Bob rowten city bank mortgage

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd i 11/09/16 04:46 AM

Final PDF to printer

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd ii 11/09/16 04:46 AM

Final PDF to printer

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd iii 11/09/16 04:46 AM

Corrections in the 21st Century

eighth edition

Frank Schmalleger, PhD Distinguished Professor Emeritus

University of North Carolina at Pembroke

John Ortiz Smykla, PhD Director and Professor

Florida Atlantic University

Final PDF to printer

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd iv 11/09/16 04:46 AM

CORRECTIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY, EIGHTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2015, 2013, and 2011. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 17

ISBN 978-1-259-82401-2 MHID 1-259-82401-2

Chief Product Officer, SVP Products & Markets: G. Scott Virkler Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Vice President, Content Design & Delivery: Kimberly Meriwether David Managing Director: David Patterson Brand Manager: Penina Braffman Product Developer: Jamie Laferrera Marketing Manager: Meredith Leo Director, Content Design & Delivery: Terri Schiesl Program Manager: Jennifer Shekleton Content Project Managers: Heather Ervolino, Katie Klochan Buyer: Susan K. Culbertson Content Licensing Specialists: Lori Slattery (Text) Cover Image: Source: Adapted from “Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2016”, Prison Policy Initiative, http://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2016.html; Corrections Professionalism logo © Jonathon Smykla Compositor: SPi Global Printer: LSC Communications

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Schmalleger, Frank, author. | Smykla, John Ortiz, author. Title: Corrections in the 21st century / Frank Schmalleger, PhD,   Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of North Carolina at   Pembroke, John Ortiz Smykla, PhD, Distinguished University Professor,   University of West Florida. Description: Eighth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2016] Identifiers: LCCN 2016025410 | ISBN 9781259824012 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Corrections--United States. | Corrections--Vocational   guidance--United States. Classification: LCC HV9471 .S36 2016 | DDC 364.6023/73--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016025410

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered

Final PDF to printer

{

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd v 11/09/16 04:46 AM

dedication For my granddaughters, Ava and Malia —Frank Schmalleger

For my wife, Evelyn, my granddaughter, Harper Grace, and my grandson, Holden Fate —John Smykla

Final PDF to printer

vi

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd vi 11/09/16 04:46 AM

Frank Schmalleger, PhD, is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.

Dr. Schmalleger holds a bach- elor’s degree from the University of Notre Dame and both a master’s and a doctorate in sociology from

The Ohio State University with a special emphasis in crimi- nology. From 1976 to 1994, he taught criminal justice courses at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, serving for many years as a tenured full professor. For the last 16 of those years, he chaired the Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice. As an adjunct professor with Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri, Dr. Schmalleger helped develop a graduate program in security management and loss prevention that is currently offered on U.S. military bases around the world. He taught courses in that curricu- lum for more than a decade, focusing primarily on computer and information security. Dr. Schmalleger also has taught in the New School for Social Research online graduate program, helping build the world’s first electronic classrooms for crimi- nal justice distance learning.

Dr. Schmalleger is the author of numerous articles and many books, including Criminal Justice Today (Prentice Hall, 2017), Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction (Prentice Hall, 2018), Criminology Today (Prentice Hall, 2017), and Criminal Law Today (Prentice Hall, 2016). He is founding editor of the journal Criminal Justice Studies (formerly The Justice Profes- sional) and has served as imprint advisor for Greenwood Pub- lishing Group’s criminal justice reference series.

Dr. Schmalleger is also the creator of a number of award- winning websites (including the former cybrary.info and crimenews.info). He is a member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the American Society of Criminology, and the Society of Police Futurists International (where he is a found- ing member). Schmalleger’s author website on Amazon.com can be viewed at www.amazon.com/Frank-Schmalleger/e/ B001IGFLVI. Follow him on Twitter @schmalleger.

John Ortiz Smykla, PhD, is Director and Professor of the School of Criminology and Crimi- nal Justice at Florida Atlantic Uni- versity. He has held appointments at the University of Alabama, the University of South Alabama, and the University of West Florida. He

earned the interdisciplinary social science PhD in criminal justice, sociology, and anthropology from Michigan State University. He holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in soci- ology from California State University at Northridge.

Dr. Smykla has authored or edited five corrections books, including Probation, Parole, and Community Based Corrections (2013) and Offender Reentry: Rethinking Criminology and Crim- inal Justice (2014). His coauthored data set Executions in the United States, 1608–2003: The Espy File, funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation, is one of the most fre- quently requested criminal justice data files from the Univer- sity of Michigan’s Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.

Dr. Smykla has published more than 50 research articles on corrections and policing issues. He is currently engaged in a five-year study of federal reentry court for the U.S. District Court, Northern District of Florida, and a multi-year investi- gation of police and community perceptions of police-work body cameras. Dr. Smykla has delivered more than 60 confer- ence papers in the United States and abroad. In 1986, he was a Senior Fulbright Scholar in Argentina and Uruguay.

Dr. Smykla is a member of the Academy of Criminal Jus- tice Sciences and the Southern Criminal Justice Association. In 1996, the Southern Criminal Justice Association named him Educator of the Year. In 1997, he served as program chair for the annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. In 2000, he served as president of the Southern Criminal Justice Association. In 2010, the University of West Florida named him a Distinguished University Professor.

About the Authors

Final PDF to printer

vii

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd vii 11/09/16 04:46 AM

PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS  1 1 Corrections: An Overview 2

2 Corrections Today: Evidence-Based Corrections and Professionalism 19

3 Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 34

PART 2 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS 69 4 Probation: How Most Offenders Are Punished 70

5 Intermediate Sanctions: Between Probation and Incarceration 95

PART 3 INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 125 6 Jails: Way Stations Along the Justice Highway 126

7 Prisons Today: Change Stations or Warehouses? 163

8 Parole: Early Release and Reentry 201

PART 4 THE PRISON WORLD 237 9 The Staff World: Managing the Prison Population 238

10 The Inmate World: Living Behind Bars 267

11 The Legal World: Prisoners’ Rights 293

12 Special Prison Populations: Prisoners Who Are Substance Abusers, Who Have HIV/AIDS, Who Are Mentally Challenged, and Who Are Elderly 325

Endnotes EN-1

Glossary G-1

Case Index CI-1

Subject Index SI-1

Brief Contents

Final PDF to printer

viiiviii

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd viii 11/09/16 04:46 AM

CHAPTER 1

CORRECTIONS An Overview 2

The Corrections Explosion: Where Do We Go Now? 3 Historical Roots of the Corrections Explosion 6 Turning the Corner 6

Correctional Employment 7

Crime and Corrections 8 Measuring Crime 8 The Crime Funnel 10

Corrections and the Criminal Justice System 10 Entering the Correctional System 11 Prosecution and Pretrial Procedure 12 Judicial Procedures 12 Sentencing and Sanctions 13 The Correctional Subsystem 14

Review and Applications 16 Summary 16 Key Terms 16 Questions for Review 17 Thinking Critically About Corrections 17 On-the-Job Decision Making 17

CHAPTER 2

CORRECTIONS TODAY Evidence-Based Corrections and Professionalism 19

Evidence-Based Corrections (EBC) 20 The History of EBC 21

What Is Evidence? 22 How EBP Is Utilized in Corrections 22 The Reach of Evidence-Based Studies in Corrections 24

Professionalism in Corrections 24 Standards and Training 26 Basic Skills and Knowledge 26 Standard-Setting Organizations 28 Education 29

Social Diversity in Corrections 30 Review and Applications 32

Summary 32 Key Terms 32 Questions for Review 32 Thinking Critically About Corrections 32 On-the-Job Decision Making 33

PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS 1

Expanded Contents Preface xv

Final PDF to printer

PART 2 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS 69

CONTENTS ix

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd ix 11/09/16 04:46 AM

CHAPTER 3

SENTENCING To Punish or to Reform? 34

Sentencing: Philosophy and Goals 35 Philosophy of Criminal Sentencing 35 The Goals of Sentencing 36

Sentencing Options and Types of Sentences 41 Probation 43 Intermediate Sanctions 43 Jail and Prison 43 Parole 44 Capital Punishment 45

Sentencing Trends and Reforms 58 Reducing Prison Populations and Costs 61

Expand and Strengthen Community Corrections 61 Implement Risk and Needs Assessment 62 Support Prisoner Reentry 62 Make Better Informed Criminal Justice Policy Using Evidence-Based Practices 62

Issues in Sentencing 64 Proportionality 64 Equity 65 Individualization 65 Parsimony 65

Review and Applications 65 Summary 65 Key Terms 66 Questions for Review 67 Thinking Critically About Corrections 67 On-the-Job Decision Making 67

CHAPTER 4

PROBATION How Most Offenders Are Punished 70

Probation 71 Reasons for and Goals of Probation 71 History of Probation 75

Characteristics of Adults on Probation 76 Who Administers Probation? 77 Does Probation Work? 79

What Probation Officers Do 82 Case Investigation 82 Supervision 85 Revocation of Probation 90

Review and Applications 93 Summary 93 Key Terms 94 Questions for Review 94 Thinking Critically About Corrections 94 On-the-Job Decision Making 94

CHAPTER 5

INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS Between Probation and Incarceration 95

Intermediate Sanctions 96 Value of Intermediate Sanctions 97 Varieties of Intermediate Sanctions 99

Community Corrections 118 Community Corrections Acts 118

Review and Applications 122 Summary 122 Key Terms 123 Questions for Review 123 Thinking Critically About Corrections 123 On-the-Job Decision Making 123

Final PDF to printer

PART 3 INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 125

x CONTENTS

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd x 11/09/16 04:46 AM

CHAPTER 6

JAILS Way Stations Along the Justice Highway 126

Bail and Pretrial Release in the United States 127 Concerns over Money for Bail 128

Effective Alternatives to Monetary Bail 129

Purpose of Jails 130 Jails in History 132

First Jail in the United States 133 Architecture and Inmate Management 133

Characteristics of Jail Inmates and Facilities 137

Jail Inmates 137 Suicide, Homicide, Sexual Victimization, and Jail Populations 145 Jail Facilities 148

Jail Issues 152 Privatization 152 Jail Reentry (Begins at Entry) 153 Jail Standards, Inspection, and Accreditation 156 Evidence-Based Practices 158

Prisoners Confined in Jail and California’s Realignment 159 Review and Applications 160

Summary 160 Key Terms 161 Questions for Review 161 Thinking Critically About Corrections 162 On-the-Job Decision Making 162

CHAPTER 7

PRISONS TODAY Change Stations or Warehouses? 163

History of Prisons in America 164 Who Is in Prison Today? 168

Privately Operated Prisons 169 Gender 170 Race 172 Age 173 Most Serious Offense 174

Inmate Work and Education 174 Work Assignments 174 Education Programs 177

Prison Organization and Administration 180 State Prison Systems 181 Federal Bureau of Prisons 183 Prison Security Levels 184

Overcrowding 188 Reasons for Prison Overcrowding 188

Supermax Housing 189 Technocorrections 193

Communication 193 Offender and Officer Tracking and Recognition 195 Detection 197 Implementation 197

Review and Applications 198 Summary 198 Key Terms 199 Questions for Review 199 Thinking Critically About Corrections 199 On-the-Job Decision Making 200

CHAPTER 8

PAROLE Early Release and Reentry 201

Parole as Part of the Criminal Justice System 202

Historical Overview 203 Reentry 207

Characteristics of Parolees 222 Parole Supervision: What Works? 223

Issues in Parole 224 Can Parolees Vote? 225 Reentry Courts 226 Reintegration Involving Victims 227 Abolition of Discretionary Parole Board Release 229 Prisoner Reentry and Community Policing 230 Community-Focused Parole 231

Review and Applications 234 Summary 234 Key Terms 234 Questions for Review 235 Thinking Critically About Corrections 235 On-the-Job Decision Making 235

Final PDF to printer

CONTENTS xi

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd xi 11/09/16 04:46 AM

PART 4 THE PRISON WORLD 237

CHAPTER 9

THE STAFF WORLD Managing the Prison Population 238

The Staff Hierarchy 239 The Correctional Officer— The Crucial Professional 241

Bases of Power 241 The Staff Subculture 242 Correctional Officers’ Characteristics and Pay 244 Correctional Officer Personalities 245

Correctional Officer Job Assignments 247 Correctional Staff Issues 248

Gender and Staffing 248 Stress 251 Staff Safety 254 Job Satisfaction 254 Professionalism 256 Officer Corruption 258 Fraternization with Inmates 260

The Impact of Terrorism on Corrections 260 Anti-Terrorism Planning 262

Review and Applications 264 Summary 264 Key Terms 264 Questions for Review 265 Thinking Critically About Corrections 265 On-the-Job Decision Making 266

CHAPTER 10

THE INMATE WORLD Living Behind Bars 267

Men in Prison 268 What Is the Inmate Subculture? 269 How Does an Inmate Subculture Form? 270 Norms and Values of Prison Society 271

Prison Argot—The Language of Confinement 272 Social Structure in Men’s Prisons 272 Adapting to Prison Life 276 Sexuality in Men’s Prisons 276

Women in Prison 279 Characteristics of Women Inmates 281 Offenses of Incarcerated Women 282 Social Structure in Women’s Prisons 283 Pseudofamilies and Sexual Liaisons 285 Special Needs of Female Inmates 286 Mothers in Prison 287 Cocorrectional Facilities 290

Review and Applications 291 Summary 291 Key Terms 291 Questions for Review 291 Thinking Critically About Corrections 292 On-the-Job Decision Making 292

CHAPTER 11

THE LEGAL WORLD Prisoners’ Rights 293

The Hands-Off Doctrine 294 Decline of the Hands-Off Doctrine 295

Prisoners’ Rights 297 Legal Foundations 297

Mechanisms for Securing Prisoners’ Rights 298 Inmate Grievance Procedures 301

The Prisoners’ Rights Era (1970–1991) 302 First Amendment 302 Fourth Amendment 308 Eighth Amendment 310 Fourteenth Amendment 312 End of the Prisoners’ Rights Era 315

Female Inmates and the Courts 319 The Cases 319

Correctional Officer Civil Liability and Inmate Lawsuits 321 Review and Applications 322

Summary 322 Key Terms 322 Questions for Review 323 Thinking Critically About Corrections 323 On-the-Job Decision Making 323

Final PDF to printer

xii CONTENTS

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd xii 11/09/16 04:46 AM

CHAPTER 12

SPECIAL PRISON POPULATIONS Prisoners Who Are Substance Abusers, Who Have HIV/ AIDS, Who Are Mentally Challenged, and Who Are Elderly 325

Inmates with Special Needs 326 Substance-Abusing Inmates 327 HIV-Positive and AIDS Inmates 331 Inmates with Mental Illness 334 Older Inmates 338

Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Jail 343

Legal Issues 343 Inmates with Disabilities 344 Inmates with HIV/AIDS 344 Inmates with Mental Illness 344

Review and Applications 345 Summary 345 Key Terms 346 Questions for Review 346 Thinking Critically About Corrections 346 On-the-Job Decision Making 346

Endnotes EN-1 Glossary G-1 Case Index CI-1 Subject Index SI-1

Final PDF to printer

xiii

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd xiii 11/09/16 04:46 AM

CAREER PROFILES

Boxed Features

CHAPTER 2

Rhianna Johnson Education Director, Larch Corrections Center, Yacolt, Washington 30

CHAPTER 4

Clarissa Grissette U.S. Probation Officer, U.S. District Court, Middle District of Florida, Tampa, Florida 81

CHAPTER 5

Corey Fleetion Manager of the Escambia County Work Release Program, Pensacola, Florida 109

CHAPTER 6

Jill M. Fuller Case Manager, Post-Release Services—The GEO Group Inc., Boca Raton, Florida 153

CHAPTER 9

First Lieutenant Gary F. Cornelius Programs Director, Fairfax County Adult Detention Center, Fairfax County Office of the Sheriff, Fairfax, Virginia 246

CHAPTER 12

Jose M. Ortiz-Cruz Correctional Deputy First Class, Charlotte County Sheriff’s Office, Punta Gorda, Florida 337

Final PDF to printer

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd xiv 11/09/16 04:46 AM

xiv BOXED FEATURES

CHAPTER 2

American Correctional Association Code of Ethics  27

CHAPTER 4

United States Probation and Pretrial Services 84

CHAPTER 5

International Community Corrections Association Code of Ethics 121

CHAPTER 6

Code of Ethics for Jail Officers 157

CHAPTER 8

American Probation and Parole Association Code of Ethics 224

CHAPTER 9

International Association of Correctional Officers: The Correctional Officer’s Creed 257

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM

Final PDF to printer

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd xv 11/09/16 04:46 AM

xv

PREFACE Corrections, when seen as the control and punishment of convicted offenders, has been an important part of organized society from the earliest days of civilization. It has not always had a proud past, however. In pre- modern times, atrocious physical punishment, exile, and unspeakable torture were the tools used all too often by those called upon to enforce society’s correc- tional philosophies—especially the strongly felt need for vengeance.

Important changes in correctional practice began around the time of the American Revolution when the purposes of criminal punishments were closely exam- ined by influential reformers. More recently, correc- tions has become an important field of study in which scientific techniques are valued and reasoned debate is encouraged.

The best, however, is yet to come. Only within the past 30 years have conscientious corrections practi- tioners begun to embrace the notion of professionalism— wherein ethics, a sense of high purpose, a personal long- term career commitment, a respect for the fundamental humanity of those supervised, and widely agreed-upon principles and standards guide the daily work of correc- tional personnel. Corrections professionalism, although not yet as well known as police professionalism, has gar- nered support from policymakers and is winning respect among the public. It serves as this textbook’s organizing principle.

Corrections in the 21st Century:

• provides an in-depth look at the past, present, and future of corrections;

• identifies the many subcomponents of modern-day corrections;

• highlights the process of modern-day corrections; • focuses on the issues facing the correctional

enterprise today;

• provides an appreciation for contemporary real- world correctional practice;

• examines the opportunities represented by new and developing corrections technologies; and

• points students in the direction of the still- emerging ideal of corrections professionalism.

It is our belief that a new age of corrections is upon us. It is an age in which the lofty goals of corrections professionalism will take their place alongside the more traditional components of a still-developing field. It is our hope that this textbook will play at least some small

part in helping bring about a new and bet-ter correc- tional enterprise—one that is reasonable and equitable to all involved in the justice process.

THE EIGHTH EDITION The following changes have been made in the Eighth Edition of Corrections in the 21st Century to better focus reader attention on the key learning materials in each chapter:

• Web-based instructional videos featuring the authors, and emphasizing key learning points are now available.

• Text shortened from 16 to 12 chapters to coincide with academic schedules. Now available in a concise and focused paperback version (among other formats).

• Enhancement of the photo program to better grab student interest and draw readers into the text.

• Integration of additional evidence-based information throughout the book and frequent citation of the literature relating to such practices.

• A number of new stories, many focusing on what’s happening internationally in corrections, now open the chapters.

• Incorporation of reviews of the most recent data and literature throughout.

• Updates to statistics and data throughout the book. Significant chapter-specific content changes include

the following:

Chapter 1 • New chapter-opening story. • New web-based videos featuring the authors have

been added to the chapter. They are entitled Introduction to Corrections and The Corrections Explosion.

• Exploration of reasons for the rapid growth of incarceration in the United States.

• “Mass incarceration” added to the chapter as a key term.

• Discussion of some of the findings of the Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections.

Final PDF to printer

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd xvi 11/09/16 04:46 AM

xvi PREFACE

• Updated data on correctional employment. • Shortened, more focused chapter.

Chapter 2 • New title, Corrections Today, with a focus on

professionalism and evidence-based corrections.

• Discussion of social diversity and issues of race, gender, and ethnicity.

• New web-based videos featuring the authors have been added to the chapter. They are entitled Evidence-based Corrections and Corrections Professionalism.

• A new careers box featuring Rhianna Johnson, the education director at a minimum security male prison in Washington state.

Chapter 3 • New chapter incorporating the continuum of

sentencing, including death (formerly Chapter 15).

• New chapter-opening story. • New web-based videos featuring the authors have

been added to the chapter. They are entitled Sentencing Goals and Capital Punishment.

• New graphics to improve the chapter’s visual appeal.

• New Career Profile of a federal prison warden. Incorporation of updated data and statistics throughout the chapter and inclusion of line art.

• New materials on sentencing options and types of sentences.

• New QR codes that direct students to videos and podcasts to extend the ideas discussed in the chapter.

• Latest data on the characteristics of persons on death row.

• Updated material on states with and without the death penalty, victim race, public opinion, and methods of execution.

• Updated material on fairness in sentencing. • Updated end-of-chapter exercises.

Chapter 4 • A new web-based video featuring the authors

has been added to the chapter. It is entitled Probation.

• Revised chapter title and new chapter-opening story.

• Significantly shortened chapter. • Latest data on the characteristics of adults on

probation.

• Information on the movement to privatize probation and charging offenders supervision fees.

• Career profile of a federal probation officer. • New QR codes that direct students to videos and

pod casts to extend the ideas discussed in the chapter.

Chapter 5 • New chapter-opening story. • Significantly shortened chapter. • Evidence-based findings on intermediate

sanctions updated and new exhibit on notable fines and penalties charged to corporations.

• New web-based videos featuring the authors have been added to the chapter. They are entitled Intermediate Sanctions and Day Fines.

• New QR codes that direct students to videos and podcasts to extend the ideas discussed in the chapter.

• Expanded coverage on the new types of drug courts: veterans treatment court, DWI court, family drug court, reentry court, juvenile drug court, reentry drug court, tribal healing to wellness court, and the Back to TRAC clinical justice model.

• New coverage on how the fiscal crisis is influencing governors’ and legislators’ interest in intermediate sanctions.

Chapter 6 • New web-based videos featuring the authors have

been added to the chapter. They are entitled Jails and Jail Privatization.

• New chapter-opening story. • Significantly shortened chapter. • Expanded coverage of bail release options. • New research from the Justice Policy Institute

that discusses the unintended negative consequences of building newer and bigger jails.

• Latest data on the characteristics of jail inmates and facilities.

• New exhibit of 10 facts about women in jails. • New exhibit on the benefits of CIT. • New exhibit on arguments favoring and opposing

pay-to-stay jail programs.

• Revised discussion of the most recent data on the decline in the jail suicide rate.

• U.S. Department of Justice updated research on the prevalence of sexual victimization in the nation’s jails.

Final PDF to printer

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd xvii 11/09/16 04:46 AM

PREFACE xvii

• New QR codes that direct students to videos and podcasts to extend the ideas discussed in the chapter.

• Data revision on jails: occupancy, number of public versus private, and size, location, and budgets.

• Updated material on California’s Realignment. • Updated discussion of promising approaches to

reentry well suited to the jail setting.

• Revised research on jail industry programs making headlines around the country.

Chapter 7 • New web-based videos featuring the authors have

been added to the chapter. They are entitled Prison Industries and Prison Overcrowding.

• New and significantly shortened chapter merging Chapters 7 and 13.

• New chapter-opening story. • Updated coverage of the effect of cuts in

corrections budgets on personnel, salaries, benefits, overtime, programs, facilities, and services and how states are turning to evidence-based practices, the federal Second Chance Act, drug courts, veterans courts, reentry courts, technology, and assistance from professional associations and advocacy groups for guidance on the effective use of the funds they have.

• Latest data on characteristics of adults under jurisdiction of state and federal prisons.

• Revised discussion of how the movement in EBC and the economic downturn have caused a decline in state prison populations.

• New QR codes that direct students to videos and podcasts to extend the ideas discussed in the chapter.

• New research on states with the most expensive prisoners.

• Updated data on the cost of state and federal incarceration.

• Updated discussion of states’ use of Justice Reinvestment.

• Expanded coverage of inmates’ use of cell phones in prison, including new policies to curb their use and new federal legislation making it a felony for inmates to possess them or a wireless device.

• Expanded coverage of the use of security technology to recognize, track, and detect prison offenders and officers and added discussion of the overuse of “virtual visiting.”

• Introduction of the Solitary Confinement Study and Reform Act of 2015 to reform the practice of solitary confinement in the U.S. federal prison system.

• New end-of-chapter review material.

Chapter 8 • New web-based videos featuring the authors have

been added to the chapter. They are entitled Parole and Reentry and Parole: The Good and the Bad.

• New chapter-opening story. • Chapter significantly shortened. • Updated material in response to the

economic crisis on how states are handling technical violations of the formerly incarcerated.

• New exhibit summarizing Second Chance Act offender reentry demonstration projects.

• New coverage of the principles and programs for successful reentry from corrections scholars Jeremy Travis, Ed Latessa, and Elizabeth Gaynes.

• Expanded coverage on the needs of prisoners returning to their communities, “ban the box,” and the Second Chance Act.

• New coverage of the National Institute of Corrections tool for structured decision making to serve as an aid in determining parole prognosis (potential risk of parole violation).

• New research on reentry problems for black women.

• New QR codes that direct students to videos and podcasts to extend the ideas discussed in the chapter.

• New exhibit and discussion of the signs that as mandatory minimum sentences and three- strikes laws are rolled back, parole boards might reemerge with more power.

• Revised and expanded analysis of the important topic of what works for parole supervision.

• Latest data on characteristics of adults on parole are included.

• Updated and expanded coverage on the question, “Can parolees vote?”

• New material on reentry court evaluations noting the randomized study being conducted for the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida, the only one of its kind in the United States.

Final PDF to printer

sch24012_fm_i-xxiv.indd xviii 11/09/16 04:46 AM

xviii PREFACE

Chapter 9 • New web-based videos featuring the authors have

been added to the chapter. They are entitled Staff Subculture and Prisoner Radicalization.

• New chapter-opening story on the Pew Charitable Trusts reporting on the shortage of qualified correctional officers across the country.

• New exhibit detailing correctional officer pay in various jurisdictions and showing that many COs can earn substantially more than their base pay through overtime work.

• Revised and expanded section on correctional officer stress to include discussion of the Desert Waters Correctional Outreach organization.

• New section on “Fraternization with Inmates,” using the case of Joyce Mitchell (from New York) as an illustration.

Chapter 10 • Revised chapter-opening story. • Updated data reported under the federal

Survey of Sexual Victimization in correctional facilities.

• New web-based videos featuring the authors have been added to the chapter. They are entitled Inmate Subculture and Inmate Roles.