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What is Where, Why it’s There, and Why Do We Care? The “fundamental question” of geography is “why is what where, and so what?

GEO 210- Chapter 1 – Content Review I encourage you to answer these questions as you read the text and watch / listen to the lecture video Key Questions & Learning Checks & Learning Review • How do geographers study the world? Studying the World Geographically “Geography doesn’t have its own body of facts or objects that only geographers study.” Instead, the field’s “interest in interrelationships” helps geographers “bridge the academic gap between natural science and social science . . . in an intricate web of geographic relationships.” In your own words, explain why physical geographers are interested in the broad themes of “global environmental change” and “globalization, ” and identify examples of how the “Elements of Geography” in Figure 1-1 are interrelated in these themes. global environmental change globalization What is Where, Why it’s There, and Why Do We Care? The “fundamental question” of geography is “why is what where, and so what?” (or the way I like to say it “what is where, why it’s there, and why we care?”) The map to the right shows daily average small particulate matter concentration, which is a common measure of air quality. (view a larger version at the original source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/23/air-pollution-isgetting-worse-data-show-more-people-are-dying/ WHAT WHERE?: Use good relative location language to describe WHERE air quality is good (blue) and WHERE it is bad (red) WHY THERE?: What else do you know about the U.S. that might explain this pattern of good and bad air quality? WHY CARE?: Why might it matter that air quality is better in some places and worse in some places? The Process of Science: The term scientific “theory” is often misunderstood by the general public. The book refers to the “theory” that continents move over time, and how many scientists were skeptical that this could be the case until the process of science over a long period of time accumulated enough evidence to convince these skeptics they were wrong and that continental drift “theory” is, in fact, correct. Why is the term “theory” sometimes misunderstood by the general public? Scientific Method in GeographyIn lecture, I gave an example of what the steps in the scientific method on page 6 look like in geography with the example of a March 2020 study using cell phone data to track the average mobility of people by state across the U.S. and then comparing those data with Coronavirus infection rates from early lmarch to late march to test the theory that the virus is spread through human contact. In the table below, summarize he steps in the scientific method for this example. Scientific Method: The Coronavirus Spread Example 1. Observe phenomena that simulate a question or problem: Observation: Question: 2. Offer an educated guess—a hypothesis—about the answer 3, Design an experiment to test the hypothesis 4. Predict the outcome of the experiment if the hypothesis is supported and if the hypothesis is not supported 5. Conduct the experiment and observe what actually happens: Change in Average Mobility March 1 – 30 2020 Coronavirus Infection Rates by State, March 27, 2020 View the larger map at: https://www.unacast.com/post/the-unacast-social-distancing-scoreboard View the larger map at: https://nypost.com/2020/03/27/maps-of-three-fridays-show-speed-ofcoronavirus-spread-across-us/ RESULT: Is the hypothesis supported (“supported/ not supported” Explain the GEOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE from the experiment that supports this conclusion 6. Draw a conclusion or formulate a simple generalized “rule” based on the results of the experiment How could the results of this study help lead to the public’s misunderstanding of the term “theory”, and more broadly, to distrust scientists and science? Misunderstanding of scientific theory Distrust of scientists and science • How do we make sense of different environments on Earth Earth’s Environmental Spheres Briefly define each of the following Spheres of Earth lithosphere atmosphere hydrosphere cryosphere biosphere The Spheres of Earth Earth Systems: The book uses a glacier as an example of an “open” environmental system. Briefly explain each of the terms in the table below using the example from the glacier system closed system vs. open system inputs Components of Earth Systems outputs energy interchange equilibrium latent heat interconnected system feedback loop positive feedback negative feedback tipping point/ threshold