conquer challenges that paid off in big ways. The company then also had the ability to develop support systems for the new innovations. Another capability was to recover and move on from product failures, which Apple had its share of as well. Can this company continue its progress without Jobs? Obviously, only time will tell. Some students may feel that Apple will be unable to sustain its success without the unique vision and leadership style of Jobs and would, therefore, be unwilling to invest in Apple. Other students may feel that Apple’s executives have been hand-picked and mentored by Jobs and are, therefore, capable of continuing to lead Apple effectively. There is no question that Apple will be a different place without Jobs’ influence, but it is not necessarily doomed. 4-10. Microsoft took an early lead in the development of slate devices (like the iPad), and it had the world’s leading operating system and applications for more than 20 years. Provide five reasons why Microsoft was not able to achieve the same success that Apple has. Most industry analysts would agree that the skills and abilities of Microsoft’s 88,000 employees are as good, on average, as Apple’s. Here is a list of a few ideas to consider:

 Lack of a visionary leader since Gates has departed

 Very diffused focus—many market niches pursued simultaneously

 Emphasis on acquiring new technologies rather than in-house development

 Strategy of maintaining edge through strategic manipulation rather than product enhancement

 Few products that are truly amazing, must-have products Considering your answers to the four questions above, if you had a spare $5,000 in your portfolio and wanted to buy an equity stock with it, would you buy AAPL (Apple)? Why, or why not? There may be different opinions on this, so ask and consider the following questions:

 Is it the best strategy to buy a stock with the price at record highs?

 Are you concerned about the loss of Steve Jobs on Apple’s future?

 Do you believe in the company’s ability to keep producing technical winners? On what do you base this opinion?

In Chapter 5, we will discuss the why, what, and how of database processing. The purpose of a database is to keep track of things. A database contains a collection of tables (e.g., invoice, customers, etc.) and each record in the table contains a selection of fields or columns (e.g., invoice number, customer name, etc.). Relationships between tables help connect information such as the primary key. Primary keys are unique identifiers such as invoice numbers and customer numbers. These help make each record unique and also makes searching for a specific record much easier. For example, suppose you had four customers, each named Tom Jones; how do you find the right one? The primary key will help you differentiate one Tom Jones from the other.

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 7

A database management system (DBMS) is a program that provides you with the ability to create, process, and administer databases. Be careful not to confuse databases and DBMS; databases are a collection of tables, relationships, and metadata, while DBMS is the software that helps you manage the database. Database applications make databases more useful through:

 traditional forms, queries, reports, and applications;

 browser forms, reports, queries, and applications; and

 multi-user processing. Data models are a logical representation of what the database structure would look like. One such model is the entity-relationship model (ERM). This model is used as a tool for constructing data models. The ERM model assists developers in identifying the content of the database by defining things such as entities (what will be stored in the database) and the relationship among those entities. Entities are data that the user wants to track such as customer invoices, inventory, or contact. Entities have attributes that further define the entity such as invoice number, product description, number of units, and cost. Entities have an identifier that is associated with only one entity instance such as order number. Order number is an identifier because there can only be one order number.

In logical database designs, database designers will use diagrams called entity-relationship diagrams or ERD. Relationships between entities in the diagram are represented with the use of “crow’s feet” (see Figure 4). The forked lines indicate the type of relationship. Let’s take a look at Figure 5-21 on page 177 of the textbook and consider the relationship between Adviser and Student. Below is an explanation of what it means if the maximum cardinality of this relationship is: a. N:1 An advisor is assigned many students; a student is assigned one advisor. b. 1:1 An advisor is assigned one student; a student is assigned one advisor. c. 5:1 An advisor is assigned no more than five students; a student is assigned one advisor. d. 1:5 An advisor is assigned one student; a student is assigned no more than five advisors. Next, let’s look at Figure 5-28 on page 192 of your textbook. Now, let’s identify two entities in the data entry form shown and the attributes shown for each as well as the identifiers:

 Entities: employee, class

 Employee attributes: employee number, first name, last name, email

 Class attributes: course name, course date, instructor, remarks

 Employee identifier: employee number (also the primary key)

 Class identifier: course name, course date Data models are transformed into a database design through normalization and representing relationships.

Figure 4. An entity-relationship diagram that shows the relationships among a database, database

application, and users

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 8

Sometimes, tables are poorly designed and thus may suffer integrity problems. Normalization can be used to analyze the relationships between attributes within each entity and then determine if the structure needs improvement, usually by confirming that each table has only one theme. Let’s take a look at Question 6 from, “Using MIS InClass 5,” on page 167. 6. Relate what you have learned in this exercise to the 3D printing discussion at AllRoad Parts. The opening case study vignette reveals how important AllRoad Parts’ database is in analyzing the 3D printing issue. Lucas says “We know from our orders which parts each customer is most likely to order…” In other words, AllRoad Parts has extensive data on customer purchase history that it is using in formulating ideas for a customer-purchasing app for 3D printing designs. The database of customer purchasing history and the ability to query it enables AllRoad Parts to make an informed decision on the design of this potential new purchasing app, which will offer a cost-effective way of selling 3D printing designs to its customers. Let’s also look at a few of the AllRoad Parts questions from “Case Study 5” on page 195 of your textbook: 5-8. Given what you know about AllRoad Parts, should it use a relational DBMS, such as Oracle Database or MySQL, or should it use Cassandra? AllRoad Parts most likely can utilize a relational DBMS effectively and will not require a data management approach like Cassandra. AllRoad Parts probably does not have the volume of transactions or servers to justify a NoSQL approach. 5-9. Suppose that AllRoad Parts decides to use a NoSQL solution, but a battle emerges among the employees in the IT Department. One faction wants to use Cassandra, but another faction wants to use a different NoSQL data store, named MongoDB (www.mongodb.org). Assume that you’re Kelly, and Lucas asks for your opinion about how he should proceed. How do you respond? Kelly should tell Lucas that the decision to use a specific NoSQL solution should be based on a careful analytical evaluation of AllRoad Parts’ requirements. There is no reason for this to become a factionalized debate. Determine exactly what AllRoad Parts’ needs are and then determine, analytically, how well Cassandra and MongoDB satisfy those requirements. Once each of the NoSQL’s capabilities have been objectively researched and matched to the company’s real requirements, the best fit should become apparent. Requirements should include technical feasibility, economic feasibility, and organizational feasibility issues in order to be complete. Let’s also take a look at Question 5-11 of MyMISLab on page 196. 5-11. The partial E-R diagram in Figure 5-31 is for a sales order. Assume there is only one salesperson per sales order.

a. Specify the maximum cardinalities for each relationship. State your assumptions, if necessary.

 A salesperson writes many sales orders; a sales order is written by one salesperson. (Assumes salespeople work alone and not in teams.)

 A customer places many sales orders; a sales order is placed by one customer.

 A sales order contains many line items; a line item is contained in one sales order.

 A line item contains one item; an item is contained in one line item. b. Specify the minimum cardinalities for each relationship. State your assumptions, if necessary.

 A salesperson may have zero sales orders; a sales order is written by one salesperson. (Assumes salespeople work alone and not in teams; assumes a sales order is not required for a salesperson to exist in the system.)

 A customer places at least one sales order; a sales order is placed by one and only one customer. (Assumes at least one sales order is required for a customer to exist in the system.)

 A sales order contains at least one line item; a line item is contained in one and only one sales order.

 A line item contains one and only one item; an item is contained in one and only one line item.

BBA 3551, Information Systems Management 9

In closing, the AllRoad Parts operational database discussed at the beginning of the chapter has data that Drew and Addison need to determine which parts to consider for 3D printing. If Addison and Drew are dependent on Lucas (or the IT department) to produce the reports they need, they will (a) wait a long time and (b) probably not get what they want. Once they get the data, assuming that Addison knows how to create queries and reports, they can iterate on their own, without help from Lucas (or the IT department). They can produce their own reports, see the results, produce more reports, and so forth. Relying on their own skills will give them much more freedom and better results. At this point, relational database technology is not appropriate either for storing the 3D parts files or for supporting the graphics used for query-by-graphics. MongoDB would be a better choice.

Reference

Kroenke, D. (2015). Using MIS 2014 (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Suggested Reading Chapter 4 Presentation Chapter 5 Presentation Li, J., Moselhi, O., & Alkass, S. (2006). Internet-based database management system for project control.

Retrieved from http://140.118.5.28/MIS_Notes/96-1-Art%20Pre/MIS_first/group3/_3.pdf In order to access the resources below, you must first log into the myCSU Student Portal and access the ABI/INFORM Complete database within the CSU Online Library. Anjard, R. P., Sr. (1994). The basics of database management systems (DBMS). Industrial Management +

Data Systems, 94(5), 11. Bass, L. J. (1987). Role of a historian in a database management system. IEEE Software, 4(2), 35-40.

Learning Activities (Non-Graded) Course Flashcards: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/bp/bp_kroenke_umis_7/flashcards/index.html From the Textbook: Using MIS InClass 4, Place Your Bets Now! pp. 124-125 Using MIS InClass 5, How Much Is a Database Worth? p. 167 Ethics Guide, Showrooming: The Consequences, pp. 132-133 Ethics Guide, Querying Inequality? pp. 164-165 Security Guide, “Because It’s Where the Money is…”, pp. 146-147 Security guide, No, Thanks, I’ll Use a Spreadsheet, pp. 186-187 Guide, Keeping up to Speed, pp. 148-149 Guide, Immanuel Kant, Data Modeler, pp. 188-189 Using Your Knowledge, pp. 151-152 Using Your Knowledge, pp. 191-192 Case Study 4, The Apple of Your i, pp. 153-155 Case Study 5, Fail Away with Dynamo, Bigtable, and Cassandra, pp. 194-195 Non-graded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information.

https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/Business/BBA/BBA3551/14O/Unit%20III/Chapter4_Presentation.pdf
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/Business/BBA/BBA3551/14O/Unit%20III/Chapter4_Presentation.pdf
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/Business/BBA/BBA3551/14O/Unit%20III/Chapter5_Presentation.pdf
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/Business/BBA/BBA3551/14O/Unit%20III/Chapter5_Presentation.pdf
http://140.118.5.28/MIS_Notes/96-1-Art%20Pre/MIS_first/group3/_3.pdf
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/bp/bp_kroenke_umis_7/flashcards/index.html