Activatecard com au tsa

A Gift of Fire

This page intentionally left blank

A Gift of Fire Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing Technology

fourth edition

Sara Baase San Diego State University

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

Editorial Director Marcia Horton Executive Editor Tracy Johnson Associate Editor Carole Snyder Editorial Assistant Jenah Blitz-Stoehr Director of Marketing Christy Lesko Marketing Manager Yez Alayan Marketing Coordinator Kathryn Ferranti Director of Production Erin Gregg Managing Editor Jeff Holcomb Production Project Manager Kayla Smith-Tarbox Operations Supervisor Nick Skilitis Manufacturing Buyer Lisa McDowell Art Director Anthony Gemmellaro

Cover Designer Anthony Gemmellaro Manager, Visual Research Karen Sanatar Manager, Rights and Permissions Michael Joyce Text Permission Coordinator Danielle Simon Cover Art Crocodile Images/Glow Images,

Yuri Arcurs/AGE Fotostock Lead Media Project Manager Daniel Sandin Full-Service Project Management Windfall Software Composition Windfall Software Printer/Binder R.R. Donnelley Harrisonburg Cover Printer R.R. Donnelley Harrisonburg Text Font Adobe Garamond

Credits and acknowledgements. Excerpt from Mike Godwin speech: at Carnegie Mellon University, November 1994. Copyright © 1994 by Mike Godwin. Reprinted with permission. Excerpt from Jerrold H. Zar’s “Candidate for a Pullet Surprise”: from JOURNAL OF IRREPRODUCIBLE RESULTS, 39, no. 1 (Jan/Feb 1994). Copyright © 1994 Norman Sperling Publishing. Reprinted with permission. Excerpt from “Social and Legal Issues”: From INVITATION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE, 1E by Schneider/Gertsing. Copyright © 1995 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission. www.cengage.com/permissions. Appendix A.1: The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice. THE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE © 1999 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. and the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Reprinted by permission. Appendix A.2: The ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. ACM CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT. Copyright © 1999 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. and the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Reprinted by permission. Adi Kamdar Excerpt: Adi Kamdar, “EFF Denounces Flawed E-Verify Proposal That Would Trample on Worker Privacy,” July 1, 2011, www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/07/eff-denounces-flawede-verify-proposal, viewed July 31, 2011. Reprinted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attributions License. Calvin and Hobbes “today at school . . . ” cartoon © 1993 Watterson. Reprinted with permission of UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. All rights reserved. Calvin and Hobbes “what’s all the fuss about computers . . . ” cartoon © 1995 Watterson. Dist. By UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved. “Opus” cartoon used with the permission of Berkeley Breathed and the Cartoonist Group. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013, 2008, 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.

Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Baase, Sara. A gift of fire : social, legal, and ethical issues for computing technology / Sara Baase. — 4th ed.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-13-249267-6 1. Computers—Social aspects. 2. Computers—Moral and ethical aspects. 3. Internet—Social aspects.

4. Internet—Moral and ethical aspects. I. Title. QA76.9.C66B3 2013 303.48′34—dc23 2012020988

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-249267-9 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-249267-6

www.cengage.com/permissions
www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/07/eff-denounces-flawede-verify-proposal
To Keith, always

And to Michelle Nygord Matson (1959–2012)

For her love of life, learning, and adventure For her laughter, wisdom, and determination For her friendship

This page intentionally left blank

Contents

Preface xiii

Prologue 1

1 UNWRAPPING THE GIFT 3

1.1 The Pace of Change 4 1.2 Change and Unexpected Developments 6

1.2.1 Connections: Cellphones, Social Networking, and More 7 1.2.2 E-commerce and Free Stuff 15 1.2.3 Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Sensors, and Motion 17 1.2.4 Tools for Disabled People 21

1.3 Themes 23 1.4 Ethics 26

1.4.1 What Is Ethics, Anyway? 26 1.4.2 A Variety of Ethical Views 28 1.4.3 Some Important Distinctions 36 Exercises 40