Human Resource Management
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Human Resource Management
T H I R T E E N T H E D I T I O N
ROBERT L. MATHIS University of Nebraska at Omaha
JOHN H. JACKSON University of Wyoming
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Human Resource Management, 13th Edition Robert L. Mathis John H. Jackson
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D e d i c a t i o n s
TO
Jo Ann Mathis for managing efforts on this book, and
Julie Foster and Lee Skoda as key supporters.
R. D. and M. M. Jackson, who were successful managers of people for many years
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C o n t e n t s i n B r i e f
Preface xxv
S E C T I O N 1 Environment of Human Resource Management 1
Chapter 1 Human Resource Management in Organizations 2 Chapter 2 Strategic HR Management and Planning 36 Chapter 3 Equal Employment Opportunity 72
S E C T I O N 2 Jobs and Labor 107
Chapter 4 Workers, Jobs, and Job Analysis 108 Chapter 5 Human Resource Planning and Retention 144 Chapter 6 Recruiting and Labor Markets 176 Chapter 7 Selecting Human Resources 212
S E C T I O N 3 Training and Development 247
Chapter 8 Training Human Resources 248 Chapter 9 Talent Management 282 Chapter 10 Performance Management and Appraisal 318
S E C T I O N 4 Compensation 357
Chapter 11 Total Rewards and Compensation 358 Chapter 12 Incentive Plans and Executive Compensation 394 Chapter 13 Managing Employee Benefits 424
S E C T I O N 5 Employee Relations 465
Chapter 14 Risk Management and Worker Protection 466 Chapter 15 Employee Rights and Responsibilities 502 Chapter 16 Union/Management Relations 538
Appendices 575
Appendix A Human Resource Certification Institute: PHR and SPHR Test Specifications 575 Appendix B HR Management Resources 581 Appendix C Major Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Regulations 585 Appendix D Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection 587
vii
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viii CONTENTS IN BRIEF
Appendix E EEO Enforcement 591 Appendix F Preemployment Inquiries 595 Appendix G Sample HR-Related Job Descriptions 599
Glossary 601 Author Index 609 Subject Index 615
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ix
ix
C o n t e n t s
S E C T I O N 1
Environment of Human Resource Management 1
C H A P T E R 1
Human Resource Management in Organizations 2
HR Headline: The Challenges and Crises Facing HR Management 3
Human Resources as Organizational Core Competency 4
Human Capital and HR 5 HR Functions 5
HR Management’s Contributing Role 7
Organizational Culture and HR 7 Organizational Productivity 9 Social Responsibilities and HR 10
HR Perspective: “Growing Green” in HR 11
Customer Service and Quality Linked to HR 11 Employee Engagement and HR Culture 12
Organizational Ethics and HR Management 12
Ethical Behavior and Organizational Culture 13
HR Best Practices: Cisco Makes Global Ethics Important and Fun 14
Ethics and Global Differences 14 HR’s Role in Organizational Ethics 15
Current and Future HR Management Challenges 16
Organizational Cost Pressures and Restructuring 16 Economics and Job Changes 16 Globalization of Organizations and HR 19 Workforce Demographics and Diversity 20 HR Technology 21
HR Online: Wikis, Blogs, Twitters, and HR 22
Measuring HR Impact through Metrics 23
Managing HR in Organizations 23
Smaller Organizations and HR Management 23 HR Cooperation with Operating and Line Managers 24 How HR Is Seen in Organizations 24
HR Management Roles 25
Administrative Role of HR 26 Operational and Employee Advocate Role for HR 27 Strategic Role for HR 27
HR Management Competencies and Careers 28
HR Competencies 28 HR Management as a Career Field 28 HR Professionalism and Certification 29
Preface xxv
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x CONTENTS
Summary 31
Critical Thinking Activities 32
HR Experiential Problem Solving 32
Case: HR, Culture, and Business Results Success at Google, Scripps, and UPS 33
Supplemental Cases: Phillips Furniture; Sysco 34
Notes 34
C H A P T E R 2
Strategic HR Management and Planning 36
HR Headline: Strategic Utilization of Talent Benefits Health Care Organization 37
Strategic Planning 38
Strategy Formulation 39
HR as Organizational Contributor 41
High-Performance Work Practices 42 HR Effectiveness and Financial Performance 43
Environmental Analysis 43
HR Perspective: Numbers Add Up for IBM 44
Internal Environmental Analysis 44 External Environmental Analysis 45
HR Best Practices: NASA Launches Workforce Realignment 47
Global Competitiveness and Strategic HR 48
Global Framework 48 Global Legal and Regulatory Factors 48 Offshoring 49
Global Staffing 49
HR Planning in Mergers and Acquisitions 50
Before the Deal 50 During Integration 51 Post Integration 52
HR Perspective: Dow’s Formula for Successful Acquisitions 52
Strategic Challenges 53
Managing a Talent Surplus 54 Legal Considerations for Workforce Reductions 55 Managing a Talent Shortage 56
Technology Challenges 57
Effects on Work and Organizations 57 Effects on Communication 58
HR Perspective: Verizon Engages Employees via Web Portal 59
Effects on Work Processes 59 Effects on HR Activities 60
Measuring Effectiveness of HR Initiatives 61
HR Metrics 61 HR and Benchmarking 63 HR and the Balanced Scorecard 63 Human Capital Effectiveness Measures 64 HR Audit 66
Summary 66
Critical Thinking Activities 67
HR Experiential Problem Solving 67
Case: Pioneers in HR Analytics 68
Supplemental Cases: Where Do You Find the Bodies?; Xerox 69
Notes 69
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CONTENTS xi
C H A P T E R 3
Equal Employment Opportunity 72
HR Headline: Sexual Harassment at the United Nations 73
Nature of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) 74
Disparate Treatment 75 Disparate Impact 75 Equal Employment Opportunity Concepts 76 Progressing Toward Equal Employment Opportunity 77
HR Perspective: “Officer Dirt” 78
Race/Ethnic/National Origin 78
Civil Rights Act 1964, Title VII 78 Executive Orders 11246, 11375, and 11478 79 Civil Rights Act 1991 79 Managing Racial and National Origin Issues 79 Affirmative Action 80 Managing Affirmative Action Requirements 81
Sex/Gender Discrimination Laws and Regulations 82
Pregnancy Discrimination 82 Equal Pay and Pay Equity 83 Sexual Harassment 83 Managing Sex/Gender Issues 84 Individuals with Differing Sexual Orientations 86 Nepotism 86 Consensual Relationships and Romance at Work 86 Dealing with Sexual Harassment 87 Types of Sexual Harassment 88 Employer Responses to Sexual Harassment 88 Harassment Likelihood 89
Individuals with Disabilities 90
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 90
Who Is Disabled? 90 Genetic Bias Regulations 91 Managing Disabilities in the Workforce 92
HR On-the-Job: ADA and Employment Questions 93
Age and Equal Employment Opportunity 94
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) 95 Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA) 95 Managing Age Discrimination 95
Religion and Spirituality in the Workplace 96
Managing Religious Diversity 96
Managing Other Discrimination Issues 97
Immigration Reform and Control Acts (IRCA) 97 Language Issues 98 Military Status and USERRA 98 Sexual Orientation 99 Appearance and Weight Discrimination 99
HR Perspective: Discrimination against “Caregivers” 100
Family Responsibility Discrimination (FRD) 100
Diversity Training 100
Components of Traditional Diversity Training 101 Mixed Results for Diversity Training 101 Backlash against Diversity Training Efforts 101
Summary 102
Critical Thinking Activities 102
HR Experiential Problem Solving 103
Case: Religious Accommodation? 103
Supplemental Cases: Keep on Trucking; Mitsubishi Believes in EEO—Now 104
Notes 104
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xii CONTENTS
C H A P T E R 4
Workers, Jobs, and Job Analysis 108
HR Headline: Work-Life Balancing 109
Workforce Composition 110
Business Contribution of Diverse Workers 110 Race and Ethnicity 111
HR Best Practices: Resolving Language Barriers Pays Off 112
Generational Differences 113 Gender Workforce Diversity 113
Nature of Jobs and Work 114
Work Flow Analysis 114
Job Design 116
Workers and Job Design 117 Common Approaches to Job Design 118 Characteristics of Jobs 118 Using Worker Teams in Jobs 119
Jobs and Work Scheduling 121
Telework 121 Work Schedule Alternatives 122
HR Perspective: Global Work Schedule Differences 123
Work Flexibility and Scheduling 124
Job Analysis 124
Purposes of Job Analysis 125 Job Analysis Responsibilities 126 Task-Based Job Analysis 126 Competency-Based Job Analysis 127
Implementing Job Analysis 128
Planning the Job Analysis 128
Preparing for and Introducing the Job Analysis 129 Conducting the Job Analysis 129 Developing Job Descriptions and Job Specifications 129 Maintaining and Updating Job Descriptions and Job Specifications 129
Job Analysis Methods 129
Observation 130 Interviewing 130 Questionnaires 130 Computerized Job Analysis Systems 131 Combination Methods 131
HR Online: O*Net Resources for Employers 132
Job Analysis and O*Net 132
Behavioral and Legal Aspects of Job Analysis 133
Current Incumbent Emphasis 133 “Inflation” of Jobs and Job Titles 133 Employee and Managerial Anxieties 133 Legal Aspects of Job Analysis 134
Job Descriptions and Job Specifications 135
HR On-The-Job: Writing Job Descriptions 136
Job Descriptions 136 Job Specifications 136 Performance Standards 136 Job Description Components 137
Summary 139
Critical Thinking Activities 139
HR Experiential Problem Solving 139
Case: ROWE and Flexible Work and Success at Best Buy 140
Supplemental Cases: The Reluctant Receptionist; Jobs and Work at R.R. Donnelley 141
Notes 141
S E C T I O N 2
Jobs and Labor 107
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CONTENTS xiii
C H A P T E R 5
Human Resource Planning and Retention 144
HR Headline: Need More Workers? 145
Human Resource Planning 146
Organizational Size and HR Planning 146
HR Best Practices: Effective HR Planning for Workforce Future 147
HR Planning Process 147
Assessing the External Workforce 148
Economic and Governmental Factors 149 Competitive Evaluations 149 Changing Workforce Considerations 149
Assessing the Internal Workforce 150
Current and Future Jobs Audit 150 Employee and Organizational Capabilities Inventory 150
HR Online: Technology Expanding Employee Skills Database 151
Forecasting HR Supply and Demand 152
Forecasting Methods and Periods 152 Forecasting the Demand for Human Resources 153 Forecasting the Supply of Human Resources 153
Individual Workers and Organizational Relationships 155
Psychological Contract 155 Individual Employee Performance and Motivation 156 Nature of Job Satisfaction 158
Employee Turnover 159
Types of Employee Turnover 160 Measuring Employee Turnover 161 HR Metrics: Determining Turnover Costs 162
Retention of Human Resources 163
Myths and Realities about Retention 163
Drivers of Retention 164
HR Perspective: Global Retention 166
Managing Retention 168
Retention Assessment and Metrics 168
HR On-the-Job: Conducting Exit Interviews 170
Retention Evaluation and Follow-Up 170
Summary 171
Critical Thinking Activities 171
HR Experiential Problem Solving 172
Case: Accenture—Retaining for Itself 172
Supplemental Cases: The Clothing Store; Alegent Health 173
Notes 173
C H A P T E R 6
Recruiting and Labor Markets 176
HR Headline: Passive Recruiting Becomes Active 177
Recruiting 178
Strategic Recruiting and HR Planning 178 Training of Recruiters and Managers 179
Labor Markets 179
Labor Market Components 180 Different Labor Markets and Recruiting 181
Strategic Recruiting Decisions 183
Recruiting Presence and Image 183
HR Best Practices: Effective Recruitment at USDA 184
Organization-Based versus Outsourced Recruiting 184 Regular versus Flexible Staffing 185 Recruiting and EEO: Diversity Considerations 186
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xiv CONTENTS
Realistic Job Previews 188 Recruiting Source Choices: Internal versus External 188
Internet Recruiting 188
E-Recruiting Means 188 Recruiting and Internet Social Networking 189
HR On-the-Job: Effective Recruiting Using an Employer Website 190
Recruiting Using Special Technology Means 190 Legal Issues in Internet Recruiting 191 Advantages of Internet Recruiting 192 Disadvantages of Internet Recruiting 193
External Recruiting Sources 193
Media Sources 193 Competitive Recruiting Sources 195 Employment Agencies 195 Labor Unions 195
HR Perspective: Outplacement Firms as Recruiting Sources 196
Job Fairs and Creative Recruiting 196 Educational Institutions and Recruiting 197
HR On-the-Job: Internships as a Part of College Recruiting 198
Internal Recruiting Methods 198
Internal Recruiting Databases and Internet- Related Sources 199 Job Posting 200
HR Perspective: Enhancing Opportunities for Internal Promotion 201
Employee-Focused Recruiting 201
Recruiting Evaluation and Metrics 202
Evaluating Recruiting Quantity and Quality 203 Evaluating Recruiting Satisfaction 204 Evaluating the Time Required to Fill Openings 204 Evaluating the Cost of Recruiting 205
General Recruiting Process Metrics 205 Increasing Recruiting Effectiveness 207
Summary 208
Critical Thinking Activities 208
HR Experiential Problem Solving 208
Case: Recruiting at Kia 209
Supplemental Cases: Northwest State College; Enterprise Recruiting 210
Notes 210
C H A P T E R 7
Selecting Human Resources 212
HR Headline: Using Virtual Worlds for Selection 213
Selection and Placement 214
Placement 214 Selection, Criteria, Predictors, and Job Performance 215 Validity 216 Combining Predictors 218 Selection Responsibilities 218
The Selection Process 219
Applicant Job Interest 220 Preemployment Screening 221
HR Perspective: Cheating on Electronic Assesments 222
Application Forms 222 Immigration Verification 225
Selection Testing 225
Ability Tests 226 Personality Tests 227 Honesty/Integrity Tests 228 Controversies in Selection Testing 228
Selection Interviewing 229
Inter-Rater Reliability and Face Validity 229 Structured Interviews 230 Less-Structured Interviews 231 Who Conducts Interviews? 232
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CONTENTS xv
Effective Interviewing 232 Problems in the Interview 234
HR Perspective: Common Interview Mistakes 235
Background Investigations 235
Negligent Hiring and Retention 235 Legal Constraints on Background Investigations 236 Medical Examinations and Inquiries 237 References 237 Making the Job Offer 238
Global Staffing Issues 238
Types of Global Employees 238
Selection Process for Global Assignments 239
Legal Concerns in the Selection Process 240
Defining Who Is an Applicant 240 Applicant Flow Documentation 241 Selecting for “Soft Skills” 241
Summary 241
Critical Thinking Activities 242
HR Experiential Problem Solving 242
Case: Full Disclosure on Sex Offenders? 243
Supplemental Cases: Strategic Selection: A Review of Two Companies; Selecting a Programmer 243
Notes 244
S E C T I O N 3
Training and Development 247 C H A P T E R 8
Training Human Resources 248
HR Headline: China’s Need for Training 249
Training and HR 250
Training Categories 250 Legal Issues and Training 251
Organizational Strategy and Training 252
Strategic Training 252 Organizational Competitiveness and Training 253
HR Perspective: Business Education at Work 255
Training for Global Strategies 256
Global Assignment Training 256 Intercultural Competence Training 256
Planning for Training 257
Orientation: Planning for New Employees 258
HR On-the-Job: Planning for New Employee Orientation 258
Evaluating Orientation and Metrics 259
Training Needs Assessment 260
Analysis of Training Needs 260 Establishing Training Objectives and Priorities 262
Training Design 263
Learner Characteristics 263 Instructional Strategies 265 Transfer of Training 266
Training Delivery 266
Internal Training 267
HR Perspective: Cross Training “Universal Agents” 269
External Training 270 Combination Training Approaches 271 E-Learning: Online Training 272
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xvi CONTENTS
HR Perspective: Simulations and Games 273
Training Evaluation 274
Levels of Evaluation 275 Training Evaluation Metrics 276 Training Evaluation Designs 277
Summary 278
Critical Thinking Activities 279
HR Experiential Problem Solving 279
Case: 21st-Century Onboarding 279
Supplemental Cases: Training Crucial for Hotels; New Payroll Clerk 280
Notes 280
C H A P T E R 9
Talent Management 282
HR Headline: How Top Companies Develop Stars 283
Talent Management in Perspective 284
Talent Management “Systems” 285 Scope of Talent Management 286
HR Perspective: Groundbreaking Talent Management Programs 286
Succession Planning 288
Succession Planning Process 288 Succession Planning Decisions 290 Benefits of Formal Succession Planning 292
Careers and Career Planning 293
Changing Nature of Careers 293 Organization-Centered Career Planning 294 Individual-Centered Career Planning 295 Career Progression Considerations 296 Career Transitions 298
Common Individual Career Issues 299
Technical and Professional Workers 299 Women and Careers 300 Dual-Career Couples 300
HR On-the-Job: Handling Global Dual-Career Situations 301
Global Career Concerns 302
Developing Human Resources 303
Possible Development Focuses 303 Development Needs Analyses 304
HR Development Approaches 305
Job-Site Development Approaches 306 Off-Site Development Approaches 307 Learning Organizations and Development 308
Management Development 309
Supervisor Development 310 Leadership Development 311 Problems with Management Development Efforts 313
Summary 314
Critical Thinking Activities 314
HR Experiential Problem Solving 314
Case: Leadership Leverage 315
Supplemental Cases: Equipping for the Future; Developed Today, Gone Tomorrow 316
Notes 316
C H A P T E R 1 0
Performance Management and Appraisal 318
HR Headline: Performance Management Does Not Focus Enough on Ethics 319
The Nature of Performance Management 320
Global Cultural Differences in Performance Management 322 Performance-Focused Organizational Cultures 323
Identifying and Measuring Employee Performance 324
Types of Performance Information 325
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CONTENTS xvii
HR Perspective: Behaviors or Results . . . Why Not Both? 326
Relevance of Performance Criteria 327 Performance Standards 327 Performance Metrics in Service Businesses 328
Performance Appraisals 329
Uses of Performance Appraisals 329
HR Online: Using Technology to Enhance Performance Appraisals 331
Decisions about the Performance Appraisal Process 332 Legal Concerns and Performance Appraisals 334
HR On-the-Job: Elements of a Legal Performance Appraisal System 334
Who Conducts Appraisals? 335
Supervisory Rating of Subordinates 335 Employee Rating of Managers 336 Team/Peer Rating 336 Self-Rating 337 Outsider Rating 337 Multisource/360-Degree Feedback 337
Tools for Appraising Performance 339
Category Scaling Methods 339
Graphic Rating Scales 339 Comparative Methods 343 Narrative Methods 345 Management by Objectives 345 Combinations of Methods 346
Training Managers and Employees in Performance Appraisal 346
Rater Errors 347
Appraisal Feedback 349
Appraisal Interview 349 Feedback as a System 350 Reactions of Managers 351 Reactions of Appraised Employees 351 Effective Performance Management 351
HR Best Practices: Calibration Is the Key to Better Employee Evaluations and Performance Management 352
Summary 352
Critical Thinking Activities 353
HR Experiential Problem Solving 353
Case: Building Performance Management through Employee Participation 354
Supplemental Cases: Performance Management Improvements for Bristol-Myers Squibb; Unequal/Equal Supervisors 354
Notes 355
S E C T I O N 4
Compensation 357
C H A P T E R 1 1
Total Rewards and Compensation 358
HR Headline: Rewarding Employees to Encourage Positive Behaviors 359
Nature of Total Rewards and Compensation 360
Types of Compensation 362 Compensation Philosophies 362
HR Best Practices: Using Rewards to Effectively Develop Talent 364
HR Metrics for Compensation 365 Compensation Responsibilities 365
Compensation System Design Issues 366
Compensation Fairness and Equity 366
HR Perspective: Quantitative Techniques Facilitate Compensation Management 367
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xviii CONTENTS
Market Competitiveness and Compensation 368 Competency-Based Pay 369 Individual versus Team Rewards 370 Global Compensation Issues 370 Compensating Expatriates 371
Legal Constraints on Pay Systems 372
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 372 Independent Contractor Regulations 375 Acts Affecting Government Contractors 375 Legislation on Equal Pay and Pay Equity 376 State and Local Laws 376 Garnishment Laws 376 Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act 376
Development of a Base Pay System 377
Valuing Jobs with Job Evaluation Methods 378 Valuing Jobs Using Market Pricing 379 Pay Surveys 380
HR Online: Responding to Internet Pay Survey Data Questions 381
Pay Structures 382
Pay Grades 383 Pay Ranges 383 Individual Pay 384
Determining Pay Increases 386
Performance-Based Increases 386 Standardized Pay Adjustments 388
Summary 389
Critical Thinking Activities 389
HR Experiential Problem Solving 390
Case: Pay for Performance Enhances Employee Management at Scripps Health 390
Supplemental Cases: Compensation Changes at JC Penney; Scientific Turmoil 391
Notes 391
C H A P T E R 1 2
Incentive Plans and Executive Compensation 394
HR Headline: Variable Pay at Cox Communications 395
Variable Pay: Incentives for Performance 396
Developing Successful Pay-for-Performance Plans 396
HR Perspective: Awarding Points for Staff Efforts 398
Global Variable Pay 399 Metrics for Variable Pay Plans 399 Successes and Failures of Variable Pay Plans 400 Three Categories of Variable Pay 401
Individual Incentives 402
Piece-Rate Systems 402 Bonuses 402 Special Incentive Programs 403
Group/Team Incentives 404
Design of Group/Team Incentive Plans 405 Group/Team Incentive Challenges 406 Types of Group/Team Incentives 406 Group/Team Incentives and Information Sharing 408
Organizational Incentives 408
Profit Sharing 408 Employee Stock Plans 409
Sales Compensation 410
Types of Sales Compensation Plans 410
HR Perspective: Ethical Concerns and Sales Compensation 411
Sales Compensation Challenges 412
Executive Compensation 413
Elements of Executive Compensation 414 Global Executive Compensation 416
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CONTENTS xix
“Reasonableness” of Executive Compensation 416
HR Perspective: CEO Executives Overpaid? 417
Summary 419
Critical Thinking Activities 419
HR Experiential Problem Solving 420
Case: Sodexo Incentives 420
Supplemental Cases: Cash Is Good, Card Is Bad; Incentive Plans for Fun and Travel 421
Notes 421
C H A P T E R 1 3
Managing Employee Benefits 424
HR Headline: Behavioral Economics Guides Benefits Administration 425
Benefits and HR Strategy 426
Benefits as Competitive Advantage 427 Role of Benefits for Workforce Attraction and Retention 429
Benefits Management and Communications 429
Benefits Design 429 HR and Benefits Administration 431 HR Technology and Benefits 432 Benefits Measurement 432 Benefits Cost Control 433 Benefits Communication 433
HR Online: Using Online Technology to Combat Presenteeism 434
Types of Benefits 434
Government-Mandated Benefits 435 Voluntary Benefits 436
Security Benefits 437
Workers’ Compensation 437 Unemployment Compensation 437
Severance Pay 438
Health Care Benefits 438
Increases in Health Benefits Costs 439 Controlling Health Care Benefits Costs 439
HR Best Practices: Mini-Medical Plans on the Rise 441
Consumer-Driven Health Plans 441 Health Care Preventive and Wellness Efforts 443 Health Care Legislation 444
Retirement Benefits 446
Social Security 446 Pension Plans 446 Pension Plan Concepts 448 Individual Retirement Options 448
Legal Requirements for Retirement Benefits 449
Employee Retirement Income Security Act 449 Retiree Benefits and Legal Requirements 450 Retirement Benefits and Age Discrimination 450
Financial Benefits 451
Insurance Benefits 451 Financial Services 452 Educational Assistance 452
Family-Oriented Benefits 453
Family and Medical Leave Act 453 Family-Care Benefits 454 Measuring the Effectiveness of Family Benefits 455 Benefits for Domestic Partners 455
Time-Off and Other Benefits 456
Holiday Pay 457 Vacation Pay 457 Leaves of Absence 457 Paid-Time-Off Plans 458
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xx CONTENTS
C H A P T E R 1 4
Risk Management and Worker Protection 466
HR Headline: $1.6 Million Fine When Young Worker Suffocates 467
Current State of Health, Safety, and Security 468
Trends 469 Global Health, Safety, and Security 470
Legal Requirements for Safety and Health 471
Worker’s Compensation 471 American with Disabilities Act and Safety Issues 473 Child Labor Laws 473
Occupational Safety and Health Act 474
OSHA Enforcement Standards 475
HR On-the-Job: Hazard Communication 476
Ergonomics and OSHA 477 Work Assignments and OSHA 478 OSHA Recordkeeping Requirements 479 OSHA Inspections 479 Critique of OSHA 481
Safety Management 482
Organizational Commitment and a Safety Culture 482
Safety Policies, Discipline, and Recordkeeping 484 Safety Training and Communication 484 Safety Committees 485 Inspection, Investigation, and Evaluation 485 Measuring Safety Efforts 486
Employee Health 486 Substance Abuse 486
HR Perspective: The “Company Doctor” 487
Emotional/Mental Health 488 Health and Older Employees 489 Smoking at Work 489 Health Promotion 489
Security Concerns at Work 491
Workplace Violence 491 Security Management 493 Employee Screening and Selection 495 Security Personnel 495
Disaster Preparation and Recovery Planning 495
Disaster Planning 495
HR Perspective: Disaster Plan Put to the Test 496
Disaster Planning for Disease 497
Summary 498
Critical Thinking Activities 498
Miscellaneous Benefits 458
Summary 459
Critical Thinking Activities 459
HR Experiential Problem Solving 459
Case: Strategic Benefits at KPMG Canada 460
Supplemental Cases: Delivering Benefits; Benefiting Connie 460
Notes 461
S E C T I O N 5
Employee Relations 465
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CONTENTS xxi
HR Experiential Problem Solving 499
Case: Data Security 499
Supplemental Cases: What’s Happened to Bob?; Communicating Safety and Health Success 500
Notes 500
C H A P T E R 1 5
Employee Rights and Responsibilities 502
HR Headline: Technology Usage and HR Policy Issues 503
Employer and Employee Rights and Responsibilities 504
Contractual Rights 504 Implied Contracts 506
HR Perspective: Employment Practices Liability Insurance 507
Rights Affecting the Employment Relationship 507
Employment-at-Will (EAW) 508 Just Cause 510 Due Process 510 Work-Related Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 511
Managing Individual Employee and Employer Rights Issues 513
Privacy Rights and Employee Records 513 Employees’ Free Speech Rights 515
HR Online: Ethical HR Issues on Blogs 516
Technology and Employer/ Employee Issues 517 Employee Rights and Personal Behavior Issues 518
Balancing Employer Security and Employee Rights 519
Workplace Monitoring 519 Employer Investigations 520 Substance Abuse and Drug Testing 521
HR Policies, Procedures, and Rules 523
Employee Handbooks 523 Communicating HR Information 525
Employee Absenteeism 525
Types of Absenteeism 525
HR Perspective: Effects of Tardiness on Work and Absenteeism 526
Controlling Absenteeism 526 HR Metrics: Measuring Absenteeism 528
Employee Discipline 528
Reasons Why Discipline Might Not Be Used 529 Effective Discipline 529 Approaches to Discipline 529 Discharge: The Final Disciplinary Step 531
HR On-the-Job: Termination Procedure 532
Summary 533
Critical Thinking Activities 533
HR Experiential Problem Solving 534
Case: Dealing with Workplace Bullying 534
Supplemental Cases: George Faces Challenges; Employer Liable for “Appearance Actions” 535
Notes 535
C H A P T E R 1 6
Union/Management Relations 538
HR Headline: Business versus Labor—Right to Work Laws 539
Unions: Employee and Management Perspectives 540
Why Employees Unionize 540 Why Employers Resist Unions 541
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xxii CONTENTS
Unions Globally 542 International Union Membership 542 Global Labor Organizations 542
HR Perspective: Unions in China 543
U.S. and Global Differences 543
Union Membership in the United States 544
Reasons for U.S. Union Membership Decline 544 Public-Sector Unionism 547 Union Targets for Membership Growth 547
Unions in the United States 548
Historical Evolution of U.S. Unions 548 Union Structure 549
U.S. Labor Laws 550
Early Labor Legislation 550 Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) 551 Taft-Hartley Act (Labor Management Relations Act) 552 Landrum-Griffin Act (Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act) 554 Civil Service Reform and Postal Reorganization Acts 554 Proposed Legislation 555
The Unionization Process 555
Organizing Campaign 555
HR Perspective: Good Times, Bad Times 557
Authorization Cards 558 Representation Election 558
HR On-the-Job: Unionization Do’s and Don’ts for Managers 559
Certification and Decertification 560 Contract Negotiation (Collective Bargaining) 560
Collective Bargaining Issues 561
Management Rights 561 Union Security 562 Classification of Bargaining Issues 562
Collective Bargaining Process 563
Preparation and Initial Demands 563 Continuing Negotiations 563 Settlement and Contract Agreement 564 Bargaining Impasse 564 Strikes and Lockouts 565
Union/Management Cooperation 566
HR Perspective: Union Helps Cut Costs at Ford 567
Employee Involvement Programs 567 Unions and Employee Ownership 568
Grievance Management 568
Grievance Responsibilities 569 Grievance Procedures 569 Steps in a Grievance Procedure 569
Summary 570
Critical Thinking Activities 571
HR Experiential Problem Solving 571
Case: Teamsters and the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) 572
Supplemental Cases: Wal-Mart and Union Prevention; The Wilson County Hospital 572
Notes 573
A P P E N D I X A
Human Resource Certification Institute: PHR and SPHR Test Specifications 575
A P P E N D I X B
HR Management Resources 581
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CONTENTS xxiii
A P P E N D I X C
Major Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Regulations 585
A P P E N D I X D
Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection 587
A P P E N D I X E
EEO Enforcement 591
A P P E N D I X F
Preemployment Inquiries 595
A P P E N D I X G
Sample HR-Related Job Descriptions 599
Glossary 601
Author Index 609
Subject Index 615
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xxv
P r e f a c e
To reach a thirteenth edition is an honor for a textbook and its authors. The authors of Human Resource Management are gratified that it has become the leader in both the academic market for human resource texts and in the market for human resource pro- fessionals.
For academics, the book is a standard in HR classes. It is also used to provide HR knowledge as part of professional degree programs. For HR professionals, the book is extensively used in the pursuit of HR profes- sional education and certifications, specifi- cally the PHR and SPHR from the Human Resource Certification Institute (HRCI).
In preparing the thirteenth edition of the book, we have extensively reviewed the aca- demic, governmental, and practitioner litera- ture published since the last revision. Further, we have asked academics and practitioners, both those who use this book and those who do not, to provide input on the previous edi- tion and what coverage should be added, deleted, or changed. We have always been receptive to input from our adopters and reviewers and have made extensive use of their observations and ideas. Consequently, we have reorganized some chapters, incor- porated relevant new topics, and updated references so that readers can be certain that they are getting the most current HR content possible.
THE THIRTEENTH EDITION Human resource management and the organizations in which it takes place are facing chal- lenges from a changing envi- ronment. The thirteenth edition reflects those challenges and as
always suggests ways to deal with them. For example, consider the following:
U.S. and Global Economics
During the past few years, both in the United States and worldwide, economic shifts have created major organizational impacts. Some em-ployers have closed operations or reduced their workforces, while others have increased theirs. Many employers are expanding throughout the world and, as they do, differ- ent cultural considerations affect HR manage- ment. Rather than having a separate chapter on global HR management, the coverage of global issues has been integrated throughout the chapters and is indicated by a global icon.
Strategic HR Management
HR management in more and more com- panies is becoming a part of organizational strategy decisions. To address strategic HR management, Chapter 2 has been signifi- cantly revised and expanded to show why HR management is an important strategic contributor to the success of the organization.
In most chapters the topical connection to strategy also is discussed. For example, the strategic natures of recruiting (Chapter 6), talent management (Chapter 9), compensa- tion (Chapter 11), and benefits (Chapter 13) all consider the implications for strategy of decisions made in these areas.
Measuring HR Effectiveness through Metrics
Closely related to strategic HR management is the need to measure the value of HR management activities. The out- put of HR must be justified to executives in organizations by
using financial and other data. The value of HR management activities is measured by