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Conceptualization Paper
California State University, Fullerton
Diplomate in Counseling Psychology
American Board of Professional Psychology
Theory and Practice of Counseling
and Psychotherapy
G E R A L D C O R E Y
ninth edition
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About the Author GERALD COREY is a Professor Emeritus of Human Serv- ices at California State University at Fullerton and a licensed psychologist. He received his doctorate in counseling from the University of Southern California. He is a Diplomate in Counseling Psychology, American Board of Professional Psychology; a National Certified Counselor; a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (Counseling Psychol- ogy); a Fellow of the American Counseling Association; and a Fellow of the Association for Specialists in Group Work. He also holds memberships in the American Group Psycho-
therapy Association; the American Mental Health Counselors Association; the As- sociation for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling; the Associa- tion for Counselor Education and Supervision; and the Western Association for Coun selor Education and Supervision.
Along with Marianne Schneider Corey, Jerry received the Lifetime Achieve- ment Award from the American Mental Health Counselors Association in 2011 and the Eminent Career Award from the Association for Specialists in Group Work in 2001. Jerry was the recipient of the Outstanding Professor of the Year Award from California State University at Fullerton in 1991. He teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in group counseling, as well as courses in experiential groups, the theory and practice of counseling, theories of coun- seling, and professional ethics. He is the author or coauthor of 16 textbooks in counseling currently in print, 5 student videos/DVDs with workbooks, and more than 60 articles in professional publications. Theory and Practice of Coun- seling and Psychotherapy has been translated into the Arabic, Indonesian, Por- tuguese, Korean, Chinese, and Turkish languages. Theory and Practice of Group Counseling has been translated into Chinese, Korean, Russian, and Spanish. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions has been translated into Korean, Japa- nese, and Chinese.
Jerry and Marianne Corey often presents workshop in group counseling. In the past 35 years the Coreys have conducted group counseling training workshops for mental health professionals at many universities in the United States as well as in Korea, Ireland, Germany, Belgium, Scotland, Mexico, China, Hong Kong, and Canada. The Coreys also frequently give presentations and workshops at state and national professional conferences. In his leisure time, Jerry likes to travel, hike and bicycle in the mountains, and drive his 1931 Model A Ford.
As so
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Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Recent publications by Jerry Corey, all with Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, include:
Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy, Eighth Edition (2013) The Art of Integrative Counseling, Third Edition (2013) Theory and Practice of Group Counseling (and Student Manual, Eighth Edition,
2012) Becoming a Helper, Sixth Edition (2011, with Marianne Schneider Corey) Issues in Ethics in the Helping Professions, Eighth Edition (2011, with Marianne
Schneider Corey and Patrick Callanan) Groups: Process and Practice, Eighth Edition (2010, with Marianne Schneider
Corey and Cindy Corey) I Never Knew I Had a Choice, Ninth Edition (2010, with Marianne Schneider
Corey) Group Techniques, Third Edition (2004, with Marianne Schneider Corey,
Patrick Callanan, and J. Michael Russell)
Jerry is coauthor (with Barbara Herlihy) of Boundary Issues in Counseling: Multiple Roles and Responsibilities, Second Edition (2006) and ACA Ethical Standards Case- book, Sixth Edition (2006); he is coauthor (with Robert Haynes, Patrice Moulton, and Michelle Muratori) of Clinical Supervision in the Helping Professions: A Practi- cal Guide, Second Edition (2010); he is the author of Creating Your Professional Path: Lessons From My Journey (2010). All four of these books are published by the American Counseling Association.
He also has made several educational DVD and video programs on various as- pects of counseling practice: DVD for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psycho- therapy: The Case of Stan and Lecturettes (2013); DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes (2013, with Robert Haynes); DVD—Theory and Practice of Group Counseling (2012); Groups in Action: Evolution and Challenges—DVD and Workbook (2006, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Robert Haynes); and Ethics in Action: CD-ROM (2003, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Robert Haynes). All of these programs are available through Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Ninth Edition Gerald Corey
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To Terry Hendrix and in memory of Claire Verduin, our first editors at Brooks/Cole; they had faith
in the potential of this book and encouraged us to write early in our careers.
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PREFACE XI I
PART 1
Basic Issues in Counseling Practice�3
1 Introduction and Overview�4 Introduction 5
Where I Stand 6
Suggestions for Using the Book 8
Overview of the Theory Chapters 9
Introduction to the Case of Stan 13
2 The Counselor: Person and Professional�17 Introduction 18
The Counselor as a Therapeutic Person 18
Personal Therapy for the Counselor 20
The Counselor’s Values and the Therapeutic Process 22
Becoming an Effective Multicultural Counselor 24
Issues Faced by Beginning Therapists 28
Summary 34
3 Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice�36 Introduction 37
Putting Clients’ Needs Before Your Own 37
Ethical Decision Making 38
The Right of Informed Consent 40
Dimensions of Confidentiality 41
Ethical Issues in a Multicultural Perspective 42
Ethical Issues in the Assessment Process 44
Ethical Aspects of Evidence-Based Practice 46
Contents
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Managing Multiple Relationships in Counseling Practice 48
Becoming an Ethical Counselor 51
Summary 52
Where to Go From Here 52
Recommended Supplementary Readings for Part 1 53
References and Suggested Readings for Part 1 55
PART 2
Theories and Techniques of Counseling 61
4 Psychoanalytic Therapy 62 Introduction 63
Key Concepts 64
The Therapeutic Process 72
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 78
Jung’s Perspective on the Development of Personality 83
Contemporary Trends: Object-Relations Theory, Self Psychology, and Relational Psychoanalysis 85
Psychoanalytic Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 91
Psychoanalytic Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 92
Summary and Evaluation 94
Where to Go From Here 97
Recommended Supplementary Readings 98
References and Suggested Readings 99
5 Adlerian Therapy 101 Introduction 102
Key Concepts 103
The Therapeutic Process 109
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 113
Adlerian Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 123
Adlerian Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 125
Summary and Evaluation 127
Where to Go From Here 129
Recommended Supplementary Readings 131
References and Suggested Readings 132
6 Existential Therapy 136 Introduction 139
Key Concepts 145
The Therapeutic Process 154
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 157
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Existential Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 160
Existential Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 162
Summary and Evaluation 163
Where to Go From Here 166
Recommended Supplementary Readings 168
References and Suggested Readings 169
7 Person-Centered Therapy 172 Introduction 173
Key Concepts 178
The Therapeutic Process 179
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 184
Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy 189
Motivational Interviewing 191
Person-Centered Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 194
Person-Centered Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 196
Summary and Evaluation 197
Where to Go From Here 203
Recommended Supplementary Readings 205
References and Suggested Readings 206
8 Gestalt Therapy 210 Introduction 212
Key Concepts 213
The Therapeutic Process 219
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 224
Gestalt Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 233
Gestalt Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 234
Summary and Evaluation 236
Where to Go From Here 239
Recommended Supplementary Readings 241
References and Suggested Readings 241
9 Behavior Therapy 244 Introduction 247
Key Concepts 250
The Therapeutic Process 252
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 255
Behavior Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 274
Behavior Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 276
Summary and Evaluation 277
Where to Go From Here 281
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Recommended Supplementary Readings 282
References and Suggested Readings 282
10 Cognitive Behavior Therapy 287 Introduction 290
Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 291
Key Concepts 292
The Therapeutic Process 295
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 297
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy 302
Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification 310
Cognitive Behavior Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 315
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 318
Summary and Evaluation 320
Where to Go From Here 324
Recommended Supplementary Readings 327
References and Suggested Readings 327
11 Reality Therapy 333 Introduction 335
Key Concepts 336
The Therapeutic Process 340
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 342
Reality Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 349
Reality Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 352
Summary and Evaluation 354
Where to Go From Here 356
Recommended Supplementary Readings 357
References and Suggested Readings 358
12 Feminist Therapy 360 Introduction 362
Key Concepts 367
The Therapeutic Process 370
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 373
Feminist Therapy From a Multicultural and Social Justice Perspective 380
Feminist Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 382
Summary and Evaluation 384
Where to Go From Here 388
Recommended Supplementary Readings 390
References and Suggested Readings 391
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13 Postmodern Approaches 395 Introduction to Social Constructionism 397
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy 400
Narrative Therapy 410
Postmodern Approaches From a Multicultural Perspective 419
Postmodern Approaches Applied to the Case of Stan 421
Summary and Evaluation 423
Where to Go From Here 426
Recommended Supplementary Readings 429
References and Suggested Readings 429
14 Family Systems Therapy 432 Introduction 434
Development of Family Systems Therapy and Personal Development of the Family Therapist 437
A Multilayered Process of Family Therapy 445
Family Systems Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 451
Family Systems Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 452
Summary and Evaluation 456
Where to Go From Here 458
Recommended Supplementary Readings 458
References and Suggested Readings 459
PART 3
Integration and Application�463
15 An Integrative Perspective�464 Introduction 465
The Movement Toward Psychotherapy Integration 465
Issues Related to the Therapeutic Process 477
The Place of Techniques and Evaluation in Counseling 483
Summary 497
Where to Go From Here 498
Recommended Supplementary Readings 499
References and Suggested Readings 499
16 Case Illustration: An Integrative Approach in Working With Stan 503
Counseling Stan: Integration of Therapies 504
Concluding Comments 521
AUTHOR INDEX 523
SUBJECT INDEX 528
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This book is intended for counseling courses for undergraduate and graduate stu- dents in psychology, counselor education, human services, and the mental health professions. It surveys the major concepts and practices of the contemporary ther- apeutic systems and addresses some ethical and professional issues in counseling practice. The book aims to teach students to select wisely from various theories and techniques and to begin to develop a personal style of counseling.
I have found that students appreciate an overview of the divergent contem- porary approaches to counseling and psychotherapy. They also consistently say that the first course in counseling means more to them when it deals with them personally. Therefore, I stress the practical application of the material and encour- age reflection. Using this book can be both a personal and an academic learning experience.
In this ninth edition, every effort has been made to retain the major qualities that students and professors have found helpful in the previous editions: the suc- cinct overview of the key concepts of each theory and their implications for prac- tice, the straightforward and personal style, and the book’s comprehensive scope. Care has been taken to present the theories in an accurate and fair way. I have at- tempted to be simple, clear, and concise. Because many students want suggestions for supplementary reading as they study each therapy approach, I have included an updated reading list at the end of each chapter.
This edition updates the material and refines existing discussions. Part 1 deals with issues that are basic to the practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Chapter 1 puts the book into perspective, then students are introduced to the counselor— as a person and a professional—in Chapter 2. This chapter addresses a number of topics pertaining to the role of the counselor as a person and the therapeutic relationship. Chapter 3 introduces students to some key ethical issues in coun- seling practice, and several of the topics in this chapter have been updated and expanded.
Part 2 is devoted to a consideration of 11 theories of counseling. Each of the theory chapters follows a common organizational pattern, and students can easily compare and contrast the various models. This pattern includes core topics such as key concepts, the therapeutic process, therapeutic techniques and procedures, multicultural perspectives, theory applied to the case of Stan, and summary and evaluation. In this ninth edition, all of the chapters in Part 2 have been revised, updated, and expanded to reflect recent trends. Revisions were based on the rec- ommendations of experts in each theory, all of whom are listed in the Acknowledg- ments section. Both expert and general reviewers provided suggestions for adding, replacing, and expanding material for this edition. Attention was given to current
Preface
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trends and recent developments in the practice of each theoretical approach. For each chapter in Part 2, the citations have been updated.
Each of the 11 theory chapters summarizes key points and evaluates the con- tributions, strengths, limitations, and applications of these theories. Special attention is given to evaluating each theory from a multicultural perspective as well, with a commentary on the strengths and shortcomings of the theory in working with diverse client populations. The consistent organization of the sum- mary and evaluation sections makes comparing theories easier. Students are given recommendations regarding where to look for further training for all of the approaches. Updated annotated lists of reading suggestions and extensive refer- ences at the end of these chapters are offered to stimulate students to expand on the material and broaden their learning through further reading. In addition, a list of DVD resources has been added to the ninth edition for each of the theory chapters.
what’s new in this edition Significant changes for the ninth edition for each of the theory chapters are out- lined below:
chapter 4 Psychoanalytic Therapy Increased emphasis on the role of the relationship in analytic therapy Increased coverage on contemporary psychodynamic therapy Broadened discussion of relational psychoanalysis A new perspective on therapist neutrality and anonymity More emphasis on the role of termination in analytic therapy New material on countertransference, its role in psychoanalytic therapy, and
guidelines for effectively dealing with countertransference Expanded discussion of resistance and how to work with it effectively Revised and expanded section on brief psychodynamic therapy
chapter 5 Adlerian Therapy Revised material on the concept of lifestyle Expanded discussion of social interest New material on early recollections Streamlined discussion of some key concepts
chapter 6 Existential Therapy Revised material on existential themes New and expanded coverage of the contributions of Irvin Yalom and James
Bugental to existential therapy More attention on international developments of existential therapy New material on main aims of existential therapy Revised section on the client–therapist relationship Revised discussion of strengths of the approach from a diversity perspective New discussion of integration of existential concepts in other therapies
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chapter 7 Person-Centered Therapy Expanded coverage on the contributions and influence of Carl Rogers on the
counseling profession New section on the Abraham Maslow’s contributions to humanistic philosophy
and psychology New material on Maslow’s concept of self-actualization and relation to person-
centered philosophy Broadened discussion of clients as active self-healers Updated coverage of the core conditions of congruence, unconditional positive
regard, and empathy Recent research on contextual factors as the main predictors of effective therapy New material on the limitations and criticisms of the approach New material on the diversity of styles of practicing person-centered therapy More emphasis on how the basic philosophy of the person-centered approach
can be applied to other therapeutic modalities Inclusion of emotion-focused therapy, stressing the role of emotions as a route
to change Revised coverage on person-centered expressive arts New section on motivational interviewing (person-centered approach with a twist) Additional coverage of the stages of change as applied to motivational inter-
viewing
chapter 8 Gestalt Therapy Revised discussion of the role of experiments in Gestalt therapy More emphasis on therapist presence Added description of emotion-focused therapy and its relationship to Gestalt
therapy More attention to the relational approach to Gestalt practice
chapter 9 Behavior Therapy Increased attention to the trends in contemporary behavior therapy Broadened discussion of the role of the therapeutic relationship in behavior
therapy Expanded and updated discussion of social skills training Revision of multimodal therapy section Revised discussion of systematic desensitization and exposure procedures Revision of section on EMDR More attention to the role of mindfulness and acceptance strategies in contem-
porary behavior therapy New material on mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and stress reduction Expanded and revised treatment of dialectical behavior therapy
chapter 10 Cognitive Behavior Therapy Revised and expanded coverage of Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy Increased coverage of Judith Beck’s role in the development of cognitive therapy
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Increased attention on Donald Meichenbaum’s influence in the development of CBT
New material on Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training Revised section on Meichenbaum’s constructivist approach to CBT Increased coverage of relapse prevention Increased discussion of CBT from a multicultural perspective New material on the potential limitations of the multicultural applications of CBT
chapter 11 Reality Therapy Revised discussion of the relationship of choice theory to reality therapy Expanded discussion of the role of questions in reality therapy Revision of section on the role of planning in reality therapy More emphasis on the value of reality therapy with reluctant clients Additional material on reality therapy from a diversity perspective
chapter 12 Feminist Therapy Updated treatment of the principles of feminist therapy Updated discussion of the role of assessment and diagnosis in feminist therapy Increased attention given to empowerment New example of applying feminist therapy interventions with the case of Alma Revised and expanded discussion on therapeutic techniques and strategies
chapter 13 Postmodern Approaches Additional material on parallels between solution-focused brief therapy and
positive psychology Broadened discussion of the key concepts of solution-focused brief therapy
(SFBT) More emphasis on the client-as-expert in the therapy relationship in postmod-
ern approaches Revision of material on techniques in the postmodern approaches New material on listening with an open mind in narrative therapy More emphasis on the collaborative nature of narrative therapy and SFBT
chapter 14 Family Systems Therapy A reconceptualization and streamlining of the chapter New section describing the multilayered process of family therapy More emphasis on the personal development of the family therapist Addition of reflection questions to assist in the personal application of family
theory New material on genogram work for understanding the self of the therapist
and clients Expanded section on recent developments in family therapy New material on the postmodern perspective on family therapy More attention given to feminism, multiculturalism, and postmodern constru-
ctionism as applied to family therapy
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In Part 3 readers are helped to put the concepts together in a meaningful way through a discussion of the integrative perspective and consideration of a case study. Chapter 15 (“An Integrative Perspective”) pulls together themes from all 11 theoretical orientations. This chapter has been revised to expand discus- sion of the psychotherapy integration movement; revise treatment of the various integrative approaches; update and expand the section on integration of multi- cultural issues in counseling; revise the section on integration of spirituality in counseling; add material on research demonstrating the importance of the thera- peutic relationship; more discussion on the central role of the client in determin- ing therapy outcomes; and update coverage of the conclusions from the research literature on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Chapter 15 develops the notion that an integrative approach to counseling practice is in keeping with meeting the needs of diverse client populations in many different settings. Numerous tables and other integrating material help students compare and contrast the 11 approaches.
The “Case of Stan” has been retained in Chapter 16 to help readers see the application of a variety of techniques at various stages in the counseling process with the same client. This chapter illustrates an integrative approach that draws from all the therapies and applies a thinking, feeling, and behaving model in counseling Stan. Applying the various theories to a single case example allows for a comparison among the approaches. The video program (DVD for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy: The Case of Stan and Lecturettes) can be used as an ideal supplement to this chapter. For each of the 13 sessions in the DVD program in my counseling with Stan, I apply just a few selected techniques designed to illustrate each theory in action. New to accompany this ninth edition is a series of lecturettes that I present for each chapter in this textbook. This ex- panded DVD program now includes both demonstrations of my counseling with Stan and brief lectures that highlight my perspective on the practical applications of each theory.
This text can be used in a flexible way. Some instructors will follow my se- quencing of chapters. Others will prefer to begin with the theory chapters (Part 2) and then deal later with the student’s personal characteristics and ethical issues. The topics can be covered in whatever order makes the most sense. Readers are offered some suggestions for using this book in Chapter 1.
In this edition I have made every effort to incorporate those aspects that have worked best in the courses on counseling theory and practice that I regularly teach. To help readers apply theory to practice, I have also revised the Student Manual, which is designed for experiential work. The Student Manual for Theory and Prac- tice of Counseling and Psychotherapy still contains open-ended questions, many new cases for exploration and discussion, structured exercises, self-inventories, and a variety of activities that can be done both in class and out of class. The ninth edition features a structured overview, as well as a glossary, for each of the theories, and chapter quizzes for assessing the level of student mastery of basic concepts.
CourseMate, a new online resource, is available to accompany this textbook. It contains the video program for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy:
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The Case of Stan and Lecturettes, as well as a glossary of key terms, interviews with ex- perts (questions and answers by experts in the various theories), and case examples for each of the theories illustrating ways of applying these concepts and techniques to a counseling case.
The newly revised and enlarged Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy (Eighth Edition) features experts working with the case of Ruth from the vari- ous therapeutic approaches. The casebook can either supplement this book or stand alone. An additional chapter covering transactional analysis is available on WebTutor.® This material is provided in the same format as the 11 theory chapters in this book and includes experiential exercises that can be completed individually or in small groups.
Accompanying this ninth edition of the text and Student Manual is a DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes, in which I demonstrate an integrative approach in counseling Ruth (the central character in the casebook). It contains lecturettes on how I draw from key concepts and techniques from the various theories presented in the book. This DVD program has been developed for student purchase and use as a self-study program, and it makes an ideal learning package that can be used in conjunction with this text and the Student Manual. The Art of Integrative Counseling (Third Edition), which expands on the material in Chapter 15 of the textbook, also complements this book.
Some professors have found the textbook and the Student Manual or the online program (CourseMate) to be ideal companions and realistic resources for a single course. Others like to use the textbook and the casebook as companions. With this revision it is now possible to have a unique learning package of several books, along with the DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes. The Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy and the Art of Integrative Counseling can also be used in a various classes, a few of which include case-management practicum, fieldwork courses, or counseling techniques courses.
Also available is a revised and updated Instructor’s Resource Manual, which includes suggestions for teaching the course, class activities to stimulate inter- est, PowerPoint presentations for all chapters, and a variety of test questions and final examinations. This instructor’s manual is now geared for the following learning package: Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Student Manual for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy, The Art of Integrative Counseling, and two video programs: DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes, and DVD for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy: The Case of Stan and Lecturettes.
Acknowledgments The suggestions I received from the many readers of prior editions who took the time to complete the survey at the end of the book have been most helpful. Many other people have contributed ideas that have found their way into this ninth edition. I especially appreciate the time and efforts of the manuscript reviewers, who offered constructive criticism and supportive commentaries, as well as those
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