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ABOUT THE COVER IMAGE

African Americans on the Move, 1940 Migration and mobility are major themes in American history. Immigration to and migration within the United States have been constants of the nation’s past and remain so in the present. One of the most breathtaking relocation stories in this long history is that of African Americans in the twentieth century. Between 1910 and 1970, between 5 and 6 million African Americans left the South for the North and West, transforming the nation in the process. Here a family prepares for the journey from Florida to New Jersey in 1940.

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ABBREVIATIONS

ALB. AUS. BEL. B.H. CR. CZ. REP. DEN. GER. HUNG. KOS. LUX. MAC. MONT. NETH. SER. SLK. SLN. SWITZ.

ALBANIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CROATIA CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK GERMANY HUNGARY KOSOVO LUXEMBOURG MACEDONIA MONTENEGRO NETHERLANDS SERBIA SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SWITZERLAND

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GER.POLAND

UKRAINE

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SAUDI ARABIA

AFGHANISTAN

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BHUTAN

N. KOREA JAPAN

S. KOREA

TAIWAN

KYRGYZSTAN

SRI LANKA

SINGAPORE

BRUNEI

EAST TIMOR

IRAN

MONGOLIA KAZAKHSTAN

R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N

C H I N A

INDIA

M A L A Y S I A

I N D O N E S I A

A U S T R A L I A

ETHIOPIA

SUDAN

EGYPTLIBYA

NIGER

NIGERIA

CHAD

SOMALIA

BELARUS

ROMANIA

BULGARIA

GREECE

CZ. REP. SLK.

AUS.HUNG.

SER.

SYRIA

ARMENIA

AZERBAIJAN

GEORGIA

JORDAN

IRAQ

ERITREA

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MALDIVES

BANGLADESH

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

FINLAND

MALTA CYPRUS ISRAEL

KUWAIT

QATAR

BAHRAIN

DJIBOUTI

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LATVIA ESTONIA

LITHUANIA

SLN. CR.

NETH. DEN.

TUNISIA

A N T A R C T I C A

B.H.

MONT. KOS.

ALB.

MAC.

LEBANON

MOLDOVA

EQ. GUINEA

BENIN TOGO

RWANDA

BURUNDI

GABON DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIA

SOUTH AFRICA

MOZAMBIQUE

CAMEROON

UGANDA

TANZANIA COMOROS

MALAWI

MAURITIUS

SWAZILAND

LESOTHO

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR

SEYCHELLES

BOTSWANA

KENYA

C O

N G

O

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.

SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE

MYANMAR (BURMA)

PHILIPPINES

Mariana Is. (U.S.)

Guam (U.S.)

KIRIBATINAURU

PALAU

TUVALU

FIJIVANUATU

New Caledonia (Fr.)

SOLOMON IS.

MARSHALL IS.

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

PAPUA NEW

GUINEA

NEW ZEALAND

Tasmania (Aust.)

ITALY

NORWAY

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America A C O N C I S E H I S T O R Y

V O L U M E 2 : S I N C E 1 8 6 5

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James A. Henretta University of Maryland

Eric Hinderaker University of Utah

Rebecca Edwards Vassar College

Robert O. Self Brown University

America A C O N C I S E H I S T O R Y

Bedford / St. Martin’s Boston • New York

S I X T H E D I T I O N

V O L U M E 2 : S I N C E 1 8 6 5

For Bedford/St. Martin’s Publisher for History: Mary V. Dougherty Senior Executive Editor for History and Technology: William J. Lombardo Director of Development for History: Jane Knetzger Senior Developmental Editor: Laura Arcari Production Editor: Annette Pagliaro Sweeney Senior Production Supervisor: Jennifer Peterson Executive Marketing Manager: Sandra McGuire Editorial Assistants: Victoria Royal, Emily DiPietro Production Assistant: Erica Zhang Copy Editor: Susan Zorn Indexer: Leoni McVey, McVey & Associates, Inc. Cartography: Mapping Specialists, Ltd. Photo Researcher: Pembroke Herbert and Sandi Rygiel, Picture Research Consultants, Inc. Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: Maureen McCutcheon Cover Design: Marine Miller Cover Photo: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection [LC-USF34-040820-D] Composition: Jouve Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010, 2006 by Bedford/St. Martin’s All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher.

Manufactured in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 f e d c b a

For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000)

ISBN 978-1-4576-4862-5 (Combined Edition) ISBN 978-1-4576-4865-6 (Volume 1) ISBN 978-1-4576-4864-9 (Volume 2)

Acknowledgments Acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the text and art selections they cover; these acknowledgments and copyrights constitute an extension of the copyright page. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder.

xi

Preface Why This Book This Way

History classrooms present a unique dilemma. How do we off er our students a basic understanding of key events and facts, while inviting them to see the past not as a rote list of names and dates, but as the fascinating, confl icted prelude to their lives today? How do we teach our students to think like historians? As scholars and teachers who go into the classroom every day, we know these challenges well and have composed the sixth edition of America: A Concise History to help instructors meet them.

Of course the contents of this book are only helpful if students read and assimilate the material before coming to class, so for the sixth edition we are rolling out a suite of digital tools designed to save you time and help students gain confi dence and learn historical thinking skills. So that students will come to class prepared, they now receive access to LearningCurve — an adaptive learning tool that garners over a 90% student satisfaction rate that helps them master content — when they purchase a new copy of America: A Concise History. And because we know that your classroom needs are chang- ing rapidly, we are excited to announce that America is available with LaunchPad, a new, robust interactive e-book and course space with a wealth of additional content and learning aids that makes customizing and assigning the book and its resources easy and effi cient. LaunchPad can be used on its own or in conjunction with this printed text, giving instructors and students the best of both worlds — the narrative text in an inexpensive, easy-to-read printed format as well as our highly acclaimed digital resources and tools, where their use and combination are limited only by the imagination of the instructor. To learn more about the benefi ts of LearningCurve and LaunchPad, see bedfordstmartins.com/henrettaconcise/catalog.