Arlie hochschild explains that companies typically ________

Week 4 Soc Assignment 3

Content:

Chapter 5 Social Interaction Chapter 6 Groups,Networks&Organizations

Chapter7 Deviance and Crime Chapter 8 stratification

一、Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Which term defines who and what we are in relation to others?

a. role

b. status

c. role set

d. master status

2. In U.S. society, which of the following is often a master status?

a. occupation

b. physical or mental disability

c. race or color

d. All of the above are correct,

3. "Role set" refers to __________

a. a number of roles found in anyone society.

b. a number of roles attached to a single status.

c. a number of roles that are more or less the same.

d. a number of roles within anyone organi7ation.

4. Frank excels at football at his college, but he doesn't have enough time to study as much as he wants to. This problem is an example of __________

a. role set.

b, role strain.

c. role conflict.

d. role exit.

​5.The Thomas theorem states that __________

a. our statuses and roles are the keys to our personality.

b. most people rise to their level of incompetence.

c. people know the world only through their language.

d.situations defined as real are real in their consequences.

6. Which of the following is the correct meaning of "presentation of self"?

a. efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

b. acting out a master status

c.thinking back over the process of role exit

d.trying to take attention away from others

7.Paul Ekman points to what as an important clue to deception by another person?

a. smiling

b. using tact

c. inconsistencies in a presentation

d. All of the above are correct.

8. In terms of dramaturgical analysis, tact is understood as __________

a. helping someone take on a new role,

b. helping another person "save face."

c. making it hard for someone to perform a role.

d. negotiating a situation to get your own way.

9. In her study of human emotion, Arlie Hochschild explains that companies typically __________

a. try to regulate the emotions of workers.

b. want workers to be unemotional.

c.encourage people to express their true emotions.

d. profit from making customers more emotional.

10. People are likely to "get" a joke when they __________

a. know something about more than one culture.

b. have a different social background than the joke teller.

c. understand the two different realities being presented.

d. know why someone wants to tell the joke.

1​1. What term did Charles Cooley give to a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships? __________

a. expressive group

b. in-group

c. primary group

d. secondary group

1​2. Which type of group leadership is concerned with getting the job done?

a. laissez-faire leadership

b. secondary group leadership

c.expressive leadership

d.instrumental leadership

1​3. The research done by Solomon Asch, in which subjects were asked to pick lines of the same length, showed that __________

a. groups encourage their members to conform.

b. most people are stubborn and refuse to change their minds,

c.groups often generate conflict,

d. group members rarely agree on everything.

1​4. What term refers to a social group that someone uses as a point of reference in making an evaluation or decision?

a. out-group

b. reference group

c. in-group

d.primary group

1​5. A network is correctly thought of as __________

a.the most close-knit social group,

b.a category of people with something in common.

c. a social group in which most people know one another.

d. a web of weak social ties.

1​6. From the point of view of a nurse, a hospital is a __________

a. normative organization.

b. coercive organization.

c. utilitarian organization.

d. All of the above are correct.

17.Bureaucracy is a type of social organization characterized by __________

a. specialized jobs.

b. offices arranged in a hierarchy,

c.lots of rules and regulations,

d. All of the above are correct,

1​8, According to Robert Michels, bureaucracy always means __________

a. inefficiency.

b. oligarchy.

c. alienation.

d. specialization.

1​9.Rosabeth Moss Kanter claims that large business organizations __________

a. need to "open up" opportunity to encourage workers to perform welL

b. must have clear and stable rules to survive in a changing world.

c. do well or badly depending on how talented the leader IS.

d. suffer if they do not adopt the latest technology.

20. The "McDonaldization of society" means that__________

a. organizations can provide food for people more efficiently than families can.

b. impersonal organizations concerned with efficiency, unifor- mity, and control are becoming more and more common.

c.it is possible for organizations to both do their job and meet human needs.

d. society today is one vast social network.

2​1. Crime is a special type of deviance that __________

a. refers to violations of law.

b. involves punishment.

c. refers to any violation of a society's norms.

d. always involves a particular person as the offender.

2​2. Emile Durkheim explains that deviance is __________

a. defined by the rich and used against the poor

b. harmful not just to victims but to society as a whole,

c. often at odds with public morality.

d. found in every society.

2​3.Applying Robert Merton's strain theory, a person selling illegal drugs for a living would be an example of which of the following categories?

a. conformist

b. innovator

c. retreatist

d. ritualist

2​4. Labeling theory states that deviance__________

a. is a normal part of social life.

b. always changes people's socia] identity.

c. arises not from what people do as much as how others respond.

d.All of the above are correct,

25.When Jake's friends began calling him a "dope-head;' he left the group and spent more time smoking marijuana, He also began hanging out with others who used drugs, and by the end of the term, he had dropped out of college, Edwin Lemert would call this situation an example of __________

a. primary deviance.

b. the development of secondary deviance.

c. the formation of a deviant subculture.

d. the beginning of retreatism.

26. A social-conflict approach claims that who a society calls deviant depends on __________

a. who has and does not have power.

b. a society's moral values.

c. how often the behavior occurs.

d. how harmful the behavior is.

27.Stealing a laptop computer from the study lounge in a college dorm is an example of which criminal offense?

a. burglary

b. motor vehicle theft

c. robbery

d. larceny-theft

28. The FBI's criminal statistics used in this chapter to create a profile of the street criminal reflect __________

a. all crimes that occur.

b. offenses known to the police.

c. offenses that involve violence.

d. offenses resulting in a criminal conviction.

29. Most people arrested for a violent crime in the United States are __________

a. white.

b. African American.

c. Hispanic.

d. Asian.

30. Which of the following is the oldest justification for punishing an offender?

a.deterrence

b. retribution

c. societal protection

d. rehabilitation

31. Social stratification refers to __________

a. job specialization.

b. ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

c. the fact that some people work harder than others,

d.inequality of personal talent and individual effort,

32. Looking back in history and around the world today, we see that social stratification may involve differences in __________

a. how unequal people are,

b, what resources are lmequally distributed.

c. why a society claims people should be unequal.

d.All of the above are correct.

33.A caste system is social stratification __________

a.based on individual achievement,

b. based on meritocracy.

c. based on birth.

d. in which a person's social position is likely to change over time.

34. Sally has two advanced degrees, earns an average salary, and is working at a low-prestige job. Which concept best describes her situation?

a. low status consistency

b. horizontal social mobility

c. upward social mobility

d. high status consistency

35. According to the Davis-Moore thesis, __________

a.equality is functional for society.

b. the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is.

c. more important jobs must offer enough rewards to draw talent from less important work.

d.societies with more meritocracy are less productive than those with caste systems.

36. Karl Marx claimed that society "reproduces the class structure." By this, he meant that__________

a. society benefits from inequality.

b. class differences are passed on from one generation to the next.

c. class differences are the same everywhere.

d. a society without classes is impossible,

37.Max Weber claimed that social stratification is based on__________

a. economic class.

b. social status or prestige,

c. power.

d. All of the above are correct.

38. A society with which type of productive technology has the least amount of social stratification?

a.hunting and gathering b.horticultural/pastoral

c. industrial d.postindustrial

39. Keeping the Kuznets curve in mind, which type of society has the most social stratification?

a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural/pastoral

c. agrarian d. industrial

40.The "bell curve" thesis suggests that which of the following is more important than ever to social position in the United States?

a. family background b. intelligence

c. hard work d. whom you know

Essay Questions

1.How does a sociological view of deviance differ from the commonsense idea that bad people do bad things?

2. Explain why social stratification is a creation of society, not just a reflection of individual differences.

3.How do caste and class systems differ? How are they the same? Why does industrialization introduce a measure of meritocracy into social stratification?

4. How do primary groups differ from secondary groups? Give examples of each in your own life,

5.According to Max Weber, what are the six traits that define bureaucracy? What is the advantage of this organizational form? What are several problems that often go along with it?

6. Explain Erving Goffman's idea that we engage in a "presentation of self." What are the elements of this presentation? Apply this approach to an analysis of a professor teaching a class.