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ABOUT THE COVER IMAGE

African Americans on the Move, 1940 Migration and mobility are major themes in American history. Immigration to and migration within the United States have been constants of the nation’s past and remain so in the present. One of the most breathtaking relocation stories in this long history is that of African Americans in the twentieth century. Between 1910 and 1970, between 5 and 6 million African Americans left the South for the North and West, transforming the nation in the process. Here a family prepares for the journey from Florida to New Jersey in 1940.

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ABBREVIATIONS

ALB. AUS. BEL. B.H. CR. CZ. REP. DEN. GER. HUNG. KOS. LUX. MAC. MONT. NETH. SER. SLK. SLN. SWITZ.

ALBANIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CROATIA CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK GERMANY HUNGARY KOSOVO LUXEMBOURG MACEDONIA MONTENEGRO NETHERLANDS SERBIA SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SWITZERLAND

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SAUDI ARABIA

AFGHANISTAN

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BHUTAN

N. KOREA JAPAN

S. KOREA

TAIWAN

KYRGYZSTAN

SRI LANKA

SINGAPORE

BRUNEI

EAST TIMOR

IRAN

MONGOLIA KAZAKHSTAN

R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N

C H I N A

INDIA

M A L A Y S I A

I N D O N E S I A

A U S T R A L I A

ETHIOPIA

SUDAN

EGYPTLIBYA

NIGER

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BELARUS

ROMANIA

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GREECE

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SER.

SYRIA

ARMENIA

AZERBAIJAN

GEORGIA

JORDAN

IRAQ

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BANGLADESH

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

FINLAND

MALTA CYPRUS ISRAEL

KUWAIT

QATAR

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ALB.

MAC.

LEBANON

MOLDOVA

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BENIN TOGO

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GABON DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO

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NAMIBIA

SOUTH AFRICA

MOZAMBIQUE

CAMEROON

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TANZANIA COMOROS

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SWAZILAND

LESOTHO

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ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR

SEYCHELLES

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N G

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CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE

MYANMAR (BURMA)

PHILIPPINES

Mariana Is. (U.S.)

Guam (U.S.)

KIRIBATINAURU

PALAU

TUVALU

FIJIVANUATU

New Caledonia (Fr.)

SOLOMON IS.

MARSHALL IS.

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

PAPUA NEW

GUINEA

NEW ZEALAND

Tasmania (Aust.)

ITALY

NORWAY

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America A C O N C I S E H I S T O R Y

V O L U M E 2 : S I N C E 1 8 6 5

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James A. Henretta University of Maryland

Eric Hinderaker University of Utah

Rebecca Edwards Vassar College

Robert O. Self Brown University

America A C O N C I S E H I S T O R Y

Bedford / St. Martin’s Boston • New York

S I X T H E D I T I O N

V O L U M E 2 : S I N C E 1 8 6 5

For Bedford/St. Martin’s Publisher for History: Mary V. Dougherty Senior Executive Editor for History and Technology: William J. Lombardo Director of Development for History: Jane Knetzger Senior Developmental Editor: Laura Arcari Production Editor: Annette Pagliaro Sweeney Senior Production Supervisor: Jennifer Peterson Executive Marketing Manager: Sandra McGuire Editorial Assistants: Victoria Royal, Emily DiPietro Production Assistant: Erica Zhang Copy Editor: Susan Zorn Indexer: Leoni McVey, McVey & Associates, Inc. Cartography: Mapping Specialists, Ltd. Photo Researcher: Pembroke Herbert and Sandi Rygiel, Picture Research Consultants, Inc. Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: Maureen McCutcheon Cover Design: Marine Miller Cover Photo: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection [LC-USF34-040820-D] Composition: Jouve Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons

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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the text and art selections they cover; these acknowledgments and copyrights constitute an extension of the copyright page. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder.

xi

Preface Why This Book This Way

History classrooms present a unique dilemma. How do we off er our students a basic understanding of key events and facts, while inviting them to see the past not as a rote list of names and dates, but as the fascinating, confl icted prelude to their lives today? How do we teach our students to think like historians? As scholars and teachers who go into the classroom every day, we know these challenges well and have composed the sixth edition of America: A Concise History to help instructors meet them.

Of course the contents of this book are only helpful if students read and assimilate the material before coming to class, so for the sixth edition we are rolling out a suite of digital tools designed to save you time and help students gain confi dence and learn historical thinking skills. So that students will come to class prepared, they now receive access to LearningCurve — an adaptive learning tool that garners over a 90% student satisfaction rate that helps them master content — when they purchase a new copy of America: A Concise History. And because we know that your classroom needs are chang- ing rapidly, we are excited to announce that America is available with LaunchPad, a new, robust interactive e-book and course space with a wealth of additional content and learning aids that makes customizing and assigning the book and its resources easy and effi cient. LaunchPad can be used on its own or in conjunction with this printed text, giving instructors and students the best of both worlds — the narrative text in an inexpensive, easy-to-read printed format as well as our highly acclaimed digital resources and tools, where their use and combination are limited only by the imagination of the instructor. To learn more about the benefi ts of LearningCurve and LaunchPad, see bedfordstmartins.com/henrettaconcise/catalog.

America has long been known for its breadth, balance, and ability to explain to students not just what happened, but why. Th e latest edition both preserves and sub- stantially builds upon those strengths. Th e foundation of our approach lies in our commitment to an integrated history. America: A Concise History combines traditional “top-down” narratives of political and economic aff airs with “bottom-up” narratives of the lived experiences of ordinary people. Our goal is to help students achieve a richer understanding of politics, diplomacy, war, economics, intellectual and cultural life, and gender, class, and race relations, by exploring how developments in all these areas were interconnected. Our analysis is fueled by a passion for exploring big, consequen- tial questions. How did a colonial slave society settled by people from four continents become a pluralist democracy? How have liberty and equality informed the American experience? Questions like these help students understand what’s at stake as we study the past. In America: A Concise History, we provide an integrated historical approach and a dedication to why history matters to bear on the full sweep of America’s past.

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xii Preface

One of the most exciting developments in this edition is the arrival of a new author, Eric Hinderaker. An expert in native and early American history, Eric brings a fresh interpretation of native and colonial European societies and the revolutionary Atlantic world of the eighteenth century that enlivens and enriches our narrative. Eric joins James Henretta, long the intellectual anchor of the book, whose scholarly work now focuses on law, citizenship, and the state in early America; Rebecca Edwards, an expert in women’s and gender history and nineteenth-century electoral politics; and Robert Self, whose work explores the relationship between urban and suburban poli- tics, social movements, and the state. Together, we strive to ensure that energy and creativity, as well as our wide experience in the study of history, infuse every page that follows.

Th e core of a textbook is its narrative, and we have endeavored to make ours clear, accessible, and lively. In it, we focus not only on the marvelous diversity of peoples who came to call themselves Americans, but also on the institutions that have forged a common national identity. More than ever, we daily confront the collision of our past with the demands of the future and the shrinking distance between Americans and others around the globe. To help students meet these challenges, we call attention to connections with the histories of Canada, Latin America, Europe, Africa, and Asia, drawing links between events in the United States and those elsewhere. In our contem- porary digital world, facts and data are everywhere. What students crave is analysis. As it has since its inception, America: A Concise History provides students with a compre- hensive explanation and interpretation of events, a guide to why history unfolded as it did, and a roadmap for understanding the world in which we live.

A Nine-Part Framework Highlights Key Developments One of the greatest strengths of America: A Concise History is its part structure, which helps students identify the key forces and major developments that shaped each era. A four-page Part Opener introduces each part, using analysis, striking images, and a detailed thematic timeline to orient students to the major developments and themes of the period covered. New “Th ematic Understanding” questions ask students to consider periodization and make connections among chapters. By organizing U.S. his- tory into nine distinct periods, rather than just 31 successive chapters, we encourage students to trace changes and continuities over time and to grasp connections between political, economic, social, and cultural events.

In this edition, we have reengineered the part structure to refl ect the most up-to- date scholarship. Pre-contact native societies and European colonization are now cov- ered in two distinct parts, allowing us to devote comprehensive attention to the whole of North America before the 1760s. We have also added an additional part bridging the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, bringing fresh perspectives on industrializa- tion, the “long progressive era,” and the growth of American global power. Together, the nine parts organize the complex history of North America and the United States into comprehensible sections with distinct themes.

Part 1, “Transformations of North America, 1450–1700,” highlights the diver- sity and complexity of Native Americans prior to European contact, examines the

Preface xiii

transformative impact of European intrusions and the Columbian Exchange, and emphasizes the experimental quality of colonial ventures. Part 2, “British North America and the Atlantic World, 1660–1763,” explains the diversifi cation of British North America and the rise of the British Atlantic World and emphasizes the impor- tance of contact between colonists and Native Americans and imperial rivalries among European powers. Part 3, “Revolution and Republican Culture, 1763–1820,” traces the rise of colonial protest against British imperial reform, outlines the ways that the American Revolution challenged the social order, and explores the processes of con- quest, competition, and consolidation that followed from it.

Part 4, “Overlapping Revolutions, 1800–1860” traces the transformation of the economy, society, and culture of the new nation; the creation of a democratic polity; and growing sectional divisions. Part 5, “Creating and Preserving a Continental Nation, 1844–1877,” covers the confl icts generated by America’s empire-building in the West, including sectional political struggles that led to the Civil War, and during and aft er Reconstruction, national consolidation of power. Part 6, “Industrializing America: Upheavals and Experiments, 1877–1917,” examines the transformations brought about by the rise of corporations and a powerhouse industrial economy, including immigration; a diverse, urbanizing society; and movements for progressive reform.

Part 7, “Domestic and Global Challenges, 1890–1945,” explores America’s rise to world power, the cultural transformations and political confl icts of the 1920s, the Great Depression, and the creation of the welfare state. Part 8, “Th e Modern State and the Age of Liberalism, 1945–1980,” addresses the postwar period, including America’s new global leadership role during the Cold War; the expansion of federal responsibility during a new “age of liberalism”; and the growth of mass consumption and the middle class. Finally, Part 9, “Global Capitalism and the End of the Ameri- can Century, 1980 to the Present,” discusses the conservative political ascendancy of the 1980s; the end of the Cold War and rising confl ict in the Middle East; and global- ization and increasing social inequality.

Hundreds of Sources Encourage Students to Think Comparatively and Critically America: A Concise History has long emphasized primary sources. In addition to weav- ing lively quotations throughout the narrative, we off er students substantial excerpts from historical documents — letters, diaries, autobiographies, public testimony, and more — and numerous fi gures that give students practice working with data. Th ese documents allow students to experience the past through the words and perspectives of those who lived it, to understand how historians make sense of the past using data, and to gain skill in interpreting historical evidence.

Each chapter of the book includes two types of primary source features. Ameri- can Voices features in every chapter help students to understand how important events and phenomena were viewed domestically. New America Compared features use primary sources and data to situate U.S. history in global context, while giving

xiv Preface

students practice in comparison and data analysis. Retooled from the Voices from America feature from the last edition to include data in addition to primary sources, these features appear in every chapter on topics as diverse as the fi ght for women’s rights in France and the United States, an examination of labor laws aft er emancipa- tion in Haiti and the United States, the loss of human life in World War I, and an analy- sis of the worldwide economic malaise of the 1970s.

In LaunchPad, students have access to hundreds of additional primary sources, including a brand-new feature to aid you in teaching historical thinking skills. Th ink- ing Like a Historian features in every LaunchPad chapter include 5–8 brief sources organized around a central theme, such as “Beyond the Proclamation Line,” “Making Modern Presidents,” and “Th e Suburban Landscape of Cold War America.” Students are asked to analyze the documents and complete a “Putting It All Together” assign- ment that asks them to synthesize and use the evidence to create an argument. Because we understand how important primary sources are to the study of history, we are also pleased to off er in LaunchPad the all-new companion reader, Sources of America’s History.

As in past editions, an outstanding visual program engages students’ attention and gives them practice in working with visual sources. Th e book’s illustration program is greatly expanded in LaunchPad, which features more than twice as many images as the print book: over 425 paintings, cartoons, illustrations, photographs, and charts. Infor- mative captions set the illustrations in context and provide students with background for making their own analysis of the images in the book. Keenly aware that students lack geographic literacy, we have included dozens of maps that show major develop- ments in the narrative, each with captions to help students interpret what they see.

Taken together, these documents, fi gures, maps, and illustrations provide instruc- tors with a trove of teaching materials, such that America: A Concise History off ers not only a compelling narrative, but also — right in the text — the rich documentary mate- rials that instructors need to bring the past alive and introduce students to historical analysis.

Study Aids Support Student Understanding and Teach Historical Thinking Skills Each chapter in the book provides aids to student comprehension and study. New “Big Idea” questions at the start of every chapter guide student reading and focus their attention on identifying not just what happened, but why. Focus questions at the end of each major section help guide students in their reading. At the end of each chapter, we use a timeline to remind students of important events and reiterate the themes in an analytic summary.

To better support students in their understanding of the material and in their development of historical thinking skills, users of LaunchPad for America: A Concise History will fi nd a wealth of additional learning tools. Author preview videos that speak to the “big idea” of the chapter and guided reading activities for each chapter focus student learning and encourage active engagement with the text. Users of the

Preface xv

interactive e-book will also gain profi ciency in historical thinking skills via marginal review questions that ask students to “Identify Causes,” “Trace Change over Time,” and “Understand Points of View,” among other skills. Where students are likely to stumble over a key concept, we boldface it in the text wherever it is fi rst mentioned and provide a pop-up glossary defi nition for each term. In the Chapter Review section, we include a set of review questions for the chapter as a whole, along with “Making Connections” and “Th ematic Understanding” questions that ask students to con- sider broader historical issues, developments, and continuities and changes over time. Lastly, the chapter timelines in LaunchPad are accompanied by “Key Turning Points” questions that remind students of important events and ask them to consider peri- odization. Th e diff erent types of formative and summative assessment in LaunchPad, including short answer, essay questions, multiple-choice quizzing, and Learning- Curve, are designed to get students reading before class and can be edited, customized with your own material, and assigned in seconds.

New Scholarship Introduces Students to the Latest Research and Interpretations In the new edition, we continue to off er instructors a bold account of U.S. history that refl ects the latest, most exciting scholarship in the fi eld. Th roughout the book, we have given increased attention to political culture and political economy, including the his- tory of capitalism, using this analysis to help students understand how society, culture, politics, and the economy informed one another.

With new author Eric Hinderaker aboard we have taken the opportunity to recon- ceptualize much of the pre-1800 material. Th is edition opens with two dramatically revised chapters marked by closer and more sustained attention to the way Native Americans shaped, and were shaped by, the contact experience and highlighting the tenuous and varied nature of colonial experimentation. Th ese changes carry through the edition in a sharpened continental perspective and expanded coverage of Native Americans, the environment, and the West in every era. We have also brought closer attention to the patterns and varieties of colonial enterprise and new attention to the Atlantic world and the many revolutions — in print, consumption, and politics — that transformed the eighteenth century.

In our coverage of the nineteenth century, the discussion of slavery now includes material on African American childhood and the impact of hired-out slaves on black identity. Th e spiritual life of Joseph Smith also receives greater attention, as do the complex attitudes of Mormons toward slavery. New fi ndings have also deepened the analysis of the War with Mexico and its impact on domestic politics. But the really new feature of these chapters is their heightened international, indeed global, perspective.

In the post–Civil War chapters, enhanced coverage of gender, ethnicity, and race includes greater emphasis on gay and lesbian history and Asian and Latino immigra- tion, alongside the entire chapter devoted to the Civil Rights Movement, a major addi- tion to the last edition. Finally, we have kept up with recent developments with an expanded section on the Obama presidency and the elections of 2008 and 2012.

xvi Preface

Acknowledgments We are grateful to the following scholars and teachers who reported on their experi- ences with the last edition or reviewed features of the new edition. Th eir comments oft en challenged us to rethink or justify our interpretations and always provided a check on accuracy down to the smallest detail.

Jeff rey S. Adler, University of Florida Jennifer L. Bertolet, Th e George Washington University Vicki Black, Blinn College Stefan Bosworth, Hostos Community College Tammy K. Byron, Dalton State College Jessica Cannon, University of Central Missouri Rose Darrough, Palomar College Petra DeWitt, Missouri University of Science & Technology Nancy J. Duke, Daytona State College Richard M. Filipink, Western Illinois University Matthew Garrett, Bakersfi eld College Benjamin H. Hampton, Manchester Community College and Great Bay

Community College Isadora Helfgott, University of Wyoming Stephanie Jannenga, Muskegon Community College Antoine Joseph, Bryant University Lorraine M. Lees, Old Dominion University John S. Leiby, Paradise Valley Community College Karen Ward Mahar, Siena College Timothy R. Mahoney, University of Nebraska — Lincoln Eric Mayer, Victor Valley College Glenn Melancon, Southeastern Oklahoma State University Frances Mitilineos, Oakton Community College James Mills, University of Texas, Brownsville Anne Paulet, Humboldt State University Th omas Ratliff , Central Connecticut State University LeeAnn Reynolds, Samford University Jenny Shaw, University of Alabama Courtney Smith, Cabrini College Timothy Th urber, Virginia Commonwealth University Julio Vasquez, University of Kansas Sarah E. Vandament, North Lake College of the Dallas County Community

College District Louis Williams, St. Louis Community College — Forest Park

As the authors of America: A Concise History, we know better than anyone else how much this book is the work of other hands and minds. We are indebted to Mary Dougherty, William J. Lombardo, and Jane Knetzger, who oversaw this edition, and Laura Arcari, who asked the right questions, suggested a multitude of improvements, and expertly guided the manuscript to completion. As usual, Denise B. Wydra and

Preface xvii

Joan E. Feinberg generously provided the resources we needed to produce an out- standing volume. Annette Pagliaro Sweeney did a masterful job consulting with the authors and seeing the book through the production process. Sandi McGuire in the marketing department understood how to communicate our vision to teachers, and the sales force did wonderful work in helping this edition reach the classroom. We also thank the rest of our editorial and production team for their dedicated eff orts: Associ- ate Editors Robin Soule and Jen Jovin; Editorial Assistant Victoria Royal; Susan Zorn, who copyedited the manuscript; proofreaders Linda McLatchie and Barbara Price; art researchers Pembroke Herbert and Sandi Rygiel at Picture Research Consultants and Archives; text permissions researcher Eve Lehmann; and Kalina Ingham and Hilary Newman, who oversaw permissions. Finally, we want to express our appreciation for the invaluable assistance of Patricia Deveneau, who expertly suggested topics and sources for the Th inking Like A Historian feature in Chapters 8–14; Kendra Kennedy, for crucial research aid; and Eliza Blanchard and Erin Boss, for research assistance at Vassar. Many thanks to all of you for your contributions to this new edition of America: A Concise History.

James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self

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Versions and Supplements

Adopters of America: A Concise History and their students have access to abundant extra resources, including documents, presentation and testing materials, the acclaimed Bedford Series in History and Culture volumes, and much more. See below for more information, visit the book’s catalog site at bedfordstmartins.com/henrettaconcise /catalog, or contact your local Bedford/St. Martin’s sales representative.

Get the Right Version for Your Class To accommodate diff erent course lengths and course budgets, America: A Concise His- tory is available in several diff erent formats, including e-books, which are available at a substantial discount.

• Volume 1, To 1877 (Chapters 1–16): available in paperback and e-book formats

• Volume 2, Since 1865 (Chapters 15–31): available in paperback and e-book formats

Any of these volumes can be packaged with additional books for a discount. To get ISBNs for discount packages, see the online catalog at bedfordstmartins.com /henrettaconcise/catalog or contact your Bedford/St. Martin’s representative.

NEW Take the Leap with LaunchPad — a Content-Rich and Assessment-Ready Interactive e-Book and Course Space. Intuitive and easy-to-use for students and instructors alike, LaunchPad is ready to use as is, and can be edited, customized with your own material, and assigned in seconds. LaunchPad for America: A Concise History includes Bedford/St. Martin’s high-quality content all in one place, including the full interactive e-book and the Sources for Amer- ica’s History documents collection plus LearningCurve, short author video chapter previews, guided reading activities designed to help students read actively for key con- cepts, additional primary sources, images, videos, chapter summative quizzes, and more. A wealth of formative and summative assessments, including short answer, essay questions, multiple-choice quizzing, and LearningCurve, an adaptive learning program, help students gain confi dence and get them reading before class. LaunchPad easily integrates with course management systems, and with fast ways to build assign- ments, rearrange chapters, and add new pages, sections, or links, it lets teachers build

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/henrettaconcise/catalog
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/henrettaconcise/catalog
xx Versions and Supplements

the course materials they need and hold students accountable. For more information, visit bedfordstmartins.com/launchpad, or to arrange a demo, contact us at history@ bedfordstmartins.com.

Let Students Choose Th eir e-Book Format. In addition to the LaunchPad interac- tive e-book, students can purchase the downloadable Bedford e-Book to Go for Amer- ica: A Concise History from our Web site or fi nd other PDF versions of the e-book at our publishing partners’ sites: Amazon, CourseSmart, Chegg, KNO, VitalSource, GooglePlay, B&N NOOKStudy, Follett CafeScribe, Copia, and eCampus.

NEW Assign LearningCurve So You Know What Your Students Know and They Come to Class Prepared.