Chargaff's rule states that the dna of any species

Genetics and Society

Ch. 8

18 pts.

Part 1. Human Genome Project
April, 2018 marked 15 years since the completion of the human genome project. To celebrate this occasion, the National Human Genome Research Institute s created a website listing 15 ways that genomics influences our world. The link is below. Click on the link and scan the list. Pick out 3 topics listed on this site that are of most interest to you. Read the information about those topics. Write a paragraph (4-5 sentences, minimum) for each topic explaining why you chose that topic and how you think if affects you directly or indirectly now or possibly in the future.

https://www.genome.gov/27570876/15-for-15-celebration/

Topic 1:

Topic 2:

Topic 3:

Part 2. GINA Act (2008)
Use the information at the website below to answer the following questions.

https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues/Genetic-Discrimination

1. Why was the GINA act necessary once genetic testing and genome sequencing became more readily available?

2. There are two parts of the GINA act.

a. What does Title 1 of the GINA act protect Americans from?

b. What does Title II of the GINA act protect Americans from?

3. What is the exception to Title II related to the military personnel?

4. States can implement their own stricter laws regarding the use of genetic information. True or False

5. What specific law did North Carolina implement regarding the use of genetic information?

DNA Structure and Replication
1. What is a nucleotide?

2. Chargaff's rule states that the DNA of any species contains equal amounts of __________________ & ____________ and also equal amounts of __________________ & ____________________.

3. In DNA, thymine is complementary to ________________ ; cytosine is complementary to _____________.

4. In a molecule of DNA, the percentage of thymine is 40 %. What is the percentage of cytosine in the same DNA molecule? _________________

5. Why is DNA replication called "semi-conservative"?

6. Define the function of the following enzymes and place them in the order in which they act during DNA replication:

Ligase, Gyrase, DNA polymerase, helicase, telomerase

7. If a DNA strand had the nucleotide sequence -ATGCGGCTAG-what would the sequence of the complementary daughter strand be?

8. What does it mean for DNA polymerase to have “proofreading” ability?

9. There are some viruses, like influenza, that cannot proofread their genetic material as they replicate. What is the consequence of this?

Molecular genealogy
The ability to sequence the human genome is what has allowed companies like 23 and Me and Ancestry.com to provide direct to consumer genetic information regarding ancestry. Watch the six short videos at the link below about the types of DNA used for this information. As you are watching the video, answer the following questions in your own words.

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/molgen/

1. At the DNA level, all humans are ______________ % identical.

2. What are the four types of DNA used in molecular genealogy?

3. What is autosomal DNA?

4. What event ensures that the autosomes you inherit from your parents are really a random mixture of grandparents and great-grandparent’s autosomes?

5. What happens to the size of shared DNA fragments as you compare fragments from more distant relatives?

6. Why does recombination not occur with the X chromosome in males?

7. Why is the Y chromosome passed from father to son nearly unchanged?

8. What are mitochondria?

9. Is mitochondrial DNA passed from Father to child? Why or why not?

10. Recently, there have been some data that suggests this might happen and the data was generated at Cincinnati Children’s hospital. Read the article below and summarize the data that suggested that mitochondrial DNA might actually come from the father as well as the mother.

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/fathers-can-pass-mitochondrial-dna-to-children-65165