Community DQ 1
Read chapters 1 and 2 of the class textbook and review the PowerPoint presentations located in all PowerPoints folder, once done answer the following questions.
Review the public health milestones presented in Box 1.1 and identified and discuss what potentials health successes might be cited in the next decade?
Based on the challenges the health care is facing due to the COVID 19 Pandemic, identify and discuss a new role for the nursing profession that will most likely evolve the first half of the 21st century.
Mention and discuss three reasons why you think that comparing healthcare systems between countries is an important approach to serving the healthcare needs of the people.
Mention and discuss how cultural and philosophical factors play an important role in how healthcare systems are developed and supported? Give at least examples.
Instructions
The assignment must be presented in a Times New Romans font (APA required), a minimum of 800 words not to exceeds1000 without counting the first and reference page.
You must be cited and quoted a minimum of 3 evidence-based references excluding the class textbook, electronic references must quote and cited properly and must be from reliable sources such as CDC, FDA, and others.
Community/Public Health Nursing
Promoting the Health of Populations
SIXTH EDITION
Mary A. Nies, PhD, RN, FAAN, FAAHB Dean and Professor School of Nursing, Joint Appointment MPH Program, Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
Melanie McEwen, PhD, RN, CNE, ANEF Associate Professor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Nursing, Houston, Texas
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Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Author Biographies
Contributors
Reviewers
Preface
Unit 1. Introduction to Community Health Nursing Chapter 1. Health: A Community View
Definitions of Health and Community
Determinants of Health and Disease Indicators of Health and Illness
Definition and Focus of Public Health and Community Health Preventive Approach to Health
Definition and Focus of Public Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, and Community-Based Nursing Population-Focused Practice and Community/Public Health Nursing Interventions
Community Health Nursing, Managed Care, and Health Reform Learning Activities
Chapter 2. Historical Factors: Community Health Nursing in Context
Evolution of Health in Western Populations
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Advent of Modern Health Care Consequences for the Health of Aggregates
Social Changes and Community Health Nursing Challenges for Community and Public Health Nursing
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 3. Thinking Upstream: Nursing Theories and Population- Focused Nursing Practice
Thinking Upstream: Examining the Root Causes of Poor Health
Historical Perspectives on Nursing Theory How Theory Provides Direction to Nursing
Microscopic Versus Macroscopic Approaches to the Conceptualization of Community Health Problems Assessing a Theory’s Scope in Relation to Community Health Nursing
Review of Theoretical Approaches Healthy People 2020
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 4. Health Promotion and Risk Reduction Health Promotion and Community Health Nursing
Determinants Of Health Theories in Health Promotion
Risk and Health The Relationship of Risk to Health and Health Promotion Activities
Summary Learning Activities
Unit 2. The Art and Science of Community Health Nursing Chapter 5. Epidemiology
Use of Epidemiology in Disease Control and Prevention
Calculation of Rates Concept of Risk
Use of Epidemiology in Disease Prevention Use of Epidemiology in Health Services
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Epidemiological Methods Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 6. Community Assessment The Nature of Community Healthy Communities
Assessing the Community: Sources of Data Needs Assessment
Diagnosing Health Problems Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 7. Community Health Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
Overview of Health Planning Health Planning Model
Health Planning Projects Health Planning Federal Legislation
Nursing Implications Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 8. Community Health Education Connecting with Everyday Realities Health Education in the Community
Learning Theories, Principles, and Health Education Models The Nurse’s Role in Health Education
Enhancing Communication Framework for Developing Health Communications
Health Education Resources Social Media
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 9. Case Management Overview of Case Management
Origins of Case Management Purpose of Case Management
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Utilization Review and Managed Care Trends that Influence Case Management
Education and Preparation for Case Managers Case Manager Services
Case Manager Roles and Characteristics Case Identification
The Referral Process Application of Case Management in Community Health
Research in Case Management International Case Management
Summary Learning Activities
Unit 3. Factors that Influence the Health of the Community Chapter 10. Policy, Politics, Legislation, and Community Health Nursing
Overview: Nurses’ Historical and Current Activity in Health Care Policy Definitions
A Major Paradigm Shift Structure of the Government of the United States
Overview of Health Policy Major Legislative Actions and the Health Care System
Public Policy: Blueprint for Governance The Effective Use of Nurses: A Policy Issue
Nurses’ Roles in Political Activities Health Care Reform and Restructuring of the Health Care Industry Nurses and Leadership in Health Policy Development
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 11. The Health Care System Overview: The Health Care System
Components of the Health Care System Quality Care
Critical Issues in Health Care Delivery
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Future of Public Health and the Health Care System Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 12. Economics of Health Care Factors Influencing Health Care Costs Public Financing of Health Care
Philanthropic Financing of Health Care Health Care Insurance Plans
Cost Containment Trends in Health Financing
Health Care Financing Reform Roles Of the Community Health Nurse in the Economics of Health Care
Best Care at Lower Cost Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 13. Cultural Diversity and Community Health Nursing Cultural Diversity Transcultural Perspectives on Community Health Nursing
Population Trends Cultural Perspectives and Healthy People 2020
Transcultural Nursing Overview of Culture
Culture and Socioeconomic Factors Culture and Nutrition
Culture and Religion Culture and Aging
Cross-Cultural Communication Health-Related Beliefs and Practices
Management of Health Problems: A Cultural Perspective Management of Health Problems in Culturally Diverse Populations
Role of the Community Health Nurse in Improving Health for Culturally Diverse People Resources for Minority Health
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 14. Environmental Health
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A Critical Theory Approach to Environmental Health Areas of Environmental Health
Effects of Environmental Hazards Efforts to Control Environmental Health Problems
Emerging Issues in Environment Health Approaching Environmental Health at the Population Level
Critical Environmental Health Nursing Practice Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 15. Health in the Global Community Population Characteristics Environmental Factors
Patterns of Health and Disease International Agencies and Organizations
International Health Care Delivery Systems Research in International Health
Health Initiatives Taking Place Throughout the World Summary
Learning Activities
Unit 4. Aggregates in the Community Chapter 16. Child and Adolescent Health
Issues of Pregnancy and Infancy
Childhood Health Issues Adolescent Health Issues Factors Affecting Child and Adolescent Health
Strategies to Improve Child and Adolescent Health Public Health Programs Targeted to Children and Adolescents
Sharing Responsibility for Improving Child and Adolescent Health Legal and Ethical Issues in Child and Adolescent Health
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 17. Women’s Health Major Indicators of Health
Social Factors Affecting Women’s Health
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Health Promotion Strategies for Women Major Legislation Affecting Women’s Health
Health and Social Services to Promote the Health of Women Levels of Prevention and Women’s Health
Roles of the Community Health Nurse Research in Women’s Health
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 18. Men’s Health Men’s Health Status
Use of Medical Care Theories that Explain Men’s Health
Factors that Impede Men’s Health Men’s Health Care Needs
Primary Preventive Measures Secondary Preventive Measures
Tertiary Preventive Measures Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 19. Senior Health Concept of Aging Theories of Aging
Demographic Characteristics Psychosocial Issues
Physiological Changes Wellness and Health Promotion
Common Health Concerns Additional Health Concerns
Elder Safety and Security Needs Psychosocial Disorders
Spirituality End-of-Life Issues
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 20. Family Health
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Understanding Family Nursing The Changing Family
Approaches to Meeting the Health Needs of Families Approaches to Family Health
Assessment Tools Family Health Assessment
Extending Family Health Intervention to Larger Aggregates and Social Action Applying the Nursing Process
Summary Learning Activities
Unit 5. Vulnerable Populations Chapter 21. Populations Affected by Disabilities
Self-Assessment: Responses to Disability Definitions and Models for Disability
A Historical Context for Disability Characteristics of Disability
Disability and Public Policy Costs Associated with Disability
Healthy People 2020 and The Health Needs of People with Disabilities The Experience of Disability
Strategies for the Community Health Nurse in Caring for People with Disabilities Ethical Issues for People Affected by Disabilities
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 22. Homeless Populations Definitions, Prevalence, and Demographic Characteristics of Homelessness Factors that Contribute to Homelessness
Health and Homeless Populations Health Status of Homeless Population
Community Public Health Nursing: Care of Homeless Populations Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 23. Rural and Migrant Health Rural United States
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Rural Rural Health Disparities: Context and Composition
Specific Rural Aggregates Application of Relevant Theories and “Thinking Upstream” Concepts to Rural Health
Rural Health Care Delivery System Community-Based Care
Legislation and Programs Affecting Rural Public Health Rural Community Health Nursing
Rural Health Research New Models of Health Care Delivery for Rural Areas
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 24. Populations Affected by Mental Illness Overview and History of Community Mental Health: 1960 to the Present Day
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020: Mental Health and Mental Disorders Factors Influencing Mental Health
Mental Disorders Encountered in Community Settings Identification and Management of Mental Disorders
Community-Based Mental Health Care Role of the Community Mental Health Nurse
Summary Learning Activities
Unit 6. Population Health Problems Chapter 25. Communicable Disease
Communicable Disease and Healthy People 2020
Principles of Infection and Infectious Disease Occurrence Chain of Transmission
Breaking the Chain of Transmission Public Health Control of Infectious Diseases
Vaccines and Infectious Disease Prevention Vaccine Needs for Special Groups
Healthy People 2020 Focus on Immunization and Infectious Diseases Healthy People 2020 Focus on Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Healthy People 2020 Focus on HIV/AIDS
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Prevention of Communicable Diseases Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 26. Substance Abuse Etiology of Substance Abuse Historical Overview of Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use
Prevalence, Incidence, and Trends Adolescent Substance Abuse
Conceptualizations of Substance Abuse Sociocultural and Political Aspects of Substance Abuse
Course of Substance-Related Problems Legal and Ethical Concerns Related to Substance Abuse
Modes of Intervention Social Network Involvement
Vulnerable Aggregates Nursing Perspective on Substance Abuse
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 27. Violence Overview of Violence
History of Violence Interpersonal Violence
Community Violence Factors Influencing Violence
Violence from a Public Health Perspective Prevention of Violence
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 28. Natural and Man-Made Disasters Disaster Definitions
Types of Disasters Characteristics of Disasters
Disaster Management Disaster Management Stages Summary
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Learning Activities
Unit 7. Community Health Settings Chapter 29. School Health
History of School Health
School Health Services School Nursing Practice
School-Based Health Centers Future Issues Affecting the School Nurse
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 30. Occupational Health Evolution of Occupational Health Nursing
Demographic Trends and Access Issues Related to Occupational Health Care Occupational Health Nursing Practice and Professionalism
Occupational Health and Prevention Strategies Skills and Competencies of the Occupational Health Nurse
Impact of Federal Legislation on Occupational Health Legal Issues in Occupational Health
Multidisciplinary Teamwork Summary
Learning Activities
Chapter 31. Forensic and Correctional Nursing Subspecialties of Forensic Nursing Correctional Nursing Health Issues in Prison Populations
Mental Health Issues in Correctional Settings Education and Forensic Nursing
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 32. Faith Community Nursing Faith Communities: Role in Health and Wellness
Foundations of Faith Community Nursing Roles or Functions of the Faith Community Nurse
Education of the Faith Community Nurse
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The Faith Community Nurse and Spirituality Issues in Faith Community Nurse Practice
Summary Learning Activities
Chapter 33. Home Health and Hospice Home Health Care
Types of Home Health Agencies Certified and Noncertified Agencies
Special Home Health Programs Reimbursement for Home Care
Oasis Nursing Standards and Educational Preparation of Home Health Nurses
Conducting a Home Visit Documentation of Home Care
Application of the Nursing Process Formal and Informal Caregivers
Hospice Home Care Summary
Learning Activities
Index
Special Features
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Copyright
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING: PROMOTING THE HEALTH OF POPULATIONS
ISBN: 978-0-323-18819-7
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
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treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Community/public health nursing : promoting the health of populations / [edited by] Mary A. Nies, Melanie McEwen. -- Edition 6.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-18819-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
I. Nies, Mary A. (Mary Albrecht), editor. II. McEwen, Melanie, editor.
[DNLM: 1. Community Health Nursing. 2. Health Promotion. 3. Public Health Nursing. WY 106]
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RT98
610.73’43--dc23 2014023359
Director, Traditional Education: Kristin Geen
Senior Content Strategist: Nancy O'Brien
Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Shropshire
Publishing Services Manager: Deborah L. Vogel
Project Manager: John W. Gabbert
Design Direction: Karen Pauls
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Dedication
To Phil Yankovich, my husband, companion, and best friend, whose love, caring, and true support are always there for me. He provides me with the energy I need to
pursue my dreams.
To Kara Nies Yankovich, my daughter, for whom I wish a happy and healthy life. Her energy, joy, and enthusiasm
for life give so much to me.
To Earl and Lois Nies, my parents, for their never-ending encouragement and lifelong support. They helped me
develop a foundation for creative thinking, new ideas, and spirited debate.
Mary A. Nies
To my husband, Scott McEwen, whose love, support, and encouragement have been my foundation for the past thirty-five years. I can't wait to see what happens next!
Melanie McEwen
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Author Biographies
Mary A. Nies
Mary A. Nies, PhD, RN, FAAN, FAAHB is the Dean and Professor School of Nursing, Joint Appointment MPH Program,
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Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University. Dr. Nies received her diploma from Bellin School of Nursing in Green Bay, Wisconsin; her BSN from University of Wisconsin, Madison; her MSN from Loyola University, Chicago; and her PhD in Public Health Nursing, Health Services, and Health Promotion Research at the University of Illinois, Chicago. She completed a postdoctoral research fellowship in health promotion and community health at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Nursing and a fellow of the American Academy of Health Behavior. Dr. Nies co-edited Community Health Nursing: Promoting the Health of Aggregates, which received the 1993 Book of the Year award from the American Journal of Nursing. Her program of research focuses on the outcomes of health promotion interventions for minority and nonminority populations in the community. Her research is involved with physical activity and obesity prevention for populations, especially women. Her research is involved with physical activity and obesity prevention for vulnerable populations.
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Melanie McEwen
Melanie McEwen, PhD, RN, CNE, ANEF is an Associate Professor at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Nursing. Dr. McEwen received her BSN from the University of Texas School of Nursing in Austin; her Master's in Community and Public Health Nursing from Louisiana State University Medical Center in New Orleans; and her PhD in Nursing at Texas Woman's University. Dr. McEwen has been a nursing educator for more than 22 years and is also the co-author of Community–Based Nursing: An Introduction (Elsevier, 2009) and co- author/editor of Theoretical Basis for Nursing (Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2014).
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Contributors
Carrie Buch, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Oakland University, School of Nursing, Rochester, Michigan
Chapter 13: Cultural Diversity and Community Health Nursing
Chapter 33: Home Health and Hospice
Patricia M. Burbank, DNSc, RN, Professor, College of Nursing, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
Chapter 7: Community Health Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
Holly B. Cassells, PhD, MPH, RN, Professor, School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas
Chapter 5: Epidemiology
Chapter 6: Community Assessment
Stacy A. Drake, MSN, MPH, RN, Instructor, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Nursing, Houston, Texas
Nellie S. Droes, DNSc, RN, CS, Associate Professor, Emerita, School of Nursing, East Carolina University , Rivers Building, Greenville, North Carolina
Chapter 22: Homeless Populations
Anita Finkelman, MSN, RN, Visiting Faculty, School of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 10: The Health Care System
Chapter 11: The Health Care System
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Chapter 12: Economics of Health Care
Susan Givens, RNC-OB, MPH, LCCE, Childbirth Educator, Mount Carmel St. Ann’s Hospital, Westerville, Ohio
Chapter 16: Child and Adolescent Health
Lori A. Glenn, DNP, CNM, RN, Assistant Professor, McAuley School of Nursing, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, Nurse Midwife , Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
Chapter 17: Women’s Health
Deanna E. Grimes, DrPH, RN, FAAN, Professor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
Karyn Leavitt Grow, MS, BSN, RN, CCM, Manager, Case Manager, Sierra Surgery Hospital, Carson City, Nevada
Chapter 9: Case Management
Diane C. Hatton, PhD, RN, Consultant, Reno, Nevada
Chapter 22: Homeless Populations
Jené M. Hurlbut, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE, Associate Professor, Roseman University of Health Sciences , Henderson, Nevada
Chapter 18: Men’s Health
Kim Jardine-Dickerson, RN, MSN, BC, CADC, Assistant Clinical Professor, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
Chapter 24: Populations Affected by Mental Illness
Chapter 26: Substance Abuse
Angela Jarrell, PhD, RN, Nurse Consultant, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Chapter 31: Forensic and Correctional Nursing
Jean Cozad Lyon, PhD, APN, Hospital Surveyor, The Joint Commission, Reno, Nevada
Chapter 9: Case Management
Diane Cocozza Martins, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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Chapter 3: Thinking Upstream: Nursing Theories and Population-Focused Nursing Practice
Chapter 7: Community Health Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
Cathy D. Meade, PhD, RN, FAAN, Senior Member and Professor, Population Science, Health Outcomes & Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
Chapter 8: Community Health Education
Julie Cowan Novak, DNSc, RN, CPNP, FAANP, Professor and Vice Dean, Practice and Engagement, Executive Director, UT Nursing Clinical Enterprise, UTHSCSA Student Health Center and Employee Health and Wellness Clinic, UT Health Science Center San Antonio School of Nursing, San Antonio, Texas
Chapter 15: Health in the Global Community
Catherine A. Pourciau, MSN, RN, FNP-C, Family Nurse Practitioner, Internal Medicine and Pediatric Clinic, Baker, Louisiana
Chapter 27: Violence
Chapter 29: School Health
Bridgette Crotwell Pullis, PhD, RN, CHPN, Assistant Professor of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston School of Nursing, Houston, Texas
Chapter 4: Health Promotion and Risk Reduction
Bonnie Rogers, DrPH, COHN-S, LNCC, Director, NC Occupational Safety and Health and Education and Research , Center and OHN Program, University of North Carolina , School of Public Health , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Chapter 30: Occupational Health
Mary Ellen Trail Ross, DrPH, MSN, RN, GCNS-BC, Associate Professor of Clinical Nursing , Department of Nursing Systems, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
Chapter 19: Senior Health
Diane Santa Maria, MSN, RN, APHN-BC, Clinical Faculty,
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University of Texas School of Nursing, Houston, Texas
Chapter 14: Environmental Health
Beverly Siegrist, EdD, MS, RN, CNE, Professor, Department of Nursing, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky
Chapter 20: Family Health
Chapter 32: Faith Community Nursing
Edith B. Summerlin, PhD, MSN, BSN, RN, CNS, Assistant Professor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , School of Nursing, Houston, Texas
Chapter 19: Senior Health
Chapter 28: Natural and Man-made Disasters
Patricia L. Thomas, PhD, RN, Director, Nursing Practice & Research , Trinity Health, Livonia, Michigan
Chapter 23: Rural and Migrant Health
Meredith Troutman-Jordan, PhD, PMHCNS-BC, Associate Professor, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , College of Health and Human Services, School of Nursing, Charlotte, North Carolina
Chapter 21: Populations Affected by Disabilities
Elaine Vallette, DrPH, RN, Dean, Nursing and Allied Health, Baton Rouge Community College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Chapter 27: Violence
Chapter 29: School Health
Lori Wightman, MSN, DNP, RN, NEA-BC, Chief Nursing Officer, Mercy Hospital Grayling, Grayling, Michigan
Chapter 23: Rural and Migrant Health
ANCILLARY AUTHORS
Joanna E. Cain, BSN, BA, RN, President and Founder, Auctorial Pursuits, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
NCLEX Review Questions
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TEACH for RN-Case Studies
Penny Leake, PhD, RN, Professor Emerita of Nursing, Luther College, Decorah, Iowa
PowerPoint Slides
Tiffany M. Smith, MSN, RN, PhD student/Graduate Assistant, Roseman University of Health Sciences, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, Nevada
Case Studies
Anna K. Wehling Weepie, DNP, RN, CNE, COI, Assistant Dean, Undergraduate Nursing and Professor, Allen College, Waterloo, Iowa
Test Bank
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Reviewers
Edna M. Billingsley, MSN, RN, PMHN-C, CLNC, GNP, Assistant Professor of Nursing , Bethel University , McKenzie, Tennessee
Barbara Broome, RN, MSN, PhD, FAAN, Associate Dean and Chair Community/Mental Health Nursing, Professor, University of South Alabama College of Nursing , Mobile, Alabama
Stephanie Chalupka, EdD, RN, PCHCNS-BC, FAAOHN, Associate Dean for Nursing, Worcester State University, Worcester, Massachusetts
Colleen L. Ciano, MSN, RN, PhD (c), Instructor of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, Pennsylvania
Connie Cooper, EdD, RN, CNE, Assistant Professor, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky
Michelle T. Dang, PhD, RN, APHN-BC, Assistant Professor, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California
Lisa Garsman, MS, FNP-BC, Director BSN Program, Saint Peter’s University, Jersey City, New Jersey
Scharmaine Lawson-Baker, DNP, FNP-BC, FAANP, CEO/Founder, Advanced Clinical Consultants, New Orleans, Louisiana
Lisa M. LeBlanc, RN, BSN, Instructor of Nursing, Wisconsin Lutheran College, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Patricia S. Martin, RN, MSN, Assistant Professor, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Nancy N. Menzel, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC, CPH, Associate Professor, Nursing, University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Las Vegas, Nevada
Lynn M. Miskovich, DNP, ANP-BC, APRN, Associate Profes