A variable that inadvertently causes an experimental result is

Week Three Quiz

PSY/245 r2

1

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Week Three Quiz

�1 When we do an experiment , we

�1 measure independent variables

�1 produce dependent variables

�1 produce control variables

�1 produce a comparison

�1 hold independent variables constant

�1 The control group in an experiment

�1 fixes the level of a variable across all experimental conditions

�1 is often untreated

�1 receives the same level of the independent variable as the experimental group

�1 refers to the manipulation of the independent variable

�1 In research on the decompression of pregnant rats, the independent variable is __________, a dependent variable is __________, and a control variable is __________.

�1 reduced air pressure; behavioral tests; strain of the rat

�1 body weight; climbing ability; time of day

�1 atmospheric pressure; age of rat; climbing ability

�1 number of decompressions; body weight; home cage

�1 experimental group; control group; test performance

�1 In experiments, independent variables are

�1 the result of careful measurements

�1 extraneous to the experiment and held constant

�1 extraneous to the experiment and allowed to vary randomly

�1 independent of experimenter control

�1 varied by the researcher

�1 Dependent variables are

�1 manipulated by the researcher

�1 potential independent variables that are held constant

�1 measured by the researcher

�1 probable behavioral causes

�1 One reason a valid experiment may produce null results is that

�1 the range of levels in the independent variable was insufficient to show an effect

�1 the dependent variable reflects a broad range of performance

�1 the experiment is conducted in an environment that is too difficult

�1 reactivity occurs in the participants (such as, they adopt the role of "good behavior")

�1 In experiments, the independent variable should be __________, the dependent variable should be __________, and the control variable should be __________.

�1 controlled; constant; randomized

�1 constant; an effect; causal

�1 free; restricted; elevated

�1 balanced; unconfounded; an effect

�1 manipulated; measured; held constant

�1 An interaction occurs when

�1 an independent variable effects a dependent variable

�1 one independent variable effects a second independent variable

�1 the effect one dependent variable has is not the same at each level of a second dependent variable

�1 the effect one independent variable has is not the same at each level of a second independent variable

�1 The Hawthorne effect is an example of

�1 experimenter bias

�1 reactivity in an experiment

�1 participant observation

�1 unobtrusive outcomes

�1 A variable that inadvertently causes an experimental result is

�1 confounded with the dependent variable

�1 confounded with the independent variable

�1 confounded with the control variables

�1 unlikely to be important in experiments

�1 Construct validity permits one to

�1 generalize

�1 attribute causality

�1 have confidence in constructs

�1 support the hypothesis

�1 A source of construct invalidity is

�1 bias

�1 random error

�1 carry-over effects

�1 counterbalancing

�1 If a study has external validity, one is entitled to

�1 generalize

�1 attribute causality

�1 have confidence in constructs

�1 support the hypothesis

�1 Internal validity allows one to

�1 generalize

�1 attribute causality

�1 have confidence in constructs

�1 support the hypothesis

�1 Which of the following is the most likely to have the greatest internal validity?

�1 Surveys

�1 Case studies

�1 Relational research

�1 Experiments

�1 Test reliability determined by a correlation between scores from the same test taken at two different times is called

�1 test-retest reliability

�1 parallel forms reliability

�1 split-half reliability

�1 predictive reliability

�1 Statistical reliability determines whether results

�1 will occur five percent of the time

�1 occur because of chance

�1 are internally valid

�1 are produced by bias

�1 A major threat to internal validity is

�1 confounding

�1 deviant-case analysis

�1 truncated range

�1 dependent variables

�1 A type of validity that is specifically concerned with being able to make causal statements about relationships between variables is __________ validity.

�1 external

�1 internal

�1 construct

�1 predictive

�1 A replication of research helps to determine __________ validity.

�1 construct

�1 external

�1 internal

�1 predictive

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