Loading...

Messages

Proposals

Stuck in your homework and missing deadline? Get urgent help in $10/Page with 24 hours deadline

Get Urgent Writing Help In Your Essays, Assignments, Homeworks, Dissertation, Thesis Or Coursework & Achieve A+ Grades.

Privacy Guaranteed - 100% Plagiarism Free Writing - Free Turnitin Report - Professional And Experienced Writers - 24/7 Online Support

Avocational crime

20/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 12 Hours

WHITE COLLAR CRIME IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 4TH ED.


CHAPTER 4


OCCUPATIONAL CRIME AND AVOCATIONAL CRIME


Trusted Criminals


Designed by: Jordan Land, M.S.


Retail Crime and Service Fraud


Retail businesses are often thought of as victims of crime, whether by pilfering or embezzling employees, shoplifters, or robbers and burglars

Retail stores engage in a wide range of deceptive and illegal activities

Fraudulent advertising

Illegal pricing practices

Sale of fraudulently represented merchandise

Purchase and resale of stolen goods

Retail Crime


Paul Blumberg has documented illegal and unethical practices by businesses

He identified other deceptive practices in retail crime

Adulteration of products

Short weighing

Bait-and-switch

Bar-code prices

Collection of taxes on nontaxable items

Wage theft

Defrauding Vulnerable People


In a study conducted by David Caplowitz, he found that the poor were:

Being overcharged

Sold inferior goods

Victimized by deceptive credit practices, complicated consumer contracts, and lawsuits threatening wage garnishment

Despite new laws and consumer affairs initiatives, these fraudulent practices are hardly extinct

Service Business Fraud


Repair service businesses have a notorious reputation for cheating customers

Complaints about auto repairs constitute the largest percentage of consumer complaints according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

These frauds include:

Highway bandits

Estimate scams

Maintenance hook schemes

Part replacement problems

Service Business Fraud


Many consumers are unaware that they have been victimized

When they suspect that they have been victimized, they are skeptical to report the crime because they do not believe that it will lead to effective action

All consumers will be “robbed” by unscrupulous retailers and entrepreneurs

Medical, Legal, Academic & Religious Crime


Profession refers to occupations characterized by higher education and training; specialized technical knowledge and skills, and a high degree of autonomy

Semi-professional has been applied to some occupational groups such as pharmacists and nurses

Some who claim professional status but lack real autonomy

Lawyers, physicians, scientists

These individuals work for large corporations

Medical Crime


Physicians are well compensated, are typically accorded a high level of trust, and exercise unusual power or professional dominance over patients

Among the specifically illegal and unethical activities committed by physicians:

Fee splitting

Taking or offering kickbacks

Price fixing

Unnecessary operations

False and fraudulent billing

Medical Crime as a Violent Crime


The performance of unnecessary surgery is the single most disturbing of medical crimes

The most common forms of unnecessary surgery are:

Removal of tonsils, hemorrhoids, appendixes and uteruses

Heart-related surgery

Caesarean section deliveries

Performing unnecessary surgeries can cause paralysis, blindness or other forms of permanent injury

Medical Crime as Fraud


Medicaid and Medicare fraud by physicians have been characterized as an especially “pure” form of white collar crime because it occurs within the context of routine occupational activity

Overutilization is perhaps the most common form of medical fraud, and it is especially difficult to prove and prosecute successfully

Specific techniques used in this fraud are:

Ping-ponging, family ganging, steering, upgrading, code games and unbundling

Legal Crime


Legal crime refers to lawyers engaging in criminal conduct in the course of discharging their professional duties

It is more common for lawyers to become involved with, facilitate, or help cover up illegal enterprises while maintaining primary commitment to the conventional and legitimate tasks of a lawyer

Legal Crime as Fraud


The intangibility of a lawyer’s work provides special opportunities for overbilling clients

It is often proven difficult to establish criminal intent in such cases of alleged fraudulent conduct

Legal Crime as Collusion


The ethics code of the American Bar Association requires lawyers to keep in strict confidence any knowledge of a client’s past crimes and prohibits lawyers from advising or assisting a client in the commission of any illegal or fraudulent act

A number of major insider trading cases in the 1980s involved criminal charges against lawyers who passed on privileged information about pending corporate takeovers

Academic Crime:

Professors, Scientists and Students


The fact that professors engage in less occupationally related crime than do doctors and lawyers is probably more a function of fewer opportunities for such activity than a matter of greater personal integrity among professors

Academic crimes refer to plagiarism, embezzlement of university discretionary funds, forgery, claims about credentials, etc.

Plagiarism refers to use or misappropriation of ideas or words of others without giving them credit

Academic Crime:

Professors, Scientists and Students


Outright embezzlement is hardly unknown in the academic environment

Administrators and employees often have better opportunities than professors to embezzle or obtain improper payments

Some academic researchers have taken advantage of the special access they have to rare and valuable artifacts and manuscripts to steal these items and sell them for profit

Academic Crime as Fraud


It has proven difficult to develop reliable data on the extent of scientific fraud, which principally takes the form of fabricating, manipulating, and suppressing data

Claims that outright scientific fraud is rare are commonly made, but whether or not they are accurate have not typically been based upon scientific research

Student White Collar Crime


Students commit various illegal acts that have nothing to do with white collar crime, including vandalism, drunkenness, illicit drug use, car theft, etc.

Student white collar crime is best defined as illegal or harmful conduct committed specifically in the context of their student role

For gain or advantage

The clearest form is cheating

Student White Collar Crime


Colleges are also concerned that many applicants engage in “résumé fraud” by making false claims about their achievements and activities

New technology has greatly increased the opportunity for cheating

Academic cheating takes many forms:

Cheating on exams, home work and term papers

Religious Crime


Religious crime may be the most disturbing of all forms of crimes by professionals

Religious leaders may generate a bottomless well of trust among gullible believers

Some religious leaders have defrauded believers and used offerings or donations for corrupt purposes

Employee Crime


Employees stealing from their employers is one of the more common images of white collar crime

When managers steal, losses average $250,000

Executives and managers are often in a position to award themselves huge bonuses and a wide range of expensive “perks”

Clark and Hollinger define employee theft as:

The unauthorized taking, control or transfer of money and/or property of the formal work organization perpetrated by an employee during the course of occupational activity which is related to the employment

Employee Crime


A great deal of employee crime is not readily discovered

Even when discovered it may not be reported to any official agency

No agency collects and publishes statistics on the range of activities encompassed

Only rough estimates based on diverse sources and statistical extrapolations are available for study

Forms of Employee Theft


Withholding effort at work can be viewed as a form of employee crime

Employees use office supplies and machinery for personal use, make personal phone calls on a business phone, etc.

Employee theft occurs on a number of different levels:

Pilfering refers to petty theft

Chiseling refers to cheating or swindling

Fraud is theft through misrepresentation

Embezzlement refers to the destruction or fraudulent appropriation of another’s money which has been entrusted to one’s care

Employers’ Response to Employee Theft


Some employee theft is tolerated, sometimes even encouraged, by employers to compensate for low wages and poor working conditions

Workers who engage in it are less well positioned to organize and make demands

Employers’ Response to Employee Theft


Many employers are unlikely to involve police when they discover significant employee thefts because:

To do so risks relationships and productive patterns at work

Exposes improper or even illegal practices of the employer

Possibility of garnering bad publicity if arrests and criminal trials ensue

Alternative Forms of Employee Crime


Theft of ideas, designs and formulas are another form of employee crime

Such theft can be expected to become an increasingly costly problem in the current “information revolution”

Not all employee crime against the employer takes the form of theft

Employees may commit sabotage

To conceal their own errors, to gain time off or for more pay, or to express their contempt and anger with their work and employer

Some Factors in Employee Theft


An extensive study of employee theft found that employees who commit theft are more likely to be young males, and unmarried

Company property refers mainly to basic, bulky components and tools

Property of uncertain ownership refers to small inexpensive items like nails, bolts, drill bits, etc.

Personal property refers to monogrammed clothing, wallets, jewelry, personal modified tools, etc.

Conditions in the Workplace

and Employee Crime


During the period of 1750-1850, opportunities for employee theft became far more widely available

In the more recent era, technology has facilitated new forms of employee crime

The most important factors influencing employee theft involve:

Workplace conditions such as the size of the organization

Conditions in the Workplace

and Employee Crime


Smigel (1970)found that respondents were more prepared to steal from large organizations than small ones

An employee stealing from a large organization is far less likely to suffer measurable harm from conventional levels of theft


The larger the organization, the smaller the risk of being caught


Conditions in the Workplace

and Employee Crime


Other studies have found that employees’ dissatisfaction with the company or with supervisors was associated with higher rates of employee theft

Opportunity to steal is a major determinant of employee theft

Those who have the greater access to things worth stealing are the most likely to do so

Avocational Crime and White Collar Crime


Avocational crime refers to occasional economic crimes committed by respectable members of society outside of an occupational context

Avocational crimes are similar to the concepts of occasional property crime, folk crime and mundane crime

Occasional crime is an amateur, small-scale property theft or destruction

Avocational Crime and White Collar Crime


Folk crimes apply to everyday deviance, like traffic violations and poaching

Mundane crimes are commonplace, innocuous, and often dull or routine opportunistic forms of lawbreaking with relatively low visibility

Avocational crimes include:

Evading personal taxes

Defrauding insurance companies

Providing false statements in connection with personal loans and obtaining credit

Stealing services

Stealing copyrighted material

Income Tax Evasion


Income tax evasion is classified as a form of occupational or individual white collar crime

Failure to comply with tax law may take different forms

Failure to file, non-reporting of income, underreporting of income, etc.

Tax evasion defined by the IRS is:

An act involving deceit, subterfuge, and concealment. It is, of course, illegal

However, tax avoidance, the arraignment of a taxpayer's affairs to minimize tax liability, is legal

Income Tax Evasion


The complexity of tax law makes it difficult to distinguish between tax evasion and tax avoidance

Income tax provides 2/3 of federal tax revenue

The IRS has been more vigorous in the pursuit of tax protesters (those advocating tax evasion) than of tax straddlers (those using illegal tax shelters)

According to one study, the more prevalent an individual perceives tax evasion to be, the more inclined that individual will be to commit tax evasion

Other Forms of Avocational Crime


Insurance fraud is widely recognized to be a growing problem in the U.S.

Doctors, lawyers, insurance adjusters, and the police may be involved in facilitating false injury, damage and theft claims

Much insurance fraud generally is avocational crime committed by respectable middle or upper class members of society

Much avocational crime is less stigmatizing than all forms of white collar crime because the primary victims are most typically the government or large corporations, and because the losses appear to be more abstract than for other forms of theft or fraud

Applied Sciences

Architecture and Design

Biology

Business & Finance

Chemistry

Computer Science

Geography

Geology

Education

Engineering

English

Environmental science

Spanish

Government

History

Human Resource Management

Information Systems

Law

Literature

Mathematics

Nursing

Physics

Political Science

Psychology

Reading

Science

Social Science

Home

Blog

Archive

Contact

google+twitterfacebook

Copyright © 2019 HomeworkMarket.com

Homework is Completed By:

Writer Writer Name Amount Client Comments & Rating
Instant Homework Helper

ONLINE

Instant Homework Helper

$36

She helped me in last minute in a very reasonable price. She is a lifesaver, I got A+ grade in my homework, I will surely hire her again for my next assignments, Thumbs Up!

Order & Get This Solution Within 3 Hours in $25/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 3 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 6 Hours in $20/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 6 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 12 Hours in $15/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 12 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

6 writers have sent their proposals to do this homework:

University Coursework Help
Top Essay Tutor
Helping Hand
Writer Writer Name Offer Chat
University Coursework Help

ONLINE

University Coursework Help

Hi dear, I am ready to do your homework in a reasonable price.

$102 Chat With Writer
Top Essay Tutor

ONLINE

Top Essay Tutor

I have more than 12 years of experience in managing online classes, exams, and quizzes on different websites like; Connect, McGraw-Hill, and Blackboard. I always provide a guarantee to my clients for their grades.

$105 Chat With Writer
Helping Hand

ONLINE

Helping Hand

I am an Academic writer with 10 years of experience. As an Academic writer, my aim is to generate unique content without Plagiarism as per the client’s requirements.

$100 Chat With Writer

Let our expert academic writers to help you in achieving a+ grades in your homework, assignment, quiz or exam.

Similar Homework Questions

Www.onetonline.org my next move - Assignment Paper - Espresso disposition corporation 1 v santana - Camenisch business ethics - Boonma engine mounts catalogue - Week4 - Womb for rent ellen goodman - Dramatic irony in an inspector calls - Fnb questions and answers - Cybersecurity and the internet of things - Basic life support questions and answers - Mars in aries sexuality - Topic: Energy Budget and Habitability (CIP3) - Advice on the Best Apps and Software for Increasing Efficiency - Marketing Startegies - Spin master hong kong office - Blockchain in supply chain ppt - Rvk sileo 100e2 wiring - Fundamentals of sport and exercise psychology pdf - Determining forces in truss members - W7 law - Blair atholl caravan park - Suppose the quantity x of super titan - Department of education training and employment queensland - Mortgage loan data table xlsx - Dr krishna tumuluri reviews - Blood music greg bear free pdf - Three ways technology can impact communication - In the prince machiavelli advises rulers to - National scan inc sells radio frequency - Audit symbols in excel - 6 stages of cultural competence continuum - English georgian floral arrangements - Project Outline - Battery recycling plant ppt - Discussion 8/5 - Montreal, Canada Assignment - Working with political science research methods answer key - Pathfinder ring of eloquence - Curtin malaysia exam timetable - Pyramids of montauk explorations in consciousness pdf - Gopro be a hero marketing campaign - Bryan and petersen display homes warrnambool - Nursing diagnosis for undescended testis - Global environment for network innovations - The rate of work related deaths among ironworkers is - How to understand entity relationship diagrams - Avocado tree trunk turning black - Part a recombination in dihybrid crosses mastering biology - A factory processes 1 560 ounces - Warfarin resistance may be seen in patients with vcorc1 mutation, leading to - Discussion(NCM) - Pre Algebra - Security Paper - Basic computer knowledge questions - Disk caching improves hard disk performance by compressing files - What scene does desdemona die - Discharge of mortgage cba - Fine pearlite and coarse pearlite - Casa exams pass rates - Mind map of an industry which uses cloud - Argument - What counseling theory am i - Center across selection excel 2016 - Was herb the right person to be assigned as the project manager? - Why did the socs beat up ponyboy - Cadbury schweppes share price - A preheater involves the use of condensing - ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD (EHR) - Http www grand illusions com simulator montysim htm - Racv emergency home assist - Daisy buchanan character analysis essay - St luke's hospital sydney - Have you seen luis valdez book - How to write a formal analysis of a sculpture - Research proposal str 581 - Durgadevi guhagar bhakta niwas - How to calculate water hardness using edta titration - Theorem of corresponding states - Verilog code for comparator using dataflow model - Living religions 10th edition pdf - Invalid gas id avea ventilator - Continuity and differentiability homework answers - How to fill out an amortization table - An investment intermediary that lends funds to consumers is - Julie dowling self portrait - Create multiple child processes using fork - Curriculum development and evaluation in nursing - Research Paper In American Literature I(for fixing) - Internal conflict in the story of an hour - Cybercrime such as Computer - Assignment 1 network infrastructure design diagramming - Flowers in the dustbin pdf - Dairy farm feasibility report - Minitab project report - Harmonie water case study - Why are proposals important to many businesses - Why are coke and pepsi considered an oligopoly - Examples of strong syllables - How junk food can end obesity thesis