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Moving Beyond Advice: Student Success Strategies Based in Research

Success strategies are based on research, with citations included.

Exploring the Research in Summary feature provides summaries of student

success research studies.

Moving beyond advice, Student Success in College: Doing What Works! provides effective student success strategies that are based on learning and motivational theories and original research studies. While learning

about how to read and use scholarly sources, students build the knowledge, skills, and confidence needed to be successful in college.

Practicing Process Skills: How to Read and Use Scholarly Sources

Chapter 1 introduces and provides strategies for the process of

reading peer-reviewed journal articles.

Exploring the Research in Depth feature in every chapter provides original peer-

reviewed journal articles to work through.

Developing High-Level Skills: Reading, Critical Thinking, and Information Literacy Skills

Exploring the Research in Depth feature walks students through the steps to build these skills.

Peer-reviewed journal articles provide an opportunity to practice building reading,

critical thinking, and information literacy skills.

Increasing Self-Efficacy and Motivation: Support to Do What Works!

Extensive practice retrieval options via Quick Quizzes and MindTap.

Chapter Summary Note-Taking Models and Exploring the Research with the

Author walkthroughs support students’ understanding.

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Student Success in College

THIRD EDITION

DO ING W HAT WORK S!

CHRISTINE HARRINGTON Center for Student Success a t the New Jersey Counc i l o f County Col leges

Middlesex County Col lege

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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copy- right herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Student Success in College: Doing What Works! Third Edition Christine Harrington

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iii

Brief Contents

Preface

Part 1: Determining Your Path to Success Introduction: Getting Started

Chapter 1 Discovering the Value of Education and

Sharpening Key Thinking Skills

Chapter 2 Setting Goals and Choosing a Career Path

Part 2: Strategies and Skills for Success

Chapter 3 Building Academic Skills

Chapter 4 Strengthening Soft Skills

Chapter 5 Demonstrating Knowledge and Skills

Part 3: Being Successful: Plans and Perseverance

Chapter 6 Mapping Your Path to Success: Plans and Action Steps

Chapter 7 Staying on Track and Celebrating Success

Exploring the Research in Depth Appendix

Answer Key Appendix

References Index

Subject Index

IX

03

19

47

75

105

137

167

201

235

281

289

301

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Chapter iv Contentsiv Contents

Preface ix

Determining Your Path to Success 1PART 1

iv

Introduction: Getting Started 3 College Expectations: Getting a Strong Start 4

The Syllabus 4 Campus and Community Resources 7

Value of the First-Year Seminar Course 7 Student Success Myths or Facts? Test Your

Knowledge! 9

Success Strategies at a Glance 10

Chapter 1: Discovering the Value of Education and Sharpening Key Thinking Skills 19

Exploring the Research in Summary 20

Head, A. J. (2012). Learning curve: How college gradu- ates solve information problems once they join the work- place. Project Information Literacy Research Report (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED536470).

Value of a College Education 21 Decision-Making 26 Information Literacy 28

What Is Information Literacy? 28 Websites and Evaluating Sources 31 Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles 31

What is a peer-reviewed journal article? 33 The parts or elements of research articles 34 Abstract and introduction 34 Method 35 Results 36 Discussion 37 Reading journal articles 38

Critical Thinking 39 What Is Critical Thinking? 39 Bloom’s Taxonomy 40 The Process of Becoming a Critical Thinker 42

Foundational condition 1: Knowledge 42 Foundational condition 2: Self-efficacy 43 Foundational condition 3: Desire and drive 43

Learning condition 1: Challenging learning tasks and opportunities 43

Learning condition 2: Learning strategies and support 44

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER SUMMARY: Cornell Method Note-Taking Model 45

Chapter 2: Setting Goals and Choosing a Career Path 47

Exploring the Research in Summary 48

Morisano, D., Hirsh, J. B., Peterson, J. B., Pihl, R. O., & Shore, B. M. (2010). Setting, elaborating, and reflecting on personal goals improves academic performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 255–264.

Setting Goals 49 Importance of Goal Setting 49 The ABCS of Setting and Implementing

Effective Goals 51 Aim high: Challenging goals are best! 52 Believe in yourself: Self-efficacy is key! 53 Care and commit: Motivation matters! 53 Specify and self-reflect: Monitoring your

progress is important! 54

Career Exploration and Decision-Making 55 How Do We Make Career Decisions? 55

Social cognitive theory 58 Happenstance learning theory 59 Person-environment fit 59

Career Indecision 60 Self-Assessment 62

Exploring your values 62 Exploring your abilities 63 Exploring your personality and interests 64

Learning about Careers 67 Career websites 67 Informational interviews 69

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER SUMMARY: Matrix Notes Note-Taking Model 71

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

vContents v

Strategies and Skills for Success 73PART 2 Chapter 3: Building Academic Skills 75

Exploring the Research in Summary 76

McDaniel, M. A., Howard, D. C., & Einstein, G. O. (2009). The read-recite-review study strategy: Effective and portable. Psychological Science, 20(4), 516–522.

How Memory Works: Building Foundational Knowledge 77

The Memory Process 78 Encoding 78 Storage 78 Retrieval 80

Memory Strategies 80 Rehearsal 80 Elaboration 81 Chunking 81 Mnemonics 81 Retrieval practice 82

Active Reading Strategies 82 Power of Prior Knowledge 83 The 3R and SQ3R Reading Methods 84 Highlighting 85

Note-Taking 86 Preparing for and Participating in Class 86 Note-Taking Methods 88

Note-taking apps 89 Linear notes 90 Traditional outline 91 Digital notes 91 Cornell method 92 Concept maps 92 Matrix notes 92

Note-Taking Tips 94

Studying Strategies 95 We Are All Multisensory Learners 95 Testing Your Knowledge 96 Teaching to Learn and Study Groups 98 Organizing and Making Connections 100

CHAPTER 3 Map Note-Taking Model 102

Chapter 4: Strengthening Soft Skills 105 Exploring the Research in Summary 106

Clark, G., Marsden, R., Whyatt, J. D., Thompson, L., & Walker, M. (2015). ‘It’s everything else you do…’: Alumni views on extracurricular activities and employability. Active Learning in Higher Education, 16(2), 133–147. doi: 10.1177/1469787415574050. 106

What Are Soft Skills? 108 Professionalism 110 Time and Project Management 112

Matching Use of Time with Values and Goals 113 Work–School–Life Balance 114 Meeting Deadlines 115

Make a prioritized to-do list 115 Develop a schedule 116 Combat procrastination 117

Avoid Multitasking: Single-Task It! 118

Interpersonal Skills 120 Communication and Conflict Management 120 Emotional Intelligence 124 Teamwork and Collaboration: The 5R

Approach 125 Establish rapport 126 Develop group rules 127 Assign group roles 127 Get ready to work and support one another 128 Remember to evaluate 128

Diversity and Cultural Competence 129

Leadership 131

CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER SUMMARY: Cornell Method Note-Taking Model 134

Chapter 5: Demonstrating Knowledge and Skills 137

Exploring the Research in Summary 138

Issa, N., Schuller, M., Santacaterina, S., Shapiro, M., Wang, E., Mayer, R., & DaRosa, D. (2011). Applying multimedia design principles enhances learning in medical education. Medical Education, 45(8), 818–826.

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Chapter vi Contentsvi

Purpose of Academic Tasks 139

Academic Integrity 141 What Is Academic Integrity? 141 Citing Sources and Paraphrasing 143

Papers and Presentations 145 Developing a Plan 145 The Writing Process 148 Presentations 151

Managing performance anxiety 151 Beginning and ending strong 152

Audience engagement 152 Using multimedia effectively 153

Test-Taking Strategies 156 Multiple-Choice Tests 156 Short-Answer and Essay Exams 158 Take-Home and Online Exams 160

CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER SUMMARY: Digital Notes Note-Taking Model 162

Being Successful: Plans and Perseverance 165PART 3 Chapter 6: Mapping Your Path to

Success: Plans and Action Steps 167

Exploring the Research in Summary 168

Celio, C. I., Durlak, J., & Dymnicki, A. (2011). A meta- analysis of the impact of service-learning on students. Journal of Experiential Education, 34(2), 164–181.

Creating an Academic Plan 169 Connecting with Your Advisor or Academic

and Career Mentor 169 Understanding Curriculum Requirements 170

General education and major-specific coursework 171

Elective options: minors and double majors 172 Sequence and plan 172 Course format: online courses 173

Exploring Experiential Learning Opportunities 176

Internships 176 Study abroad 177 Service learning 178

Career Planning: Discovering the Power of Networking 179

Importance of Networking 179 Creating a Professional Presence 180

Social media 181 Crafting an elevator speech 183

Expanding and Strengthening Your Network 184 Expanding your network 185 Mentoring relationships 185 Strengthening your network 187

Job Search Tips 187

Financial Planning 190 Financing Your Education 190 Return on Investment 192 Establishing Good Credit 194 Financial Planning and Budgeting 196

CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER SUMMARY: Concept Map Note-Taking Model 199

Chapter 7: Staying on Track and Celebrating Success 201

Exploring the Research in Summary 202

Iglesias, S. L., Azzara, S., Squillace, M., Jeifetz, M., Lores Arnais, M. R., Desimone, M. F., & Diaz, L. E. (2005). A study on the effectiveness of a stress management programme for college students. Pharmacy Education, 5(1), 27–31.

Reflecting on Progress 203 Self-Regulation 203

Cognitive feedback 204 Outcome feedback 205

The Accuracy of Self-Assessments 206 Making Mistakes: The Role of Attribution

Theory 207

Staying Motivated 209 Behavioral Motivators 210 Cognitive Motivators 211

Self-efficacy 212 Humanistic Motivators 213

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 214 Self-determination theory 215

Social Motivators 215 Getting involved 215

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

viiContents vii

Managing Stress 217 Stress Management Techniques 217 Mindfulness 219 Avoiding Unhealthy Behaviors: Substance

Abuse 220

Being Resilient and Developing Grit 222 What Are Resilience and Grit? 222 Perseverance 223 Mindset 224

Seligman’s learned optimism 224 Rotter’s locus of control 225 Dweck’s growth mindset 226

Support 227 Your support system 228 Campus support 229

Celebrating Success 230

CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER SUMMARY: Matrix Notes Note-Taking Model 232

Exploring the Research in Depth Appendix 235 Howard, H. E., & Jones, W. P. (2000). Effectiveness of a freshmen seminar in an urban university: Measurement of selected indicators. College Student Journal, 34, 509–515. 235

Travis, T. (2011). From the classroom to the board- room: The impact of information literacy instruction on workplace research skills. Education Libraries, 34(2), 19–31. 241

Deepa, S., & Seth, M. (2013). Do soft skills matter? Implications for educators based on recruiters’ perspective. The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 7(1), 7–20. 252

Oliver, J., & Kowalczyk, C. (2013). Improving student group marketing presentations: A modified Pecha Kucha approach. Marketing Education Review, 23(1), 55–58. doi:10.2753/MER1052-8008230109 262

Coulter-Kern, R. G., Coulter-Kern, P. E., Schenkel, A. A., Walker, D. R., & Fogle, K. L. (2013). Improving student’s understanding of career decision-making through service learning. College Student Journal, 47(2), 306–311. 268

Fritson, K. K. (2008). Impact of journaling on students’ self-efficacy and locus of control. InSight: A Journal of Scholarly Teaching, 3, 375–383. 274

Answer Key Appendix 281

References Index 289

Subject Index 301

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

viii Time for Action

Exploring the Research in Summary

Chapter 1: Discovering the Value of Education and Sharpening Key Thinking Skills Head, A. J. (2012). Learning curve: How college graduates solve information problems once they join the workplace. Project Information Literacy Research Report (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED536470). 20

Chapter 2: Setting Goals and Choosing a Career Path Morisano, D., Hirsh, J. B., Peterson, J. B., Pihl, R. O., & Shore, B. M. (2010). Setting, elaborating, and reflecting on personal goals improves academic performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 255–264. 48

Chapter 3: Building Academic Skills McDaniel, M. A., Howard, D. C., & Einstein, G. O. (2009). The read-recite-review study strategy: Effective and portable. Psychological Science, 20(4), 516–522. 76

Chapter 4: Strengthening Soft Skills Clark, G., Marsden, R., Whyatt, J. D., Thompson, L., & Walker, M. (2015). ‘It’s everything else you do…’: Alumni views on extracurricular activities and employability. Active Learning in Higher Education, 16(2), 133–147. doi: 10.1177/1469787415574050 106

Chapter 5: Demonstrating Knowledge and Skills Issa, N., Schuller, M., Santacaterina, S., Shapiro, M., Wang, E., Mayer, R., & DaRosa, D. (2011). Applying multimedia design principles enhances learning in medical education. Medical Education, 45(8), 818–826. 138

Chapter 6: Mapping Your Path to Success: Plans and Action Steps Celio, C. I., Durlak, J., & Dymnicki, A. (2011). A meta-analysis of the impact of service-learning on students. Journal of Experiential Education, 34(2), 164–181. 168

Chapter 7: Staying on Track and Celebrating Success Iglesias, S. L., Azzara, S., Squillace, M., Jeifetz, M., Lores Arnais, M. R., Desimone, M. F., & Diaz, L. E. (2005). A study on the effectiveness of a stress management programme for college students. Pharmacy Education, 5(1), 27–31. 202

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

ix

Preface

An Academically Rigorous, Research-Based Approach

Research-Based Strategies

Original Research Studies: Students Learn How to Read Scholarly Sources

Just Seven Chapters Allows for Meaningful Exploration of Success Strategies

More Time to Dive Deep into the Content

Build Essential Information Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills

A Guided Pathways Framework That Helps Students Choose a Career Pathway

Extensive Coverage of Career Theories and Exploration Process

Academic, Financial, and Career Planning

What Makes Student Success in College: Doing What Works! Unique?

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. Christine Harrington is serving as the executive director of the New Jersey Center for Student Success at the New Jersey Council of County Colleges on a two-year term. In this position, she uses a guided pathways framework to increase successful experiences and outcomes at all 19 community colleges in New Jersey. Previously, Dr. Harrington has worked at Middlesex County College for 16 years as a professor of psychology, student success course coordinator, director of the Center for the Enrichment of Learning and Teaching, counselor, and disability service provider. Dr. Harrington was the 2016 recipient of the Excellence in Teaching First-Year Seminars award that was presented at the annual First-Year Experience conference. She also teaches graduate courses on teaching and learning at Rutgers University. Dr. Harrington frequently shares her expertise and passion about teaching, learning, and student success at national and local conferences as well as at colleges and universities across the United States. She is also the author of Dynamic Lecturing: Research-based Strategies to Enhance Lecture Effectiveness.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am beyond grateful to my family, colleagues, students, and my amazing team at Cengage. Writing this book would not be possible without the never-ending support and encouragement provided by my husband, Dan, and two sons, Ryan and David. I’d also like to thank my mom, dad, mother-in-law, and niece Ashley for always being there for me and supporting me every step of the way.

I would also like to thank my many FYE colleagues across the nation for sharing their endless passion and ideas about how to best help students achieve their goals. I am particularly thankful for the collaborative partnerships with my colleagues at the New Jersey Council of County Colleges and across the state, the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, the Office of the Secretary of Higher Education, and the Department of Education. It is a true pleasure working with such wonderful colleagues across the state, my fellow executive directors in other states with Centers for Student Success, and national partners such as Jobs for the Future who are so committed to student success.

Thanks to Tom Peterson and Suzanne LoPorto for their incredible photographs in this text, and to the many students who appear in them. I would also like to thank Ryan Harrington and Aditya Shah for developing the index.

My students have always been, and will continue to be, a source of inspiration, but it is difficult to describe the positive feeling I experience when students share how this book has helped them achieve their goals. I am tremendously grateful for the positive feedback about the book as well as their suggestions about how to improve it. I am also thankful to the many reviewers whose feedback was incredibly valuable and helped strengthen this text.

Tom Peterson

An Academically Rigorous, Research-Based Approach Research-Based Strategies

Student Success in College: Doing What Works!

Andrii Kondiuk/Shutterstock.com

Prefacex

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

An Academically Rigorous, Research-Based Approach xiPreface xi

Exploring the Research in Summary

Learning How to Read and Use Peer-Reviewed Research

Original Research Studies: Exploring the Research in Depth

Just Seven Chapters Allows for Meaningful Exploration of Success Strategies

No Need to Rush