Blade and soul sentinel coast gwon

DORINDA NEAVE Senior Lecturer of Art History

Capilano University

LARA C. W. BLANCHARD Luce Associate Professor of East Asian Art

Hobart and William Smith Colleges

MARIKA SARDAR Associate Curator of Southern Asian and Islamic Art

San Diego Museum of Art

with the Southeast Asian chapter contributed by Miranda Bruce-Mitford

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Asian Art

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Cover image: Wang Ximeng, A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains (detail), Northern Song dynasty, 1113. Handscroll, ink and color on silk, 173⁄4 × 3901⁄2″ (45 × 992 cm). Palace Museum, Beijing.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Neave, Dorinda. Asian art / Dorinda Neave, Senior Lecturer of Art History, Capilano University; Lara C.W. Blanchard, Luce Associate Professor of East Asian Art, Hobart and William Smith Colleges; Marika Sardar, Associate Curator of Southern Asian and Islamic Art, San Diego Museum of Art ; with the Southeast Asian chapter contributed by Miranda Bruce-Mitford. -- 1st edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83763-2 ISBN-10: 0-205-83763-8 1. Art, Asian--Textbooks. I. Blanchard, Lara C. W., author. II. Sardar, Marika, author. III. Bruce-Mitford, Miranda, author. IV. Title. N7260.N38 2015 709.5--dc23 2013028675

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Student Edition ISBN 10: 0-205-83763-8 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-83763-2

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CONTENTS III

PART ONE South and Southeast Asia 1

1 The Rise of Cities and Birth of the Great Religions: Early Indian Art 2

2 Religious Art in the Age of Royal Patronage: The Medieval Period 24

3 India Opens to the World: The Early Modern Period 50

4 India and the International Scene: The Modern and Contemporary Periods 80

5 At the Crossroads: The Arts of Southeast Asia 102

PART TWO China 124

6 Ritual and Elite Arts: The Neolithic Period to the First Empires 126

7 Looking Outward: The Six Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties 146

8 Art, Conquest, and Identity: The Five Dynasties Period and Song and Yuan Dynasties 170

9 The City and the Market in Chinese Art: The Ming and Qing Dynasties 194

10 The Push for Modernization: 1912 to the Present 220

PART THREE Korea and Japan 240

11 An Unknown Land, A People Divided: Korean Art from Prehistory to Present 242

12 The Way of the Gods and the Path of the Buddha: Japanese Art from Prehistory to the Asuka Period 276

13 External Influences and Internal Explorations: The Nara and Heian Periods 298

14 Strife and Serenity: Kamakura, Muromachi, and Momoyama Periods 324

15 From Isolation to Internationalism: Edo Period to the Present 354

Glossary 382

Bibliography 387

Credits 398

Index 400

Brief Contents

Preface IX • Acknowledgments XI • Introduction XII

IV CONTENTS

Preface IX

Acknowledgments XI

Introduction XII

PART ONE South and Southeast Asia 1

1 The Rise of Cities and Birth of the Great Religions: Early Indian Art 2

THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION 3 Emerging Cityscapes: Mohenjo Daro and Harappa 3 The Remains of Daily Life 5

THE VEDIC PERIOD AND THE ORIGINS OF HINDUISM 9

BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST ART 9 The Stupa and its Decoration 9 The Maurya Empire: Ashoka and his Columns 10 The Development of Stupa Decoration 11 The Origins of the Buddha Image: Mathura

and Gandhara 14 Early Buddhist Caves and Monastic Complexes:

Ajanta and Bamiyan 18

JAINISM AND THE DEPICTION OF THE DIVINE 21 Jain Temples and their Sculpture 21

OTHER TRADITIONS OF SCULPTURE 22

BOXES ■ CLOSER LOOK

Conveying Narrative in Buddhist Reliefs 12 ■ POINT OF VIEW

A Story from the Past Lives of the Buddha 13 ■ CONTEXT

Buddhist Symbols and Mudras 16

2 Religious Art in the Age of Royal Patronage: The Medieval Period 24

THE RITUAL AND ARTISTIC DEVELOPMENTS OF HINDUISM 25 Gods and Goddesses 25 Literature 28 The Hindu Temple and its Sculpture 28

EARLY HINDU TEMPLES 28 North Indian Temples of the Gupta Era 28 The Temples of the Deccan 31 Mamallapuram in South India 32

THE CONVERGENCE OF JAIN, BUDDHIST, AND HINDU TRADITIONS 34 Sculpture of the Gupta Era 34 The Three Religions of Ellora 36

BUDDHISM IN SRI LANKA 38

LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE 38 Orissa and Eastern Indian Traditions 39 Jain and Hindu Temples in Gujarat 39 Eroticism and Khajuraho in Central India 40 Chola Temples and their Bronzes in Southern India 42

MEDIEVAL PAINTINGS AND MANUSCRIPTS 44 Buddhist Palm-leaf Manuscripts of India and Nepal 44 Jain Manuscripts of Western India 45

SOUTH ASIAN TEXTILES AND THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE MARKET 46 Dyed Textiles and their Production 47 Connections to Egypt and Southeast Asia 47

BOXES ■ CONTEXT

The Hindu Temple 29

■ POINT OF VIEW Part III of the Vishnudharmottarapurana 35

■ CLOSER LOOK Chola-Period Sculptures of Shiva Nataraja 43

3 India Opens to the World: The Early Modern Period 50

THE ARRIVAL OF PERSIAN COURT CULTURE AND THE SPREAD OF ISLAM 51 Islam 52

THE DELHI SULTANATES AND THEIR CONTEMPORARIES 53 The Qutb Mosque 53 Regional Sultanates in the North 54 The Painting and Literary Traditions of Northern India 57 The Decorative Arts of Northern India 58

THE DECCAN SULTANATES, VIJAYANAGARA, AND SOUTHERN INDIA 59 The Sultanates of the Deccan 59 The Kingdom of Vijayanagara 62 The Nayakas of Madurai 64

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE 64 Architecture of the Mughal Empire 65 Painting for the Mughal Emperors 68 Decorative Arts from the Mughal Court 71

EUROPEANS AND EUROPEAN ART IN INDIA 74

ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE RAJPUT COURTS 75 Drawing and Painting 75 Architecture 76

Contents

CONTENTS V

PAINTING FROM THE PAHARI COURTS 77 Pandit Seu, Manaku, and Nainsukh 77

VISUAL TRADITIONS OF THE SIKH RELIGION 78 The Golden Temple 78 Book Arts 78

BOXES ■ CLOSER LOOK

Ibrahim ‘Adil Shah II Hawking 60

■ POINT OF VIEW Jahangir and the Jahangirnama 69

■ TECHNIQUES Mordant and Resist Dyeing 71

4 India and the International Scene: The Modern and Contemporary Periods 80

A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONS: EUROPEAN AND INDIAN ART IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES 81 The British at Home 82 European Patronage of Indian Artists 84 Indian Patronage of European Artists 84 European and Indian Artists Explore 87

THE ARCHITECTURE OF EMPIRE 90 Calcutta 90 Bombay 90 Delhi: The Imperial City of India 91

VISIONS OF THE MODERN IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY 92 Raja Ravi Varma 92 Amrita Sher-Gil 92 Rabindranath Tagore 93

INDEPENDENT SOUTH ASIA 93 Architecture 93 Painting 94 Film 95

CONTEMPORARY ART: GLOBALIZATION, DIASPORA, HERITAGE 96 M. F. Husain and Tyeb Mehta 96 Bhupen Khakhar 98 Raghubir Singh 98 Shazia Sikander 99 Rashid Rana 100 Bharti Kher 100

BOXES ■ CLOSER LOOK

Animal Studies 85

■ COMPARE Thomas Daniell and Sita Ram 88

5 At the Crossroads: The Arts of Southeast Asia 102

PREHISTORY 103 Stone Monuments 103 Early Ceramics: Ban Chiang 104 Bronze Craft: Dong Son and Sa Huynh 104

TRADE 107

INDIGENOUS ART 108 Houses 108 Ancestor Worship and the Spirit World 109

THE ARRIVAL OF INDIC RELIGIONS 110 The Dvaravati Culture 110 The Funan Culture 111 Srivijaya 112

THE GREAT FLOWERING 112 Borobudur 112 Prambanan 114 Cham 114 Angkor 114 Pagan 118 Sukhothai 119

RISE OF ISLAM 120

AYUTTHAYA 121

BURMA 121

MODERN TIMES 122

BOXES ■ CONTEXT

Southeast Asian Cultures and Peoples 106

■ CLOSER LOOK Yun Ware Bowl 122

PART TWO China 124

6 Ritual and Elite Arts: The Neolithic Period to the First Empires 126

NEOLITHIC ARTIFACTS 128 Jade 130

ANCESTOR WORSHIP 131 Bronzes 131

ZHOU DYNASTY RITUAL AND POLITICAL ARTS 134 Lacquerware 137

THE TOMB OF THE FIRST EMPEROR OF THE QIN DYNASTY 138

HAN DYNASTY FUNERARY ARTS, DAOISM, AND CONFUCIANISM 140 Daoism 140 Confucianism 143

BOXES ■ TECHNIQUES

Bronze Vessels and Piece-Mold Casting 133

■ COMPARE Two Bronze Vessels 137

■ CLOSER LOOK Funerary Banner for the Lady of Dai 141

VI CONTENTS

SONG LITERATI PAINTING AND CALLIGRAPHY 178 Li Gonglin 179 Huang Tingjian 181 Mi Youren 181

SOUTHERN SONG COURT PAINTING, CALLIGRAPHY, AND PATRONAGE 182 The Ma-Xia School 182

SOUTHERN SONG AND YUAN RELIGIOUS ART AND ARCHITECTURE 183 Chan Buddhism 184 Esoteric Buddhism 185 Daoism 186

YUAN COURT PAINTING 186 Liu Guandao 187 Wang Zhenpeng 187

YUAN LITERATI PAINTING 187 Qian Xuan 188 Zhao Mengfu 189 Guan Daosheng 189 Huang Gongwang 189 Wu Zhen 191 Ni Zan 191

BOXES ■ CLOSER LOOK

Lady Wenji’s Return to China 180

■ COMPARE Two Landscapes 192

9 The City and the Market in Chinese Art: The Ming and Qing Dynasties 194

MING AND QING POLITICS AND ARCHITECTURE 195 Beijing 196 The Great Wall 198 Garden Design 198

MING AND QING CERAMICS 200

MING PROFESSIONAL PAINTERS 202 Dai Jin 203 Wu Wei 203 Zhou Chen 203 Qiu Ying 204 Chen Hongshou 205

MING LITERATI PAINTERS 206 Shen Zhou 206 Wen Zhengming 206 Lu Zhi 207 Chen Chun 208 Xu Wei 208 Dong Qichang 210

MING AND QING FEMALE PAINTERS 210 Qiu Zhu 211 Xue Wu 212 Chen Shu 213

QING COURT PAINTERS 213

7 Looking Outward: The Six Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties 146

SIX DYNASTIES PICTORIAL ARTS 148 Handscrolls 148 Engravings and Murals 149

SIX DYNASTIES BUDDHIST CAVE SITES 150 The Yungang Grottoes 151 The Longmen Grottoes 152 The Mogao Grottoes 153 The Xiangtangshan Caves 155

SIX DYNASTIES AND TANG CALLIGRAPHY 155 Wang Xizhi 155 Huaisu 157

SUI AND TANG IMPERIAL CITY PLANNING AND TOMBS 157 Chang’an 158 Tomb Complexes 158

SUI AND TANG DYNASTY HANDSCROLL PAINTINGS 160 Spring Outing 160 The Thirteen Emperors 160 Night-Shining White 162 Wangchuan Villa 162 Palace Ladies Tuning the Lute 163

TANG BUDDHIST ART AND ARCHITECTURE 1637 The Great Goose Pagoda 163 The Fengxian Temple 164 The Nanchan Temple 166 The Library Cave 166

DECORATIVE ARTS FOR THE TANG ELITE 167 Metalwork 167 Ceramics 168

BOXES ■ CONTEXT

Chinese Cosmology and Daoist Religious Practice 148 Calligraphy and Painting 157

■ CLOSER LOOK Stele Depicting the Visit of Manjushri to Vimalakirti 154

■ COMPARE Two Buddhist Images 165

■ TECHNIQUES Tang Post-and-Beam Architecture 167

8 Art, Conquest, and Identity: The Five Dynasties Period and Song and Yuan Dynasties 170

SOUTHERN TANG COURT PAINTING 172

SOUTHERN TANG AND NORTHERN SONG LANDSCAPE PAINTERS 173 The Dong-Ju Tradition 173 The Li-Guo Tradition 174

NORTHERN SONG COURTLY ARTS 176 Painting 176 Ceramics 177

CONTENTS VII

QING INDIVIDUALIST AND ECCENTRIC PAINTERS 214 Gong Xian 214 Zhu Da and Shitao 215 Jin Nong 217 Ren Xiong 217

BOXES ■ CLOSER LOOK

Story of the Western Wing 201

■ POINT OF VIEW Dong Qichang and the Northern and Southern Schools 210

■ COMPARE Two Figure Paintings 218

10 The Push for Modernization: 1912 to the Present 220

REPUBLICAN-ERA PICTORIAL ARTS, 1912–1949 221 Chen Hengke 222 Guan Zilan 222 Woodblock Prints 223 Huang Binhong 223 Xu Beihong 224 Qi Baishi 225 Ding Cong 225

COMMUNIST-ERA POLITICAL ARTS, 1949–1976 225 Painting 227 Posters 230

POST-CULTURAL REVOLUTION PAINTING, 1976 TO THE PRESENT 230 Luo Zhongli 230 Wu Guanzhong 231 Fang Lijun 231 Yu Youhan 232

PAINTERS WORKING OUTSIDE MAINLAND CHINA 232 Zao Wou-ki 234 Chang Dai-chien 234

INSTALLATIONS, PERFORMANCES, AND NEW MEDIA, 1980S TO THE PRESENT 235 Xu Bing 235 Cai Guo-Qiang 235 Ai Weiwei 236 Phoebe Ching-ying Man 236 Zhang Huan 237 Lin Tianmiao 237

BOXES ■ POINT OF VIEW

Mao Zedong on Art and Literature 226

■ COMPARE Two Sculptural Works 233

■ CLOSER LOOK United Nations China Monument: Temple of Heaven 238

PART THREE Korea and Japan 240

11 An Unknown Land, A People Divided: Korean Art from Prehistory to the Present 242

NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE 244

THREE KINGDOMS PERIOD 245 Goguryeo 245 Baekje 246 Silla 247

BUDDHISM AND KOREA 248

QUEEN SEONDEOK 249

UNIFIED SILLA KINGDOM 249

GORYEO DYNASTY 251 Goryeo Society and Buddhism 251 Goryeo Ceramics 252 Decline of the Goryeo Dynasty 255

JOSEON DYNASTY 256 Joseon Architecture 257 Joseon Ceramics 259 Joseon Painting 261 Joseon Women Artists 265 Fall of the Joseon Dynasty 266

COLONIZATION AND WAR 266 The Korean War 267 Women and Art 267

ART IN NORTH KOREA 268 Kim Il-sung’s Legacy 268

ART IN SOUTH KOREA 269 Postwar Period Painting:

Park Seo-bo and Lee Ufan 269 Painting in the 1980s 270 Art and Technology: Paik Nam June 271 Artistic Developments in the 1990s 273 Art in the Twenty-First Century 274

BOXES ■ CONTEXT

Printing and Book Production 253

■ CLOSER LOOK Women on Tano Day 264

12 The Way of the Gods and the Path of the Buddha: Japanese Art from Prehistory to the Asuka Period 276

SHAMANISM AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHINTO 277

JOMON PERIOD 278

YAYOI PERIOD 281 Queen Himiko and Empress Jingu 284

VIII CONTENTS

KOFUN PERIOD 284

THE SUN GODDESS AMATERASU AND THE SHINTO SHRINE AT ISE 287

EARLY BUDDHIST ART 288 Empress Suiko and Prince Shotoku 289 Horyu-ji 290 Chugu-ji 295 The Relationship between Buddhism and Shinto 297

BOXES ■ POINT OF VIEW

Japanese Shamanism 279

■ CLOSER LOOK Tamamushi Shrine 294

13 External Influences and Internal Explorations: The Nara and Heian Periods 298

NARA PERIOD 299 Chinese Influences 300 Buddhism under Emperor Shomu and Empress Komyo 301 Nara Court: Later Years 305

HEIAN PERIOD 307 Esoteric Buddhism, the Arts, and Society 307 Pure Land Buddhism, the Arts, and Society 312 Heian Court Life 314 Calligraphy, Literature, and Painting 317 Shinto and the Arts 322 Behind the Scenes 323

BOXES ■ TECHNIQUES Joined-Block Wood Sculpture 314

■ POINT OF VIEW Sei Shonagon and The Pillow Book 316

■ CONTEXT The Japanese Writing System 318

■ CLOSER LOOK Prince Genji 321

14 Strife and Serenity: Kamakura, Muromachi, and Momoyama Periods 324

KAMAKURA PERIOD 325 Military Culture 325 Reconstruction and Renewal 327 Kamakura Period Sculpture 327 Kamakura Period Painting 330 Zen Buddhism 334

MUROMACHI (ASHIKAGA) PERIOD 334 Zen Ink Painting 335 The Zen Dry Garden 337 Zen Buddhist Convents 339 Zen Buddhist Statuary 340 Noh Theater 340 The Golden Pavilion (Kinkaku) 342 Wabi, Sabi, Shibui 342 Collapse of the Ashikaga Shogunate 343

MOMOYAMA PERIOD 343 Castles 343 Shoin 344 Painted Screens 345 Textiles: Noh Robes 348 Tea Ceremony 349 Japan’s Invasion of Korea 353

BOXES ■ COMPARE

Two Guardian Figures 329

■ CLOSER LOOK The Tea Garden 350

■ POINT OF VIEW Lifestyles of the Recluse and Ruler 352

15 From Isolation to Internationalism: Edo Period to the Present 354

CLOSED DOORS: EDO PERIOD 355 Architecture 356 Painting 357 Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World 364 Textiles 368 Women Artists 370 Zen Buddhist Art for the Masses 372 Edo Period, Final Years 372

MEIJI PERIOD 372 Painting 372 Separation of Shinto and Buddhism 374 Japan’s Growing Militarism 374

SHOWA PERIOD 374 Kenzo Tange 374 The Gutai Group 375

FROM 1989 TO THE PRESENT 376 Yanagi Yukinori 376 Dumb Type 376 Morimura Yasumasa 377 Takashi Murakami 380 Yayoi Kusama 381

BOXES ■ TECHNIQUES

Woodblock Printing 364

■ CLOSER LOOK Interior of a Kabuki Theater 350

■ COMPARE Two Nudes 379

Glossary 382

Bibliography 387

Credits 398

Index 400

PREFACE IX

throughout history and the underlying conditions for women within Asian societies. Consideration is given to neglected areas of scholarship relating to indigenous Asian peoples, such as the Ainu and their culture in Japan.

SPECIAL FEATURES The text includes high-quality color images, maps, diagrams, site plans, a glossary, and a bibliography. Online audio pronunciations of personal and geographical names and terms are included for instructors and students unfamiliar with Asian languages. A series of Cross-cultural Explorations questions at the end of each chapter encourages students to explore the interconnections between the artistic and cultural traditions across Asia. Also incorporated into the text are box categories that allow the student to pause in order to go more in-depth, or encourage critical thinking about key concepts they have just learned:

■ CLOSER LOOK focuses on one artwork in each chapter, examining it in detail with explanatory labels that point out the work’s specific features. In Chapter 5, an early twentieth-cen- tury Burmese lacquerware bowl is the highlighted artwork, and attention is given to the materials comprising the object and the imagery of palace life decorating its surface. In Chapter 11, the painting of a festival, Tano Day, by the Korean artist Sin Yunbok (1758–?) is examined and an explanation provided as to why it was a controversial painting for the period.

■ COMPARE introduces and discusses two artworks, placed side by side. A list of questions invites the reader to make their own comparisons between the two works based on what they have learned in the chapter. In Chapter 8, two Chinese land- scape paintings created hundreds of years apart, one by Fan Kuan (ca. 960–1030) and the other by Wang Meng (1308–1385), are presented for comparison. In Chapter 15, two nudes, one a mul- ti-media work by the contemporary Japanese artist Morimura Yasumasa (b. 1951), and the other, a nineteenth century oil paint- ing by French artist Édouard Manet (1832–1883) are placed side by side to underscore connections between modernity and the past, and Asia and Europe.

■ TECHNIQUES explains and illustrates key techniques used by the artists to create their masterpieces. In Chapter 6, the process of piece-mold casting used to make ancient Chinese bronzes is explained, and in Chapter 15, the techniques developed to create an eighteenth-century Japanese woodblock print are revealed.

A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.

Chinese proverb

Asia is the largest and most densely populated continent in the world, and Asian art, spanning thousands of years, is breathtaking for its richness, ingenuity, and diversity. Magnificent temples, lav- ish tombs, ritual bronzes, exquisite gold crowns, beautifully crafted ceramics, sumptuous textiles, fine calligraphy and paintings, col- orful woodblock prints, and artfully designed gardens fall under the umbrella of Asian art. In addition to these traditional arts, Asia’s dynamic contemporary art scene provides an abundance of inno- vative, thought-provoking works.

Since the 1960s, and particularly during the last decade, Asian art history has undergone a radical transformation in scholarship, methodology, and pedagogy. Remarkable new archaeological discoveries, dramatic developments in contemporary Asian art, and revised methods of studying/teaching art history have con- tributed to this overhaul. This book is a response to the need for a new Asian art survey text.

As with any survey text, the authors’ challenge is to avoid overwhelming the student with an encyclopedic deluge of infor- mation or reducing the content to a dry list of art works. We have drawn upon our experiences teaching Asian art history courses and our own scholarly research to distill the subject’s richness into an accessible narrative that provides a starting point for the study of Asian art. For purposes of clarity, the material is organized according to region and chronology. The arts of South and Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and Japan—positioned within their societal contexts—provide the focus of the book. Relationships between the various regions are discussed, for example, the diffusion of Buddhism from India to other parts of Asia, and its widespread impact on the arts. Artworks in a broad range of media are carefully selected and examined to illuminate culturally important images and diverse viewpoints. The text balances formal considerations with contextual issues.

Examples of Asian art and architecture are examined against a backdrop of religious, political, historical, economic, and social issues. Asian Art provides clear explanations of religious beliefs and philosophies that inform the art, for example, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Daoism, Confucianism, and Shinto. The latest developments in Asian scholarship are discussed, including contemporary art and current trends and the con- tributions of women artists and patrons. The representation of women in Asian art highlights roles assigned to Asian women

Preface

■ CONTEXT provides important background information that enriches the understanding of the artworks in the main discussion. In Chapter 1, which includes an introduction to Buddhism and Buddhist art in India, various symbolic elements and hand gestures (mudras) that convey the Buddha’s exalted state are highlighted, and in Chapter 7, a discussion of Chinese cosmology and Daoist religious practice illuminates the interpretation of many Chinese artworks.

■ POINT OF VIEW features an extract from original source materials to highlight the content discussed in each chapter. For the discussion of seventeenth-century Mughal art in India in Chapter 3, a section from the Mughal emperor Jahangir’s writings on art is provided. This supplementary material may also address the chapter’s content from a contemporary perspective to emphasize connections between the past and present. Chapter 12 discusses the influence of shamanism in early Japanese art, and Point of View provides a reading on current shamanic practices in Okinawa.