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Change management model comparison

21/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 3 days

Chapter 6


Change Management and System Implementation


1


CHANGE MANAGEMENT


“Systematic process of applying the knowledge, tools, and resources needed to effect change in transforming an organization from its current state to some future desired state as defined by its vision”


Must also consider altering behavior patterns of people within the organization


Includes both a vision and a plan


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


2


2


CHANGE MANAGEMENT


Change management is focused more on changing employees’ attitudes and behavior than OD, which is also interested in changing employees’ attitudes and behaviors. But CM is only one part of an OD intervention.


Change management can be used on projects, which can be either larger or smaller in scope, because it is only focused on changing the attitudes and behaviors of the individuals in that organization, which are important in any OD project.


Change management must consider altering the mindset and behavior patterns of the people within that organization.


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


3


3


CHANGE MANAGEMENT TERMINOLOGY


External and internal forces for change


Change agent or change leader


Gap analysis


Resistance to change


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


4


MODELS OF THE CHANGE PROCESS


Action research model


Lewin’s change model


Gleicher’s change formula


Nadler’s congruence model


Kotter’s eight-stage change model


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


5


ACTION RESEARCH MODEL


General perspective to use in any planned change effort


Approach to the management of change


Interaction of managerial or organizational action and research that both evaluates the action taken and provides data for future planning of the change effort


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


6


6


LEWIN’S CHANGE MODEL


Unfreezing


Destabilize (unfreeze) the old ways of doing things


People need to know what drives the change


Kotter’s (1996) sense of urgency


Psychological safety


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


7


7


LEWIN’S CHANGE MODEL


Changing/Transition


Focus on helping change the behavior


Ending  Neutral Zone  New Beginnings


Refreezing


Stabilize the organization


Often requires changes in organization’s culture and norms, policies, and practices


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


8


8


GEICHER’S CHANGE EQUATION FORMULA


Helps us assess this degree of readiness as follows C = (D × V × F) > R


C is the change, D the dissatisfaction with status quo, V the vision, F the first steps (feasibility), and R the resistance to change (costs)


All three forces for change must be active to offset the forces against the change


If any one of the three is missing, the product of the equation will tend toward zero, and resistance to change will dominate.


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


9


9


NADLER’S CONGRUENCE MODEL


Need congruence (“fit”) between the various organizational subsystems for optimal performance


Components


Input, strategy, output, and operating organization


Transformation processes


Strategy, work, people, formal organization (structure), and informal organization (culture)


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


10


10


People


NADLER’S CONGRUENCE MODEL


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


11


KOTTER’S EIGHT-STAGE MODEL


First four stages focus on “unfreezing”


Establishing a greater sense of urgency


Creating the guiding coalition


Developing a transformational vision and strategy


Communicating the change vision


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


12


12


KOTTER’S EIGHT-STAGE MODEL


The next three stages introduce many new practices (“change/transition”)


Empowering a broad base of people to take action


Generating short-term wins


Consolidating gains and producing even more change


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


13


13


KOTTER’S EIGHT-STAGE MODEL


The last stage is required to ground the changes in the corporate culture (“refreezing”) and make them stick.


Institutionalizing new approaches in the culture


The model requires that all the stages must be worked through in order—and completely—to effect change successfully.


More than one step may be activated at any one time.


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


14


14


REASONS FOR SYSTEMS FAILURE


Leadership


Planning


Change management


Communication


Training


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


15


15


Reasons for Systems Failure: LEADERSHIP


Lack of executive support


Project managers lacking in leadership skills


Team of individuals committed to change


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


16


Reasons for Systems Failure: PLANNING


Clearly identified scope and strategy


Adequate funding


Adequate staff to manage the project


Time requirements estimated properly


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


17


Reasons for Systems Failure: CHANGE MANAGEMENT


Ongoing challenge for HR leaders and organizations


A review of the research literature on change suggests that a large percentage of change efforts end in discouraging results.


Experts suggest that the figure may be as high as 70% (Mourier & Smith, 2001; Pascale & Millemann, 1997)


Considerable room for improvement


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


18


Reasons for Systems Failure: COMMUNICATION


Makes the difference between success and failure


Getting people “unstuck” is a huge communication challenge


Ideally, people participate from beginning to end


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


19


19


TRAINING


Ongoing, effective training is essential


Training plan in the beginning with full training just before system will be used


Advanced training in phases


Involve power users


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


20


20


CULTURAL ISSUES IN HRIS IMPLEMENTATION


Can be helpful or harmful to the change efforts


Defined as a complex set of shared beliefs, guiding values, behavioral norms, and basic assumptions acquired over time that shape our thinking and behavior


Need to understand the organization’s cultural profile


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


21


CULTURAL ISSUES


Whenever there is an incongruity between the current culture and the goals of the change initiative, the culture always wins (Conner, 1998, p. 207)


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


22


RESISTANCE TO CHANGE


Groups and individuals resist change


Loss of control over their lives


Leads to uncertainty about their future


Need effective two-way communication


Comfort level with current organizational performance


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


23


RESISTANCE TO CHANGE


Employee burnout and cynicism from series of failed change initiatives


Should be anticipated and addressed


Proactive, continuous communication and effective, ongoing training


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


24


USER ACCEPTANCE


Ultimately, acceptance represents project success


Understand users


Involve end users


Involve resistant users


Institute phased implementation plan


Offer rewards to encourage user participation in new system


Kavanagh, Human Resource Information Systems 4e. SAGE Publications, 2018.


25


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