Alt 92.3 not so silent night meetup december 2

1. Based on the reading (C)Donnelly, Burgess, Simonds, explain how each of the following theories view human sexuality: functionalism, conflict theory, and social constructionist theory. How do feminist theory and queer theory challenge the above theories? That is, how do feminist theory and queer theory approach human sexuality? Finally, what is intersectionality?

2. According to lecture but primarily the movie “Kinsey,” what was Kinsey’s background? That is, what was his training, what was he famous for studying before he started studying human sexuality? What prompted Kinsey to begin studying human sexuality? What was Kinsey’s research methodology, and how/why did he train his research team? What were Kinsey’s two publications, and what did they reveal about sex? How was each publication received by the general public? That is, how did people react to each of his books? Finally, based on lecture, explain what it means to practice good ethics when doing human sexuality research. Explain with examples from the reading (9)Brandt how the Tuskegee Syphilis Study committed huge ethical violations.

3. According to the reading (C)Alavi, what was this study’s methodology? In other words, what was Alavi studying? What were this study’s research findings? Give examples of how the dildos themselves as well as their packaging and descriptions reinforce racist stereotypes.

4. According to the reading (16)Simonds and Jungels, what are some limitations of children’s sex education books in their study? Specifically explain with examples how these books oversimplified differences between girls and boys as well as reinforced heterosexuality while making homosexuality seem deviant. According to the reading (20)Schalet, how do American vs Dutch parents (on average) differ in how they view teen sexuality? How does Schalet explain these differences?

5. Based on lecture as well as reading (2)Davis, explain what it means to be intersex. According to the reading, how are the outcomes for individuals who were put into surgeries as infants? Give examples. Finally, what is the difference between the terms DSD vs intersex, and who usually identifies with each term and why?

T H E S E X U A L I T Y A N D S O C I E T Y R E A D E R F I F T H E D I T I O N

M I N DY S TO M B L E R

DAW N M . B AU N AC H

E L I S A B E T H O . B U R G E S S

W E N DY S I M O N D S

E L R O I J . W I N D S O R

W . W . N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y

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Copyright © 2019, 2014 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Stombler, Mindy. Title: Sex matters : the sexuality and society reader / [edited by] Mindy Stombler [and four others]. Description: Fifth edition. | New York : W.W. Norton & Company, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018044515 | ISBN 9780393623581 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Sex—Social aspects. | Sex—Social aspects—United States. | Sex in popular culture—United States. | Sex customs—United States. Classification: LCC HQ16 .S46 2019 | DDC 306.70973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018044515

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W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

https://lccn.loc.gov/2018044515
In honor of those resisting attacks on sex education, the rights of sexual

minorities, evidence- based research on sexuality, procreative justice,

and access to medical services, who strive for a sex- positive

environment for us all.

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Preface XIII About the Contributors XIX

CHAPTER 1 Categorizing Sex 1 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Marysol Asencio 1

1 Are We Having Sex Now or What? Greta Christina 5 box: How Do Heterosexual Undergraduate Students Define Having Sex? Kelsey K. Sewell and Donald S. Strassberg 9

2 “Bringing Intersexy Back”? Intersexuals and Sexual Satisfaction Georgiann Davis 14

3 The Perils and Pleasures of Sex for Trans People Harper Jean Tobin 25

4 I Am Gay— But I Wasn’t Born This Way Brandon Ambrosino 32 box: Queer: Identity and Praxis Maura Ryan 37

5 Bud- Sex: Constructing Normative Masculinity among Rural Straight Men That Have Sex with Men Tony Silva 41 box: Bisexuality and Bi Identity PJ McGann 49

6 “Straight Girls Kissing”? Understanding Same- Gender Sexuality beyond the Elite College Campus Jamie Budnick 52 box: Sexual Orientation versus Behavior— Different for Men and Women? Eliza Brown and Paula England 60

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CHAPTER 2 Investigating Sexuality 65 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Mignon R. Moore 65

7 Alfred Kinsey and the Kinsey Report Vern L. Bullough 68

8 Large- Scale Sex: Methods, Challenges, and Findings of Nationally Representative Sex Research Amanda M. Jungels and Stacy Gorman Harmon 75 box: Doing It Differently: Women’s and Men’s Estimates of Their Number of Lifetime Sexual Partners Mindy Stombler and Dawn M. Baunach 85

9 Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Allan M. Brandt 87

10 Sexing Up the Subject: Methodological Nuances in Researching the Female Sex Industry Teela Sanders 99 box: Funding Sex Research Mindy Stombler and Amanda M. Jungels 107

CHAPTER 3 Representing Sex 111 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Joshua Gamson 111

11 Sexy Like a Girl and Horny Like a Boy: Contemporary Gay “Western” Narratives about Gay “Asian” Men C. Winter Han 115

12 What Teenagers Are Learning from Online Porn Maggie Jones 128 box: Virtual Reality Gets Naughty Alyson Krueger 139

13 Race and Masculinity in Gay Porn Desmond F. Goss 143

C O N T E N T S V I I

14 Out of Line: The Sexy Femmegimp Politics of Flaunting It! Loree Erickson 153

15 Constructing Victims: The Erasure of Women’s Resistance to Sexual Assault Jocelyn A. Hollander and Katie Rodgers 159

CHAPTER 4 Learning about Sex 169 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Jessica Fields 169

16 The Death of the Stork: Sex Education Resources for Children and Parents Wendy Simonds and Amanda M. Jungels 173 box: Sex- Positive Parenting, or We Don’t Touch Our Vulvas at the Table Lea Grover 190

17 Talking to Teens about Sex: Parent– Adolescent Communication about Sex and Sexuality Mona Malacane and Jonathon J. Beckmeyer 193 box: Let’s Talk about Sex: How Parents of Color Communicate with Teens Lauren Fannin 203

18 Conflicted Identification in the Sex Education Classroom Elizabeth A. Williams and Robin E. Jensen 207 box: The Case for Starting Sex Education in Kindergarten Saskia de Melker 218

19 LGBTQ Youth Need Inclusive Sex Education Human Rights Campaign, in collaboration with Advocates for Youth, Answer, GLSEN, Planned Parenthood Federation of America,

and the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the U.S. (SIECUS) 223 box: Disability and Sexuality Myth- Busting: Non- normative Sex Liberates Us All Bethany Stevens 230

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20 Sex, Love, and Autonomy in the Teenage Sleepover Amy T. Schalet 234

21 “Put Me In, Coach, I’m Ready to Play”: Sexuality Education for Adults at Good Vibrations Jessica A. Nodulman 240

CHAPTER 5 Sexual Bodies 253 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Leonore Tiefer 253

22 The G- Spot and Other Mysteries Elisabeth O. Burgess and Amy Palder 257

23 Female Genital Mutilation and Male Circumcision: Toward an Autonomy- Based Ethical Framework Brian D. Earp 262

24 The Politics of Acculturation: Female Genital Cutting Lisa Wade 277

25 “When There’s No Underbrush the Tree Looks Taller”: A Discourse Analysis of Men’s Online Groin Shaving Talk Matthew Hall 295

26 “Basically, It’s Sorcery for Your Vagina”: Unpacking Western Representations of Vaginal Steaming Tycho Vandenburg and Virginia Braun 307

27 Human Nature: On Fat Sexual Identity and Agency Cat Pausé 319

CHAPTER 6 Sexual Practices 327 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Michael Reece 327

28 The Pursuit of Sexual Pleasure B. J. Rye and Glenn J. Meaney 331 box: Teen Sex in the United States Chris M. Vidmar 342

29 God’s Case for Sex Orit Avishai and Kelsy Burke 346

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30 A Qualitative Exploration of the “Coming Out” Process for Asexual Individuals Nicolette Zangari, Kathryn Graff Low, and Anna N. Query 352

31 Adventures with the “Plastic Man”: Sex Toys, Compulsory Heterosexuality, and the Politics of Women’s Sexual Pleasure Breanne Fahs and Eric Swank 363 box: Grandma Does WHAT!?: Perceptions about Older Adults and Sex Christina Barmon, Alexis A. Bender, and Elisabeth O. Burgess 379

32 A Sexual Culture for Disabled People Tobin Siebers 383

33 Becoming a Practitioner: The Biopolitics of BDSM Margot Weiss 393

34 The Privilege of Perversities: Race, Class, and Education among Polyamorists and Kinksters Elisabeth Sheff and Corie J. Hammers 402

CHAPTER 7 Sexual Health 419 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Héctor Carrillo 419

35 Secondary Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Treating the Couple and Community Adam Sonfield 423 box: STDs at Record High Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 427

36 Venereal Disease: Sin versus Science Elizabeth Fee 430 box: HIV among People Aged 50 and Over Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 439

37 Damaged Goods: Women Managing the Stigma of STDs Adina Nack 441 box: HPV and Vaccines Evelina Sterling and Wendy Simonds 450

38 “Proper Sex without Annoying Things”: Anti- condom Discourse and the “Nature” of (Hetero)sex Virginia Braun 455

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39 PrEP for HIV Prevention: Community Controversy and Generational Sexualities Griff Tester and Jennifer Rosen 464

40 America’s Hidden HIV Epidemic Linda Villarosa 477

CHAPTER 8 Social Control 487 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Amin Ghaziani 487

41 The New Pariahs: Sex, Crime, and Punishment in America Roger N. Lancaster 491 box: Too Young to Consent? Elizabeth Cavalier and Elisabeth O. Burgess 500

42 Sick Sex Elroi J. Windsor 505

43 Birthright: A History of Planned Parenthood Jill Lepore 515 box: From Contraception to Abortion: A Moral Continuum Wendy Simonds 521 box: Choice or Coercion? Abortion and Black Women Zakiya Luna 524

44 No Brokeback for Black Men: Pathologizing Black Male (Homo)sexuality through Down Low Discourse C. Winter Han 529

45 Unequal Pleasures Lisa Wade 542

46 “How You Bully a Girl”: Sexual Drama and the Negotiation of Gendered Sexuality in High School Sarah A. Miller 548

47 Out in the Country Mary L. Gray 564 box: LGBTQ Politics in America: An Abbreviated History Marik Xavier- Brier and Chet Meeks 573

48 “How Could You Do This to Me?” How Lesbian, Bisexual, and Queer Latinas Negotiate Sexual Identity with Their Families Katie Acosta 577

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CHAPTER 9 Sexual Violence 585 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Kevin Swartout 585

49 “I Wasn’t Raped, but . . .”: Revisiting Definitional Problems in Sexual Victimization Nicola Gavey 590

50 Rampant or Rare? The Conundrum of Quantifying Rape and Sexual Assault on College Campuses and Beyond Megan M. Tesene 601 box: I Was Raped by a Woman Caroline Catlin 612

51 The Rape- Prone Culture of Academic Contexts: Fraternities and Athletics Patricia Yancey Martin 614 box: Sexual Coercion among Athletes Jake New 619

52 The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer 622

53 Everything You Need to Know about Consent That You Never Learned in Sex Ed Zhana Vrangalova 636 box: Sex Workers Don’t Deserve to Be Raped Jillian Keenan 639

54 Rape and War: Fighting Men and Comfort Women Joane Nagel 643

CHAPTER 10 Commercial Sex 653 Spotlight on ReSeaRch: An Interview with Kari Lerum 653

55 What Male- for- Male Internet Escorts Say about What They Do Kevin Walby 657

56 Can We “Cure” the Men Who Pay for Sex? Brooke Jarvis 665 box: Strip Clubs and Their Regulars Katherine Frank 671

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57 Overcome: The Money Shot in Pornography and Prostitution Lisa Jean Moore 674

58 Autonomy and Consent in Sex Work Kimberly Kay Hoang 685

59 Performing without a Net? Safer Sex in Porn Wendy Chapkis 693

Sex Matters: Future Visions for a Sex- Positive Society Elroi J. Windsor, Jasmine Suryawan, and Elisabeth O. Burgess 703

Index 713

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P R E FA C E

to worry about others’ reactions? Can you imagine how dating someone of the same sex might be beneficial to you?

• Imagine that an evening of partying ends in an unplanned “ one- night stand.” You or your partner becomes pregnant. Would you see the pregnancy as something to celebrate? To ignore? To hide? To terminate? Would your family and friends share your feelings? Would their reaction be the same if you were 15 or you were 45? What if your partner were much older or younger than you? Or of a dif- ferent race, ethnicity, or religion?

• Imagine that you’ve made a careful decision to refrain from sexual activity. Which cir- cumstances might compel such a decision? Would it be hard to maintain your resolve? Or imagine, by contrast, that you’ve sought out as much sexual activity as you can find. Either way, who would support your deci- sion to be celibate or sexually adventurous? Who might challenge it? How would these responses be different, depending on your age, gender, or social status?

SEXUALITY AND SOCIETY

If you vary the time, place, or cultural setting of the scenarios, you’ll find that your feelings, the decisions you would make, and the reactions of those around you will probably change. These variations occur because the social norms gov- erning sexual behavior are continually in flux. Other social factors, such as your religious beliefs, level of education, economic status, ethnicity, gender, and age, influence sexual activity and its meaning. All of the following are influenced by society: what counts as a sex

We live in a sex- saturated society. We hear of sex drive, sex toys, sex machines, sex slaves, sex scandals, sex gods, sex crimes, and sexaholics. Sex per- meates every aspect of our lives from advertis- ing to politics to our relationships with others. Yet we rarely consider the historical, legal, and sociocultural contexts of sexuality. Many people take the current state of sexual atti- tudes and practices in our society for granted, as if they are natural and thus unchangeable. Understanding contemporary sexual matters requires considering how sexuality varies across time and place and how it is modeled, molded, and even manipulated by those around us. Consider, for instance, the influence of social contexts as you read the following scenarios:

• Imagine that you’ve chosen to have sex for the first time. How would you know what to do? How would you plan on pleasing your partner? Yourself? Would you turn for guid- ance to books or magazines, pornography, websites on the internet, or the wall of the public bathroom? What makes you excited? Nervous? Would you practice safe sex?

• Imagine that you and your partner do things together that you’ve never heard about before but that make you feel transported, ecstatic, or orgasmic. Or imagine you feel nothing much during your encounters, or that you feel disgusted, or that you’re not even sure if you have “had sex.” Imagine that you want to stop but your partner won’t. What would you do? Whom would you tell?

• Imagine that you and your partner are the same sex. Would you feel comfortable show- ing affection in public? Can you imagine a cultural context in which you wouldn’t have

X I V P R E FAC E

all its forms, regardless of actors, can be ben- eficial. We have selected pieces that historicize and thus challenge the cultural stigmatization and marginalization of some sexualities and the valorization of others. To us, part of sex- positivity means, for example, promoting the pursuit of sexual pleasure and not centering sex education around danger and disease. To be sex- positive is to recognize that sex can be enriching and to affirm that sex matters.

Each of our chapters highlights the dual themes of social construction and social con- trol. In other words, society— composed of social institutions and the individuals within them— constructs our understanding of sexual- ity and influences our behaviors, attitudes, and sexual identities. The readings illustrate that some social institutions and some members of society have more power to control and define a society’s sexual agenda than others. At the same time, social control is usually met with social resistance, and we offer readings that feature examples of successful individual and cultural resistance to societal expectations and oppression.

Chapter 1, “Categorizing Sex,” explores how society constructs and socially controls sexual categories. We challenge readers to question what should count as having sex, a topic with wide- ranging legal and health implications. Readings on intersex and transgender sexuali- ties encourage us to consider the viability of our current categories of “male” and “female,” and “man” and “woman,” and how these con- structions affect sexual behaviors and sexual identities. Other readings question current methods of categorizing sexual orientation and sexual identity. What does it mean to be straight, gay, lesbian, queer, or bisexual? Is sex- ual identity a matter of behavior, erotic attrac- tion, or self- definition, and do these categories always align with one another? What role does community or politics play in the construction of our sexual identities? In what ways are sex

act, how often we have sex, what is considered erotic, where we have sex, the age when we begin having sex, with whom we have sex, what we do when we are having sex, how often we desire sex, our reasons for having or avoiding sex, whether we pay others or get paid for sex, and how we define consensual sex. Although often characterized as a purely biological and often uncontrollable phenomenon, sex is, in fact, social. The readings we have selected por- tray sex as a social issue influenced by culture, politics, economics, media, education, medi- cine, law, family, and friends.

SEX MATTERS

Our title reflects the content of the book in two ways. First, we have included research articles and essays on a variety of sexual matters. Sec- ond, the title supports our assertion that sex, and the study of sexuality, matters. There is much to learn about sexuality. Despite the prevalence of sexual matters in public life and the media, as well as their private significance, scholars researching sexuality often have dif- ficulty getting institutional and financial sup- port. Many funding agencies, politicians, and even academics do not take sexuality seriously.

Yet the study of sexuality is burgeoning, as evidenced by the proliferation of courses on sexuality in colleges and universities through- out the United States. This book applies social theory and methods to the study of sexuality. The Spotlight on Research feature, which pro- files the work of sex researchers, enhances the empirical focus in each chapter. Each of these interviews echoes the fact that sex really does matter.

THEMES OF THIS BOOK

This book is designed to promote sex- positivity and to provide an opportunity for students to reflect on the ways that contexts affect sexual meanings. We believe that consensual sex, in

and where we’re going. Cultural texts docu- ment how racism, misogyny, and homophobia circulate in public discourses on sexuality. The critical perspectives presented in the readings demonstrate the varieties of possible interpreta- tions of various representations.

Chapter 4, “Learning about Sex,” examines the messages about sexuality people receive and how they engage with the meanings of these messages. Youth (ranging from young children to older teenagers) confront a variety of sex information— and misinformation— that informs their sexual attitudes and behaviors. The readings in this chapter explore the differ- ent messages youth encounter in media, school, and family contexts. Across cultures, race groups, and genders, youth are taught rather differently about sex, based on assumptions about their capacities to act as autonomous sexual beings. Across the board, sex education in the United States, as reported by educa- tors, parents, and students, has room for much improvement, lacking sex- positive messaging, failing to be inclusive of LGBTQ and disabled sexual needs and experiences. As active con- sumers of messages, youth make sense of sexu- ality meanings in ways that vary across gender, race, class, and sexual identity. And as lifelong learners, adults continue to learn from formal sex education and less formal contexts across the life course.

Chapter 5, “Sexual Bodies,” addresses how we eroticize bodies, body parts, and bodily functions and explores how notions of the erotic can affect the way we feel about our bodies. Societal discourse both celebrates and stigmatizes the body and its functions. What is sexy about a person’s body? Most people can come up with distinct body types or features that are appealing or unappealing to them. Yet ideas about what is sexy and what is not are cul- turally constructed. For example, some people groom their genitals to craft “sexier” bodies using methods that are just recently becoming

and sexuality more fluid, and is this fluidity consistent across gender and other social cat- egories? Although existing categories can be helpful for understanding commonalities, they also collapse a wide variety of experiences and feelings into inflexible and essentialized divi- sions. As the readings show, sexual categories vary across societies, cultures, and time.

Chapter 2, “Investigating Sexuality,” presents historical and contemporary sex research and considers ethical, political, and method ological issues involved in conducting sex research. The readings introduce the unique challenges and rewards of conducting sex research. The associ- ation of sex with privacy creates a level of anxi- ety and reluctance among would- be research participants that is unmatched in other areas of research. For example, the cultural unwill- ingness to see adolescents as sexual beings discourages parents from allowing minors to participate in sex research, yet adolescents report benefiting from participating in sex research. Chapter 2 also illustrates the effect of researcher bias and how, for example, racist ideologies guiding research have resulted, his- torically, in serious harm to minority popula- tions. Differing religious teachings on sexuality add to the controversial nature of sex research. The protest efforts of fundamentalist religious groups have successfully limited governmental support of art, health, and research programs that involve sexuality.

Chapter 3, “Representing Sex,” presents a variety of interpretations of the ways that U.S. culture depicts sexualities and sexual activities. For example, media (books, songs, magazines, videos, internet imagery, etc.) both reflect and create ideas about sexuality. Cul- tural representations of sexuality affect viewers or readers in a variety of ways by telling power- ful stories about appropriate sexual activity and what happens to individuals who deviate from cultural expectations. Cultural representations tell us about who we are, where we’ve been,

P R E FAC E X V

disease and received little attention. In spite of intense efforts by queer activists, AIDS was considered a national emergency in the United States only when it began infecting white, middle- class, heterosexual Americans. Regard- less of the manageability of sexually trans- mitted infections (as with the vaccine against many strains of HPV or the prophylactic use of PrEP to avoid HIV infection), fears associated with them continue to be a powerful tool in the control of sexuality.

Chapter 8, “Social Control,” illustrates how sexuality is managed and directed by forces both internal and external to individuals. Whereas much research on sexuality empha- sizes individual responsibility, in this section we explore the structural factors that influence sexual attitudes and behaviors. Social institu- tions such as family, law, and medicine control sexual behavior through systems of rewards and punishments. Interpersonal interactions further constrain sexual choices through means such as harassment and labeling. This chapter explores how the mechanisms of social control are often turned against certain groups and how the social control of sexuality is a powerful weapon of oppression. Some selections high- light how social control is a two- way street, with the forces of control and resistance in con- stant conflict.

Although people like to think of sex as an intimate— and ideally pleasant— activity, it can be used as a weapon of violence and control to humiliate, degrade, and hurt. The readings in Chapter 9, “Sexual Violence,” illustrate the complexities of defining rape and rape victim- ization. They deal with various types of sexual assault, rape of sex workers, date or acquain- tance rape, the rape of men, rape on campus, rape during war, and nuances of giving con- sent to sexual activities. The articles presented in this section also illustrate the diversity of sexual violence and the sociocultural contexts that support this violence. Although women

popular. Others have surgeries to change their bodies, challenging norms about bodily func- tion and sexuality. Cultural constructions of the sexual body also function as a form of social control— shaping how we feel about our own bodies, framing our interactions with others, and even forcing us to manipulate our bodies to meet cultural expectations. The articles in this chapter explore many traditional ideas about sexuality that emphasize the gendered nature of sexual bodies.

Chapter 6, “Sexual Practices,” examines how people behave sexually. As you read the articles in this section, think about how social norms, laws, religion, media, families, friends, and partners influence our sexuality and shape our behavior. From the absence of sexual desire to the interest in kink play, human sexuality is tremendously diverse. Although how we enact our sexuality varies immensely, these readings demonstrate what can happen when we vary from expected and accepted ways of acting sexually. Finally, these articles also remind us that the ways we enact sexual behaviors pro- foundly impact social relationships across the life course.

Chapter 7, “Sexual Health,” illustrates how society treats sexual health and sexually trans- mitted infections (STIs, also commonly called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs) quite differently from other forms of health and dis- ease. STIs are the only major group of diseases categorized by their method of transmission, rather than by their symptoms or the parts of the body they affect. People infected with STIs are stigmatized, creating a shield of secrecy in which some people deny to themselves that they have an STI, fail to tell their partners, and avoid seeking treatment. The stigma and perceptions of risk surrounding STIs affect the resources that the government and medi- cal agencies opt to dedicate to public sexual health. For example, when AIDS was first discovered, it was seen as a “gay” or “African”

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P R E FAC E X V I I

staff has worked incredibly hard to publish this edition in record time with white- glove service. We love a publisher that works hard and plays hard (and we enjoy being included in both)!

We are grateful to the researchers and schol- ars who took time out of their busy schedules to be interviewed for the Spotlight on Research features. Their dedication to the field of sex research, their humor in the face of monetary and political challenges, and their willingness to share personal experiences make us opti- mistic about the future of sex research. We want to thank the authors who wrote original pieces for the fifth edition. Their contributions make the book bigger and better (not that size matters . . .).

We received crucial assistance from Leanna Greenwood, Samantha Howat, and Sierra Nicely at Georgia State University, and Jayme Mendez at Salem College. Special thanks to librarians extraordinaire Mandy Swygart- Hobaugh, who assisted with our obscure search requests, and Laura Carscaddon, who held books hostage on our behalf.

Thanks to our families and friends for their encouragement and support. In particu- lar, Mindy would like to thank her son, Moey Rojas, for his independence, allowing her to focus on book work; her parents, Lynne and Milton Stombler, for their seemingly unend- ing support; and her partner, Nate Steiner, for being a mensch in every way. Dawn thanks Jeff Mullis and their four cats. Wendy thanks Jake Simonds- Malamud, Ben Simonds- Malamud, Gregg Rice, Hinky Simonds (RIP), and Puff Simonds for their sweetness. Elroi thanks Aly, Avie, and Izzy Windsor for being a fantastic family. Elisabeth appreciates the support of Leila Burgess- Kattoula, Ehsan Kattoula, and the rest of her family and friends.

This book would not have been possible without our dedicated and discerning under- graduate and graduate students. We appreciate

are the primary targets of sexual violence, no group is exempt. Sexual violence cuts across all social categories. This chapter also questions assumptions about what counts as sexual vio- lence when consent is not clearly defined. The articles presented here contain graphic and sometimes upsetting or shocking information; it is our hope that readers will not simply be overwhelmed, but will learn how sexual vio- lence is prevalent in our culture as a form of social control and how it is “structured” into our society in a myriad of ways. With knowl- edge, we can work more effectively for change.

Chapter 10, “Commercial Sex,” explores the commodification of sexuality. Despite numer- ous laws regulating the sale of sexual services, commercial sex continues to be both a profit- able business and a source of abuse. We address the tensions between the freedom to express sexuality through commercial avenues and the exploitation and control of sexuality through its sale. The readings examine who profits finan- cially from the sex industry, who works in the sex industry and their working conditions, who consumes its products, and attempts to stem that consumption.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Revising this book for the fifth edition was a challenging yet rewarding experience. We would like to thank our editor, Sasha Levitt, for her patience and unparalleled flexibility, as well as project editors Sujin Hong and Diane Cipollone and assistant editor Erika Nakagawa. Other wonderful Norton team members included Elizabeth Trammell, permissions manager; Stephen Sajdak, production man- ager; Rubina Yeh, design director; Julia Hall, marketing manager; Eileen Connell, media editor; Ariel Eaton, associate media editor; Travis Carr, photo editor; Harry Haskell, copyeditor; Carol Sawyer, proofreader; and Heather Dubnick, indexer. The W. W. Norton

as the team’s “dominatrix,” and the constant mutual support among all team members, cre- ating this book often felt more like fun than work. We hope you have as much fun reading this book as we had putting it together.

them for letting us know their favorite read- ings, for fearlessly voicing their opinions, and for asking tough questions.

This project is truly an example of collab- orative feminist work. With Mindy Stombler

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A B O U T T H E C O N T R I B U T O R S

tion at Work: Ideology and Practice in a Feminist Clinic; Women and Self- Help Culture: Reading between the Lines; and co- author of Centuries of Solace: Expressions of Maternal Grief in Popu- lar Literature and Laboring On: Birth in Transi- tion in the U.S. She is currently doing research on affirmative action policies and programs on U.S. college and university campuses.

Elroi J. Windsor is an associate professor and chair of the Department of Sociology at the University of West Georgia. Windsor’s teaching and research interests include gender, sexual- ity, and embodiment. Windsor’s past research focused on the disparate regulation of transgen- der and cisgender consumers of surgical body modification. Currently, Windsor is writing a book about health care providers who work with body parts and dead bodies and co- editing Male Femininities with Dana Berkowitz and C. Winter Han (New York University Press).

CONTRIBUTORS

Katie Acosta is an associate professor of soci- ology at Georgia State University.

Brandon Ambrosino is a PhD student in theology and ethics at Villanova University.

Orit Avishai is an associate professor of soci- ology and the co- director of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Fordham University.

Christina Barmon is an assistant profes- sor of sociology at Central Connecticut State University.

Jonathon J. Beckmeyer is an assistant pro- fessor in the School of Public Health at Indiana University.

THE EDITORS

Mindy Stombler is a principal senior lecturer of sociology at Georgia State University. Her past research has focused on the production of sexual collective identities. For example, she explored how men in gay fraternities negoti- ated their dual identities of being gay and being Greek and how they reproduced hegemonic masculinity. Her current research focuses on power relations and oral sex as well as a vari- ety of pedagogical issues. She is also co- editor with Amanda M. Jungels of Focus on Social Problems: A Contemporary Reader (Oxford Uni- versity Press).

Dawn M. Baunach is the chair of the Depart- ment of Sociology and Criminal Justice and a professor of sociology at Kennesaw State Uni- versity. Her research interests include sexuality and gender inequalities, statistics and method- ologies, social demography, and the sociology of food. She is currently studying various sex- ual attitudes and behaviors, including same- sex marriage, sexual prejudices, sexual disclosure, and bullying.

Elisabeth O. Burgess is the director of the Gerontology Institute and a professor of geron- tology and sociology at Georgia State Univer- sity. Her research interests focus on changes in intimate relations over the life course, includ- ing involuntary celibacy, sexuality and aging, and intergenerational relationships. In addi- tion, she writes on theories of aging and atti- tudes toward older adults.

Wendy Simonds is a professor of sociology and gerontology at Georgia State Univer- sity. She is the author of Hospital Land USA: Sociological Adventures in Medicalization; Abor-

X X A B O U T T H E C O N T R I B U TO R S

Brian D. Earp is associate director of the Yale- Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy at Yale University and the Hastings Center, as well as a research fellow in the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at the University of Oxford.