Chapter 14 learning exercises medical terminology

Reproductive Systems

Chapter 14

Related Combining Forms

Structure Related Combining Forms

Male

Penis pen/i, phall/i

Testicles orch/o, orchid/o, test/i, test/o

Female

Ovaries oophor/o, ovari/o

Fallopian tubes salping/o

Uterus hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, urter/o

Vagina vagin/o, colp/o

Placenta placent/o

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Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes

Genitalia

Organs of reproduction and their associated structures

External genitalia: reproductive organs located outside of the body

Internal genitalia: reproductive organs located within the body

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Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes

Perineum

Male perineum

Extends from scrotum to the area around the anus

Female perineum

Extends from pubic symphysis to the area around the anus

Functions of Male Reproductive System

Primary function

Produce sperm and deliver them into female body for union with ovum to create new life

Structures of Male Reproductive System

External male genitalia

Penis and scrotum, which contains two testicles

Internal male genitalia

Include remaining structures of male reproductive system

Structures of Male Reproductive System

Structures of Male Reproductive System

Scrotum and Testicles

Scrotum

Sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports testicles

Suspended from pubic arch behind the penis and lies between the thighs

Scrotum and Testicles

Testicles

Two egg-shaped glands that produce sperm

Develop within abdomen of male fetus and normally descend into scrotum before or soon after birth

Seminiferous tubules: site of sperm formation

Epididymis: coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle; descends the length of the testicle, then moves upward to merge into vas deferens

Scrotum and Testicles

Testicles

Spermatic cord

Attached to each testicle

Extends upward from epididymis

Contains vas deferens plus arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels for each testicle

Semen Formation

Semen

Whitish fluid containing sperm (male gametes)

Ejaculated through urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement

Spermatogenesis

Process of sperm formation

(spermat/o: sperm; -genesis: formation)

Semen Formation

Ideal temperature for sperm formation is 93.2˚F

Sperm move from seminiferous tubules of testicles into epididymus where they become motile and are stored

Semen Formation

From epididymus, sperm travel to vas deferens where seminal vesicles and prostate gland add secretions to form semen

Penis

Male sex organ

Transports sperm into female vagina

Three columns of erectile tissue

High pressure leads to filling of erectile tissues with blood during sexual stimulation

Penis

Glans penis

Sensitive region at the tip of the penis

Foreskin

Retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane

Covers and protects glans penis

Also known as prepuce

Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, and Ejaculatory Duct

Vas deferens

Long, narrow continuation of each epididymus

Leads upward and join the urethra

Seminal vesicles

Located at the base of urinary bladder

Open into vas deferens

Secrete yellow substance to nourish sperm cells

Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, and Ejaculatory Duct

Ejaculatory duct

Begins at vas deferens

Passes through prostate gland

Empties into urethra

Reflex action pushes semen into urethra and out of the body via the penis

Prostate Gland

Lies under the bladder

Surrounds end of the urethra where vas deferens enters urethra

Secretes thick, alkaline fluid into semen aiding motility of sperm during ejaculation

Bulbourethral Glands

Located just below the prostate gland

Open into urethra

Secrete pre-ejaculatory fluid helping flush any residual urine or foreign matter in urethra

Fluid may contain sperm and may cause pregnancy even if ejaculation does not occur

Urethra

Passes through the penis to the outside of the body

Part of both reproductive and urinary systems in males

Medical Specialties Related to Male Reproductive System

Urologist

Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of genitourinary system of males and urinary system of females

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Penis

Balanitis

Inflammation of glans penis

May be due to poor hygiene if not circumcised

(balan: glans penis)

Phimosis

Narrowing of foreskin preventing retraction to expose glans penis

May be present at birth or become apparent during childhood

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Penis

Erectile dysfunction

Inability of male to achieve or maintain a penile erection

Peyronie's disease

Penis is bent or curved during erection leading to sexual dysfunction

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Penis

Priapism

Painful erection lasting 4 hours or more, not accompanied by sexual excitement and does not diminish after sexual stimulation ends

May be due to medications or disease

Premature ejaculation

Early climax, usually before or shortly after penetrating the female's vagina

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Testicles and related structures

Andropause

Decrease of testosterone

Usually begins when man is in his late 40's

(andr/o: male or masculine; -pause: stopping)

Cryptorchidism

Undescended testicle

Developmental defect

(crypt: hidden; orch: testicle)

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Testicles and related structures

Anorchism

Congenital absence of one or both testicles

Epididymitis

Inflammation of epididymis

Hydrocele

Fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles

(hydr/o: water; -cele: hernia/swelling)

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Testicles and related structures

Spermatocele

Milky-fluid filled cyst in epididymis

Testicular cancer

Cancer that begins in the testicles

Most common cancer in American males between ages of 15 and 34 years

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Testicles and related structures

Testicular torsion

Pain in scrotum caused by twisting of vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle

Testitis

Inflammation of one or both testicles

Varicocele

Knot of varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

(varic/o: varicose veins)

Sperm Count

Normal range: 20–120 million or more sperm per milliliter of semen

Azoospermia

Absence of sperm in semen

(zoo: life)

Oligospermia

Sperm count below 20 million/mL

Sperm Count

Hematospermia

Presence of blood in seminal fluid

Can be caused by infection of seminal vesicles, prostatitis, urethritis, or urethral strictures

Diagnostic Procedures of Male Reproductive System

Sperm count

Testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine volume plus number, shape, size, and motility of sperm

Testicular self-examination

Self-examination beneficial in early detection of testicular cancer

Treatment Procedures of Male Reproductive System

General treatment procedures

Circumcision

Surgical removal of foreskin of penis

Orchidectomy (orchiectomy)

Surgical removal of one or both testicles

Treatment Procedures of Male Reproductive System

General treatment procedures

Orchiopexy

Repair of undescended testicle

Varicocelectomy

Removal of portion of enlarged vein to relieve variocele

Male Sterilization

Castration

Surgical removal or destruction of both testicles

Vasectomy

Male sterilization procedure by surgical removal of a small portion of vas deferens

Prevents sperm from entering the ejaculate

Does not change the volume of semen

Male Sterilization

Vasovasostomy

An attempt to restore fertility of a vasectomized male

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Infections caused by bacteria or virus

Commonly spread through sexual intercourse or genital contact

Chlamydia

Highly contagious

Requires early treatment with antibiotics

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Bacterial vaginosis

Occurs in women due to abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in vagina

Genital herpes

Highly contagious

Lesions on genitals or rectum

No cure

Antiviral drugs ease symptoms

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Genital warts

Highly contagious

Caused by human papillomaviruses

HPV vaccine is available

Gonorrhea

Highly contagious

May affect mouth, throat, and anus as well as reproductive organs of both males and females

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Human immunodeficiency virus

Transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids

Syphilis

Highly contagious

Transmitted from person to person through direct contact with chancre

May be difficult to distinguish from other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Trichomoniasis

Infection caused by a parasite

May affect males or females

Functions of Female Reproductive System

Creation and support of new life

Ovaries

Produce mature eggs to be fertilized by sperm

Uterus

Provides environment and support for developing child

Breasts

Produce milk to feed infant

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Structures of Female Reproductive System

External female genitalia

Located posterior to mons pubis

Structures collectively known as vulva

Labia majora and labia minora: protect external genitalia and urethral meatus

Clitoris: erectile tissue

Bartholin's glands: lubricate vaginal orifice

Vaginal orifice: exterior opening of vagina partially covered by the hymen

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Breasts

Made of fat, connective tissue, and mammary glands

Mammary glands: milk-producing glands that develop during puberty

Lactiferous ducts: carry milk from mammary glands to the nipple

(lact: milk; -iferous: carrying or producing)

Areola: dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Internal female genitalia

Located within the pelvic cavity and protected by bony pelvis