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True / False
1. Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
General Principles of Perception
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 - Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
2. The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex.
a.
True
b.
False
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
General Principles of Perception
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 - Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
3. The cornea is an adjustable structure in the eye that focuses light.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
4. Amacrine cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
5. Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
6. Photopigments are stable in the dark.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
7. According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
8. The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
9. An object's location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Primary Visual Cortex
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
10. Lateral inhibition is the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Processing in the Retina
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.05 - Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina.
TOPICS:
5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information
11. Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Further Processing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 - Define and give examples of receptive fields.
TOPICS:
5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information
12. The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Ventral and Dorsal Paths
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex
13. Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Primary Visual Cortex
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 - Define and give examples of receptive fields.
TOPICS:
5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information
14. A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Primary Visual Cortex
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 - Define and give examples of receptive fields.
TOPICS:
5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information
15. Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Detailed Analysis of Shape
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.07 - Describe research on how experiences alter development of the visual cortex.
TOPICS:
5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex
Multiple Choice
16. The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.
a.
perception of a repeated stimulus fades
b.
every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
c.
the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus
d.
any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Analyze
REFERENCES:
General Principles of Perception
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 - Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
17. According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.
a.
which neurotransmitter is released
b.
which neurons are active
c.
the velocity of the action potentials
d.
the amplitude of the action potentials
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
General Principles of Perception
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 - Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
18. In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.
a.
retina cells
b.
bipolar cells
c.
ganglion cells
d.
spiny cells
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
19. Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.
a.
retina
b.
cornea
c.
pupil
d.
macula
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
20. Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye.
a.
spiny cells
b.
cornea cells
c.
bipolar cells
d.
ganglion cells
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
21. Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?
a.
the left half
b.
the right half
c.
the whole retina equally
d.
It depends of the wavelength.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
22. In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
a.
receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
b.
ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells
c.
receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
d.
bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
23. Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.
a.
receptors
b.
geniculate cells
c.
amacrine cells
d.
optic nerves
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
24. The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
a.
rods and cones
b.
bipolar cells
c.
horizontal cells
d.
ganglion cells
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
25. The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.
a.
blind spot
b.
fovea
c.
optic chiasm
d.
ganglion
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
26. Which statement characterizes the fovea?
a.
It has the greatest perception of detail.
b.
It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.
c.
It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.
d.
It has more rods than cones.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
27. If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?
a.
the optic nerve
b.
the fovea
c.
an area containing mostly rods
d.
the cornea
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Analyze
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
28. The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____.
a.
have no discernible fovea
b.
have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina
c.
have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina
d.
are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
29. In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____.
a.
straight to the brain
b.
immediately to ganglion cells within the retina
c.
to bipolar cells within the retina
d.
to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
30. Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?
a.
It is closest to the pupil.
b.
It surrounds the optic nerve.
c.
It has tightly packed receptors.
d.
It contains many blood vessels for supplying energy.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
31. Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?
a.
It is very sensitive to detail.
b.
It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
c.
It is not very sensitive to light.
d.
It is most sensitive to color, which helps to differentiate multiple objects clearly.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
32. In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.
a.
common toward the periphery of the retina
b.
sensitive to detail
c.
sensitive to dim light
d.
common in rodents and other nocturnal animals
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
33. ____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.
a.
Phototransmitters
b.
Photosins
c.
Photopigments
d.
Photoions
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
34. Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.
a.
opsins
b.
unstable proteins
c.
all-trans-retinal
d.
sodium
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
35. Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____.
a.
photo-optics
b.
photopigments
c.
opsins
d.
kestrels
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
36. In comparison to cones, rods ____.
a.
are more common toward the center of the retina
b.
are more sensitive to detail
c.
are more sensitive to dim light
d.
reach their peak firing levels slowly
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
37. Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.
a.
the periphery; the fovea
b.
red; blue
c.
vertebrates; invertebrates
d.
reading text; reading road signs
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Analyze
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
38. ____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.
a.
Retinol; photopigments
b.
Opsins; retinol
c.
Photopigments; opsins
d.
Opsins; photopigments
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
39. Peripheral vision mainly depends upon ____.
a.
the fovea
b.
cones
c.
rods
d.
just a few receptors
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
40. Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have ____.
a.
better peripheral vision
b.
larger blind spots
c.
a greater rod to cone ratio
d.
a greater cone to rod ratio
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
41. Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?
a.
Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil.
b.
The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors.
c.
More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
d.
Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
42. Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?
a.
cones only
b.
rods only
c.
both rods and cones
d.
horizontal and amacrine cells
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
43. According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.
a.
there are only three rods and three cones in each eye
b.
there are only three colors of light in the world
c.
rods are important for perception of light colors
d.
our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
44. According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?
a.
a different receptor for each color
b.
three kinds of cones
c.
a single receptor that produces different responses for each color
d.
the combined influences of rods and cones
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
45. According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.
a.
velocity of the action potential
b.
absolute activity of a single cone
c.
difference between cone and rod activity
d.
relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths
ANSWER:
d
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
46. The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision.
a.
CRT
b.
opponent process
c.
retinex
d.
trichromatic
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Analyze
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
47. At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.
a.
opponent process; volley
b.
volley; trichromatic
c.
opponent process; trichromatic
d.
trichromatic; opponent process
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Analyze
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
48. After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?
a.
Young-Helmholtz theory
b.
trichromatic theory
c.
opponent-process theory
d.
color-constancy theory
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
49. Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?
a.
retinex theory
b.
opponent-process theory
c.
trichromatic theory
d.
kodak theory
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
50. Color constancy is the ability to ____.
a.
perceive all wavelengths as the same color
b.
see color, even in very faint light
c.
differentiate among many colors and hues
d.
recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
51. Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.
a.
trichromatic
b.
opponent-process
c.
retinex
d.
constancy
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
52. According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.
a.
the relative activity of three kinds of cones
b.
contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
c.
a red vs. green system and a yellow vs. blue system
d.
detecting the velocity of action potentials from the eye
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
53. Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?
a.
trichromatic theory
b.
retinex theory
c.
opponent-process theory
d.
kodak theory
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Analyze
REFERENCES:
Color Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.
TOPICS:
5.1 Visual Coding
54. Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.
a.
blue; yellow
b.
green; blue
c.
red; green
d.
red; blue
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