W.W. NORTON & COMPANY B
RICHARD BARSAM (Ph.D., University of Southern California) is Professor Emeritus of Film Studies at Hunter College, City Univer- sity of New York. He is the author of Nonfiction Film: A Critical History (rev. and exp. ed., 1992), The Vision of Rob- ert Flaherty: The Artist as Myth and Filmmaker (1988), In the Dark: A Primer for the Movies (1977), and Filmguide to Triumph of the Will (1975); editor of Nonfiction Film: Theory and Criticism (1976); and contributing author to Paul Monaco’s The Sixties: 1960–1969 (Vol. 8 in the History of the American Cinema series, 2001) and Filming Robert Flaherty’s Louisiana Story: The Helen van Dongen Diary (ed. Eva Orbanz, 1998). His articles and book reviews have appeared in Cinema Journal, Quarterly Review of Film Studies, Film Comment, Studies in Visual Com- munication, and Harper’s. He has been a member of the Executive Council of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies and the Editorial Board of Cinema Journal, and he cofounded the journal Persistence of Vision.
DAVE MONAHAN (M.F.A., Columbia University) is an Associate Professor and Department Chair of Film Studies at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington. His work as a writer, director, and editor includes Things Grow (2010), Ringo (2005), Monkey Junction (2004), Prime Time (1996), and Angels Watching Over Me (1993). His work has been screened internationally in over fifty film festivals and has earned numerous awards, including the New Line Cinema Award for Most Original Film (Prime Time) and the Seattle International Film Festival Grand Jury Prize for Best Animated Short Film (Ringo).
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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To Students xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii
CHAPTER 1 Looking at Movies 1 Learning Objectives 2
Looking at Movies 2 What Is a Movie? 3 The Movie Director 5
Ways of Looking at Movies 6 Invisibility and Cinematic Language 6 Cultural Invisibility 10 Implicit and Explicit Meaning 11 Viewer Expectations 13 Formal Analysis 14 Alternative Approaches to Analysis 19 Cultural and Formal Analysis in The Hunger Games 22 Analyzing Looking at Movies 32 Screening Checklist: Looking at Movies 33 Questions for Review 34 Student Resources Online 34
CHAPTER 2 Principles of Film Form 35 Learning Objectives 36
Film Form 36 Form and Content 36
Form and Expectations 39 Patterns 41 Fundamentals of Film Form 45 Movies Depend on Light 45 Movies Provide an Illusion of Movement 46 Movies Manipulate Space and Time in Unique Ways 48
Realism and Antirealism 55 Verisimilitude 58
CONTENTS
viii Contents
Cinematic Language 59
Looking at Film Form: Donnie Darko 61 Content 61 Expectations 61 Patterns 62 Manipulating Space 63 Manipulating Time 64 Realism, Antirealism, and Verisimilitude 64 Analyzing Principles of Film Form 65 Screening Checklist: Principles of Film Form 65 Questions for Review 66 Student Resources Online 66
CHAPTER 3 Types of Movies 67 Learning Objectives 68
The Idea of Narrative 68
Types of Movies 71 Narrative Movies 72 Documentary Movies 73 Experimental Movies 77
Hybrid Movies 83
Genre 85 Genre Conventions 88
Story Formulas 88 Theme 89 Character Types 89 Setting 89 Presentation 89 Stars 90
Six Major American Genres 91 Gangster 91 Film Noir 93 Science Fiction 96 Horror 99 The Western 102 The Musical 105
Evolution and Transformation of Genre 108
What about Animation? 111
Looking at the Types of Movies in The Lego Movie 115 Analyzing Types of Movies 119 Screening Checklist: Types of Movies 119 Questions for Review 120 Student Resources Online 120
ixContents
CHAPTER 4 Elements of Narrative 121 Learning Objectives 122
What Is Narrative? 122 Characters 126 Narrative Structure 130
The Screenwriter 135
Elements of Narrative 136 Story and Plot 136 Order 141 Events 142 Duration 143 Suspense versus Surprise 147 Repetition 148 Setting 148 Scope 149
Looking at Narrative: John Ford’s Stagecoach 150 Story, Screenwriter, and Screenplay 150 Narration and Narrator 152 Characters 153 Narrative Structure 153 Plot 154
Order 154 Diegetic and Nondiegetic Elements 154 Events 155 Duration 155 Repetition 155
Suspense 155 Setting 157 Scope 159 Analyzing Elements of Narrative 161 Screening Checklist: Elements of Narrative 161 Questions for Review 162 Student Resources Online 162
CHAPTER 5 Mise-en-Scène 163 Learning Objectives 164
What Is Mise-en-Scène? 164
Design 173 The Production Designer 173 Elements of Design 176
Setting, Decor, and Properties 177 Lighting 179 Costume, Makeup, and Hairstyle 181
International Styles of Design 188
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Composition 196 Framing: What We See on the Screen 197
On-screen and Offscreen Space 197 Open and Closed Framing 199
Kinesis: What Moves on the Screen 202 Movement of Figures within the Frame 2