Conclusion ohm's law lab report

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_Lab_Info.pdf
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Lab Information Table of Contents:

Page Instructor Information .............................................................................. 1 Lab Schedule ........................................................................................... 1 Required Lab Materials (Must bring to each lab) .................................... 2 Lab Report Due Dates ............................................................................. 2 Late Policy ............................................................................................... 2 Pre-Lab Preparation ................................................................................. 2

Elements of a pre-lab ................................................................... 3 Create a draft lab report ............................................................... 3

Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook ....................................................... 4 Laboratory Notebook Grading .................................................... 4

Lab Reports.............................................................................................. 6 Report Format .............................................................................. 6 Details of the Lab Format ............................................................ 6 Report Formatting ....................................................................... 7 Cover Page ................................................................................... 7 Summary/Abstract ....................................................................... 8 Equipment .................................................................................... 8 Introduction ................................................................................. 9 Circuit Description ...................................................................... 11 Measurement Results ................................................................... 11 Discussion .................................................................................... 13 Conclusion ................................................................................... 13 Questions ..................................................................................... 14 References ................................................................................... 14

Grading Methodology.............................................................................. 15 Instructor:

See course syllabus for additional information Lab Schedule:

See course syllabus located in Blackboard for additional information You should be able to finish the labs within the timeframe specified by the syllabus. Some circuits in the later labs are more complicated; to save lab time you are strongly encouraged to build the circuit on your breadboard before coming into the lab. You must have each lab pre-lab accomplished as required by the syllabus.

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Required Lab Materials (Must bring to each lab):

See course syllabus for additional information Lab Report Due Dates: As shown on the course syllabus available in Blackboard. Blackboard is maintained up to date with the latest due dates. Late Policy:

Materials (lab reports, assignments, etc.) WILL NOT be accepted after the report is more than 14 days late or after the last day of classes, whichever comes first. Two (2) points will be deducted from the material submitted for each day that the assignment is late. Materials will receive a grade of “0” if they are greater than 14 days late or it is not submitted by the last day of classes. Materials will NOT be accepted after 11:59 PM EST on the last day of classes as indicated on the registrar’s calendar. Once a submission is graded, additional submissions will not be regraded, therefore it would be prudent not to submit a report until it is ready for grading. If two or more assignments are submitted, only the last submission will be graded. All previous submissions will receive a grade of zero or “ignored.” Blackboard grade book will only look at the last submitted grade. Plagiarized materials with be graded as zero (0). If, during the semester, the instructor provides an extra credit or replacement assignment to replace a low course grade, the assignment will not replace a plagiarized assignment.

Pre-Lab Preparation:

Prior to the lab period that the lab is scheduled to start, you shall:

Read the entire lab procedure Ensure that you understand the lab Preform all calculations in the lab notebook Establish tables in your notebook Create a draft lab report (as noted below)

NOTE: Pre-labs SHALL BE accomplished for the day the lab is scheduled to start regardless if you will be performing the lab on that day or not. Pre-Labs are due on the date that the lab is scheduled to start per the course syllabus NOT the date that you will actually start the lab, if it differs from the schedule. Pre-labs shall ensure that you have a full understanding of what is to be accomplished, the results that are expected, and provides a draft lab report. The pre-lab shall be uploaded to Blackboard prior to the lab period that the lab is scheduled to start. Scan or take pictures of those pre-lab portions of your lab notebook.

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Pre-labs will be graded concurrently with your finalized lab reports using the materials that you upload. Pre-labs not submitted on time will be graded as a zero. NOTE: A technique that will aid in identifying areas or materials in your draft lab report that need to be updated with lab performance data or other information can be highlighted using Word’s highlighting tool. Elements of a pre-lab:

1. Read the entire lab report 2. Ensure that you understand what the lab is accomplishing as well as how it will be

accomplished 3. Perform all calculations in your lab notebook and / or, when required by the lab or

instructor, simulate the circuit using MultiSim, which is available to all students (see the UML IT webpage).

4. Establish data tables in your lab notebook. DO NOT leave large empty areas in your lab notebook. Observations will be recorded on future pages of your lab notebook.

5. Create a draft lab report, which will be uploaded as indicated above. The draft report, as a minimum, shall contain the following (see Lab Report requirements later in this document for detailed requirements of a lab report):

a. Prepare the entire lab report coversheet except for the date. i. The date the report will be submitted is not yet known, therefore, use

the draft report date and highlight it to indicate that the date needs to be updated in the final version of the report.

b. Summary/Abstract i. State the overview of the lab. Other portions will be completed after

performance of the lab. c. Equipment

i. Construct the equipment table identifying all the equipment that the lab states to be used as well as standard test equipment that you may use to obtain the needed data. The final report should eliminate equipment not used as well as add equipment that was not initially identified.

d. Introduction i. This entire section shall be completed during the pre-lab

e. Circuit Description i. This entire section, with the exception of the pictures and videos,

shall be completed during the pre-lab f. Measurement Results

i. Only the section header can be included during the pre-lab g. Discussion

i. Only the section header can be included during the pre-lab h. Conclusion

i. Only the section header can be included during the pre-lab i. Questions

i. Identify all questions asked throughout the lab. Those questions that are related to pre-lab items shall be answered. Other questions shall be stated and answered after completion of the lab.

j. References i. This section can be started, and most likely completed during the pre-

lab draft lab report establishment.

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Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook:

Purchasing a Laboratory Notebook:

See course Syllabus for acceptable notebooks.

Laboratory Notebook Grading:

If you are absent (unexcused) or forget your lab notebook on the days it is graded, it is your responsibility to get with your assigned TA and make arrangements for the notebook to be graded. The same late policy applies to grading lab notebooks (see “Late Policy” above.

Utilizing a Laboratory Notebook, you Shall:

Adhere to the following reference (available on Blackboard) when using your lab notebook.

Kanare, H. M.. (1985). Writing the Laboratory Notebook. American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C.

You must have your own lab notebook during every laboratory session. Your lab proficiency grade may be affected by not bringing your lab notebook to your lab session. Lab notebook entries shall always be recorded legibly, neatly, and in black or blue permanent ink (such as a ballpoint pen). Pencil is NOT allowed. Immediately enter into your notebook and date all original concepts, data and observations, using separate headings to differentiate each. Record all concepts, results, references and other information in a systematic and orderly manner. Maintain consistent language, charts and numbering systems throughout your notebook. It is acceptable to make your entries brief. However, always include enough details for someone else to duplicate the work you have recorded. Label all figures and calculations. Use proper formatting. Never, under any circumstances, remove pages from your notebook. Start entries at the top of the first page, and always make successive, dated entries, working your way to the bottom of the last page. After completing a page, sign it before continuing to the next page. Make sure that you record the date of each entry clearly and unambiguously. Never let anyone other than yourself write in your Notebook (excluding witness

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signatures, discussed later). Never leave blank spaces.

• Simply draw an “X” through any blank spaces at the same time you are making your entries

Never erase or remove material you have added. If you make a mistake or need to change any materials already entered in your notebook

• Simply draw one line through the materials at the same time you are making your new entries,

• Then add your initials next to the changed or removed materials, and • Then enter the correct entry nearby, if applicable

You can supplement your entries with supporting material (e.g., test-result printouts and other documentation), but you must permanently affix the material onto a page in its proper chronological location. Never rely solely on any supplemental attachment. Always include your own entry describing the attachment and add any conclusions that you might draw from its substance. Occasionally, secondary sources might be too large or inappropriate to attach directly to your notebook. In this case, you can add all secondary sources to an ancillary record maintained precisely for this purpose. However, always remember to write a description of these secondary sources, clearly and unambiguously, in your notebook. It is a good idea to use prominent headings to label the beginning of each new lab experiment, as well as the sections within each lab. Prelabs results and data shall be recorded in your lab notebook. Completing the prelab is very important to using your time in the lab efficiently. Knowing what to expect from your lab measurements will allow you to catch mistakes before you have wasted a lot of time. How much detail do you record in the lab notebook? There should be enough so that someone else can duplicate your experiment and verify your results. Show all essential calculations which are used to interpret measured data. Comment as necessary. Alternatively, you may need to return to the notebook later when doing the write-up, or perhaps for a later lab. Circuit diagrams shall have component values (e.g. 1kΩ), reference designations for each component (e.g. Q1), part numbers for diodes and active devices (e.g. LM741). Voltage and current signals should be clearly labeled with polarity indicated (-/+ for voltages) and units. Be sure to distinguish among directly measured values, indirectly measured values based on calculations made from measurements, and expected values from

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theoretical calculations (e.g. from the prelab). Indicate important results with a box or underline. Describe any specifications of equipment or components that affect the accuracy of an experiment. Record the bench number at which you perform the lab. Use lots of graphs and tables to organize and present information about experimental measurements and results. Even if you cannot do a precise plot of results, it is very important to do a rough plot as you go along, as a sanity check of your results to make sure you are not making any huge mistakes in the lab. Label the axes with the signal or variable measured, a numerical scale, and units. Detailed graphs shall be produced using MATLAB.

Lab Reports:

**** There is a sample lab report available on Blackboard Report Format (see details of each section listed in follow-on areas of this document):

Cover Page Summary/Abstract Equipment Introduction Circuit Description Measurement Results Discussion Conclusion Questions References

Details of the Lab Format:

IMPORTANT:

ALL Analog Discovery screenshot submissions in lab reports SHALL contain the COMPLETE serial number of the device as well as the date and time. This information is available in all modules with WaveForms. Failure to include the above information will result in marking the screenshot as not included in the report.

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ALL Oscilloscope screen capture submissions in lab reports shall contain the oscilloscope serial number, as well as the date and time the screenshot was taken. Refer to the oscilloscope manual for setting up the display. If the oscilloscope on your bench cannot display this information, it needs to be noted in the equipment section.

The lab report is a concise report of the important results in the lab. It should be a complete record of your work in the lab: theoretical background, calculations and anticipated performance, empirical verification, and discussion of the results. While the report does not need to be as detailed as the lab handout, it should "stand alone" - that is, it should be sufficiently self-contained so that one can be read and understand without reference to the lab handout itself. The length of the lab report is dependent on the amount of materials contained within the lab. There is neither minimum nor maximum length. The write-up needs to cover all the required information. Report Formatting

Word or similar word processor software shall be utilized. Unless otherwise noted within the individual sections, font and point size shall be:

Point size: ≥ 10 point and ≤ 12 point (be consistent throughout the document) Font: Of your choice, but be consistent (Use one type of font for the section headings, another for the body, etc.) FYI - Labs are written in Times New Roman, which is the preferred font

Each page, except the cover page, shall have a page number (page x of y) If, for some reason, a section of the report is not needed, which is rare, you shall keep the section header and indicate the following under the section header:

Not Applicable

Each section should be clearly labeled and the title should be bolded: For example –

Summary: Pictures, figures, and tables shall be numbered and have short descriptions Pictures, figures, and tables shall be placed in the page so that it doesn’t disrupt the rest of the text

Cover Page:

Lab title: Your name:

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Your lab partner's: (When assigned in groups of 2 or more)

Bench # (indicate if you used more than one bench. Other benches used will have equipment information recorded.

Course Name: Course Number: Date: Cover Page Format

Font --- maximum of 14 point, and shall be bolded The cover page shall be on a separate page

Summary/Abstract:

The summary/abstract section is a mini-lab report. It allows the reader to quickly get an overview of the lab and the main conclusion(s) drawn by the lab. This section should include brief statements on what was done, why it was done, how it was done, what were the overall results, and the main conclusion(s). The summary is a concise description of the material covered in the lab, as well as a summary of the important results. Do not copy and paste the introduction from the lab handout. Include some specific result(s) from your work. Spell out acronyms (LED for example) the first time they are used.

Equipment:

When constructing the equipment section, you shall list all the equipment that you used during the conduct of the lab. Ensure that you include the make, model, and serial number of all of the equipment. This is especially true when listing the bench top Oscilloscope, DMM, bench top power supply, and your Analog Discovery. Always keep the reader in mind and assume they are going to recreate your lab. Record all equipment used and corresponding information (make, model, and serial number) in your lab notebook. If you are using the same bench on a weekly basis, equipment data can be captured during the first lab. This data can be used throughout the semester. It is highly recommended that throughout the semester you verify that the equipment has not been changed out. Create a table in your lab report. The following is an example of what the table should look like (the table is a partial listing of the equipment that may have been used during the conduct of the lab):

Type Make Model Serial # Oscilloscope Tektronix MDO3014 1234 Signal Generator Keithley AFG1022 ABC123 Benchtop Multimeter Keithley 2110-120 ZX341 Power Supply Keithley 2231A-30-3 123AB Analog Discovery Digilent ADK2 GHF34567

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If you change test equipment during the lab, you will record both the old and the new test equipment information and the date(s) the change was made.

Introduction:

In the introduction you let the reader know what the lab is going to include. This typically includes goal/purpose of the lab, the procedure, and any background information the reader may need. You should assume that the reader is not a professional with 30 years of industry experiences or someone pursuing an advanced degree. This would also be a good time to reference the lab manual and the recitation textbook. The reader does not need a step by step procedure or full page derivations of equations but does need some kind of general procedure and theory. For example, citing Ohm’s Law or describing setting up a few basic series or parallel circuits would be good. Additional relevant sources are always welcome too. The introduction section provides a context for the lab performed. Providing a context entails: 1) Describing the specific goal of the lab What are you trying to figure out? 2) Stating what scientific information already exists on the subject of this lab. What theories and equations are employed in your lab? 3) Describing how your specific lab goal from point #1 relates to the scientific theories described in point #2. How does your experiment illustrate or use the theory? Tips:

Do: 1) Keep it brief, 1 – 2 paragraphs 2) Read from as many sources as possible to understand the context

of your experiment 3) Cite, in the reference section, any source you use 4) Use your own words or examples to illustrate theories

Do not:

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1) Do not copy the introduction from your lab textbook or anywhere else

2) Do not use “I” or “we” if at all possible 3) Do not include results and/or conclusions. These go in the

Results and Conclusions sections The introduction should provide the theoretical background for the work you will be presenting. Include equations, on their own lines, when appropriate. Number all equation so you can refer to it later in the text if necessary. If there are any new symbols introduced, explain them in the text immediately following the equation. Your introduction should concisely state the purpose of the lab. An effective introduction to a lab report typically performs the following tasks, generally in the order presented:

1. It establishes the learning context for the lab by: a. Stating what the lab is about, that is what scientific concept (theory,

principle, procedure, etc.) you are supposed to be learning about by doing the lab

b. Providing the necessary background for the learning context by providing pertinent information about the scientific concept (this information can come from the lab manual, the textbook, lecture notes, and other sources recommended by the lab manual or teacher; in more advanced labs you may also be expected to cite the findings of previous scientific studies related to the lab).

2. It provides the primary goals of the lab by:

a. Presenting the objective(s) for the experimental procedure (what is

being done in the experiment, such as to measure something, to test something, to determine something, etc.)

b. Defining the purpose of the lab (the way the experimental procedure is linked to the learning context).

Do not re-write or copy the lab procedure. This is completely unacceptable. Instead, you should have three parts:

1) Cite the procedure in the manual. Your first sentence should then be something like, “The procedure for this lab has been described in detail in the lab manual. [Insert citation number or reference means here]." Make sure you remember to include the full citation at the end of the report.

2) Brief description of what you did. Simply write a few sentences

describing what you did in the lab. There is no need for a detailed description; this can be found in the lab procedure, which you previously cited.

3) Note any changes. If you deviated in any significant way from the

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procedures described in the lab procedure, you need to describe those significant deviations. These should be described briefly (preferably, no longer than a paragraph).

Circuit Description:

For each circuit you build please describe the elements used (resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, metering equipment, power supply, etc.), how they are connected to each other, and how the circuit functions. When you have multiple circuits that are functionally the same to each other you don’t have to redo all that work describing it. However, you should be discussing what is different about it in comparison to the original circuit. This is also a good time to talk about how you expect the circuit to behave. You may want to list theoretical currents or voltages based of nominal supply voltages and resistor values. The saying 'a picture is worth a thousand words" holds true for pictures of your lab reports and circuits. That being said make sure any picture included is meaningful and easy to follow. Overall the descriptions should be written so someone with a basic understanding of the circuit could build it. Computer generated circuit schematics using Multisim are expected (once Multisim is introduced in the course or required by the lab). If software is unavailable or has not been introduced in the course, hand drawn circuit schematics would be acceptable. Include component values (e.g. 20 kW), and reference designations for each component (e.g. Q1), part numbers for diodes and active devices (e.g. LM741). Clearly, label voltage and current devices with polarity indicated. Units are a must! Explain how the physical measurements you make in the lab are related to the theoretical concepts you are investigating. Be sure to discuss (somewhere in your report) any shortcomings of the techniques you are using. It may be more appropriate in the discussion section, for example, to explain deviations in measured results from expected performance. Your description shall show that you understand the operation of the circuit. When working outside of the laboratory you SHALL INCLUDE:

1. Pictures of your completed breadboard and setup. There needs to be a corresponding picture for each portion of the lab.

2. Video link which contains a video of the operation of your circuit (where appropriate).

Measurement Results:

The overall results of the lab should be discussed in a few sentences. That’s not to say a deep conclusion needs to be developed here. It’s just the overall trend of the results. You may need a few sentences for each section because they’re too dissimilar.

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The Results section would include a mix of written descriptions, figures, tables, and graphs. Use as many figures as possible: circuit diagrams, waveform sketches, graphs and tables of measured results, visual comparisons of measured vs. predicted data. Include both oscilloscope and Analog Discovery screenshots. Include the horizontal and vertical scales of the scope plot. Oscilloscope and Analog Discovery screenshots shall include oscilloscope serial number, time, and date unless the oscilloscope does not have this capability. Labs that require the use of an oscilloscope shall use a mixture of both the Analog Discovery and the Oscilloscope, each approximately 50% of the time (through the entire lab). Include what you did see in lab, also note what you did not see, and explain. Whenever possible, use tables to present numerical data. Include the units of the measurements. Include measured and calculated values along with deviations from measurements to calculations. Include all your raw data, as well as the equations you used in your calculations. Use a spreadsheet or math software package to automate your calculations - but check a few of the points by hand or with a calculator, to make sure the equations in your spreadsheet are accurate.

Why make a table? A table summarizes a long list of experimental data and/or calculated results so that the reader can glance at the table and easily see the information in an easy to understand fashion.

The design of the table (see equipment section for a recommended table):

1) Recommend embedding an Excel Table in your document.

Excel tables are considerably easier to create and format.

2) Each column should have a heading in the top cell.

3) Headings should be in bold.

4) Very Important! Units of measurements or calculations should be listed in the heading.

5) Above the table, there should be a caption. The caption should

identify the table by its number and also include a brief descriptive title.

Why make a graph? A graph shows visually how one variable depends on another. This visual representation is useful to deduce a trend. The basic design of a graph:

1) Use MATLAB

2) The independent variable should be on the x-axis (horizontal). The

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dependent variable should be on the y-axis (vertical). 3) The axes of the graph should be labeled with their units of

measurement. [E.g. Time number and Voltage (V)] 4) If there is more than one trend line on the graph, the figure caption must

clearly indicate which data corresponds to which trend line. 5) Like tables, all graphs should have a caption which clearly indicates

what is shown in the graph.

Discussion:

Here you have the opportunity to come full circle and connect what you outlined in the introduction to what was measured. This is also the time to talk about any questions (outside the ones the lab asks) that may have arisen or what may have possibly gone wrong. What I am looking for is that you start to connect to theory and support your claims with results. All we’re doing in this lab is proving what your book says. The discussion section of the lab report is where the results are interpreted, especially as they relate to the goals stated in the Introduction. It is also a place where experimental anomalies, errors, or other surprising results can be discussed. The discussion is essential to conveying the meaning of the information you have gathered in the lab. Use figures and tables to illustrate the significance of your data. Never "fudge" your data to make it agree with expectations, rather attempt to explain the deviations and as well as the results received. A comparison of measurement to theoretical prediction should be as clear as possible.

Conclusion:

Finally, you make a claim that you learned something and support it with your results. This section should be related to, but distinct from the discussion section above. Just summarize the main results, perhaps adding a few words regarding the results that may be of interest to significant applications. This section should not be lengthy! The Conclusion section states the most important thing learned during the lab and justifies how it was learned. In cases where you could not meet your experimental goal, you may also comment on difficulties in experimental design/procedure or on future experiments you might do to achieve your experimental goal. If you are inspired, you may comment on the real world implications of your data. The Conclusion does not need to be very long. It could be as short as one sentence or as long as a paragraph. In some situations, it could be even longer, but in these labs a short conclusion will generally suffice. NOTE: The conclusion is usually a little bit redundant. Don’t worry about this.

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One way to write the conclusion is to ask yourself a few questions:

1) What was the single most important result of this lab?

2) How did I get my result?

3) If my lab didn’t work, what procedure should be changed or what additional labs should be done?

4) What is the real world implication?

Questions 1 and 2 are necessary for all labs. Question 3 is for labs that did not work well and question 4 is for when you feel inspired to take it a little further.

Questions:

Put all the answers to the questions here. It takes a very long time to go through your labs if you scatter the answers throughout. List the section and subsection the question comes from.

References:

References shall have their own page. References shall be formatted in accordance with an acceptable format as noted below. You need to use each reference in the body of your report. In other words, do not add a reference and not use it in your document. Throughout your lab report, you may base some of your writing on ideas found in other texts. When you use an idea from another text or when you quote directly from another text, you must cite that text. Acceptable reference formats are IEEE and APA format. A great website for information on the APA format is at:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ If you wish to use another reference format, consult the grader, Teaching Assistant (TA), or the instructor PRIOR TO using a different format. HOW TO CITE YOURSELF:

If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper, as shown in the APA publication manual.

For example, if Dohn Bowden wanted to cite a laboratory report that he wrote at the University of Massachusetts Lowell in 2018, his citation might look like this:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
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Bowden (2018) asserted that the introduction lab for circuits I was to “familiarize oneself with the laboratory equipment that was used during the remainder of the laboratory assignments for the semester.” (p. 2).

And in the reference list:

Bowden, D. A. (2018). EECE.2070 (Circuits I) Equipment and Lab Familiarization. Unpublished laboratory report, University of Massachusetts Lowell.

If your original work contained citations from other sources, you will need to include those same citations in the new laboratory report as well, per APA guidelines.

Lab Report Grading Methodology:

To obtain the highest possible grade, the grader will look at, as a minimum, the following, therefore you need to ask yourself the following questions (but not limited to the following): 1. Concepts: Do you know them? Can you recognize if you did something wrong in the

lab and figure out why it is wrong and how to correct the error? Are you applying the correct equations? Can you explain, in words, how a circuit works?

2. Verification: Can you think like an engineer? Can you prove your work is correct? Are

you sure your work is correct, if so, how is it correct? Can you compare and contrast the data you obtained to the theory you have learned? Do you understand why you did the following procedure and how to check if you did the procedure correctly?

3. Ability to Apply Knowledge: Are you able to take what you learned and apply it to a

design of your own, or any application for that matter? Can you think beyond the lab, and understand why certain circuits are useful, or the reason behind why we use certain components?

4. Ethically Collected Data: Did you cite your sources? Did you honestly collect data in an

academically ethical manner? Did you label all serial numbers, mention all bench changes? Did you put an honest good faith effort into your work? If you didn’t know something, did you research it and cite this source? Did you use the required reference format?

5. Completeness of Lab: Did you do everything that was required? Did you take all

required amounts of work? Where you able to collect additional information, not necessarily asked/required, but needed in order to do proper verification of data? Did you answer all questions, or at least attempt to answer all questions? Did you do the MATLAB, prelab, and circuit designs required? Did you use the Analog Discovery? Did you use an oscilloscope? Is anything missing?

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6. Discussion: Can you describe what you saw, in sufficient detail? Can you be able to communicate a brief synopsis of the procedure? Are you taking good notes during the lab in your notebook of your findings? Errors? Did you provide extra work to prove your answers and then discussed them with appropriate detail? Are you writing at least a page? Did you use technical rhetoric? Are you able to write like an engineer and are able to provide technical documentation? Can you, in your own words, describe your data without copying the lab handout or rewriting the lab handout? How well can you describe to the reader what is happening and why?

This list above is not in any particular order, but is the main six things that are looked for within every report. Since this is a ABET requirement, it is required that you can at least be able to communicate effectively and efficiency in order to be successful in your engineering career. Students who receive a grade of "A" usually are able to prove that they know the material, they followed the directions, they made honest efforts and where able to recognize when the data was wrong or incorrect, and realize it is there responsibility to proof-read the material, ensure that all oscilloscope pictures are clear and contains the serial number and date. They identified when another lab bench was utilized and why.

EECE_2070_Lab_01.pdf
Circuits I (EECE 2070) Lab 1

Version: EECE_2070_2018_Rev_D

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Equipment and Lab Familiarization

Objective:

o The Digital Mutimeter (DMM), Both the DMM Bench-top and the DMM Hand-held o Understanding the Breadboard o Cable and Accessories Verification o DC power supply o Construct a Basic DC Circuit o Introduction to the Analog Discovery

Test Equipment Required:

o 1 Breadboard o 1 Dual Power Supply (+/12 V minimum) o 1 DMM Bench-top o 1 DMM Hand-held o 1 Analog Discovery or Analog Discovery 2 o 1 Bench “Shoebox” containing cables and other test components o Personal USB Drive (Student supplied)

Materials (Components)

o 1 470 ohm Resistor o 1 1k Resistor o 1 LED (Green or other color provided by the instructor or TA) o Black 24 gauge wire o Red 24 gauge wire

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

1. Never install or remove components from an energized circuit or equipment

2. Do not construct circuits while energized

3. Follow electrical safety precautions Background Information

This will be the first lab constructing DC circuits and using, for the first time, various pieces of electrical and electronics test equipment.

Pre-Lab Preparation NOTE: See the Lab Information Booklet for details and requirements of your pre-lab. Pre-labs SHALL BE accomplished for the day the lab is scheduled to start regardless if you will be performing the lab on that day or not.

1. Ability to Log into Blackboard both in and out of the lab

Circuits I (EECE 2070) Lab 1

Version: EECE_2070_2018_Rev_D

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2. If a “hard” copy of the lab is required, download from Blackboard and print prior to the start of the lab

3. Read and perform all required calculations PRIOR TO ARRIVING FOR LAB. REQUIRED: All calculations SHALL be in your lab notebooks

4. Construct all required tables in your lab Procedure

1) The Digital Mutimeter (DMM):

a. In your lab notebook, record the make, model and serial number of your lab bench’s digital multimeter (DMM Bench-top).

b. Locate in your DMM’s reference manual the section titled “Taking Some Basic Measurements”, or similar section. Read and understand how to measure the following:

i. Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency

ii. Measuring Current

iii. Diode/Continuity Testing

c. Using the DMM’s reference manual, which is located on Blackboard; locate the procedure for verifying the condition of the 100 mA and 10A fuses. See below if you are using the Keithley Model 2110 5½ Digit Multimeter Record in your lab notebook the page the procedure was located on. Using the procedure for verifying your 100 mA and 10 A fuses, verify that the 100 mA and 10A fuses are not blown. Record the results of your checks in your lab notebook. Results are considered the actual measured value along with the determination if the fuse is in an acceptable condition. If you are using the Keithley Model 2110 5½ Digit Multimeter, the procedure for checking fuses is not in the manual. The procedure is as follows:

i. Same procedure as Fluke DMMs (use a Fluke Manual to determine the procedure) ii. Reference Manual does not provide specifications, therefore use the following:

3A Readings less that 10Ω’s 10A Resistance readings less than 5Ω’s

iii. Blown fuses are typically open circuits NOTE: If a fuse is blown, notify the TA or instructor so that a tag can be hung on the multimeter indicating the problem discovered.

Circuits I (EECE 2070) Lab 1

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2) Understanding the Breadboard: NOTE: Breadboards will be provided. These breadboards will be utilized in all labs this and follow-on semesters. It is the responsibility of the student to maintain the breadboard in good condition. If lost or damaged, the breadboard shall be replaced by the student.

a. Assemble your new breadboard by attaching the binding posts (Red, Black, and Greed) to the breadboard, Figure 1, as follows: Red post to the hole located above Va Black post to hole located above Vb Green post to hole located above the ground label

(a) (b)

(c) Figure 1 – (a) Breadboard (b) Zoomed in Picture of the Breadboard (c) Jumper Installation

You do not need to install this circuit at this time

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b. Attach the four (4) rubber feet to the underneath of the breadboard, Figure 1. It is important to attach the feet so that the bottom of the board and the binder posts do not make contact with the bench top. Potential shorts may result if the rubber feet are not attached. If you lose one or more of the feet, see your instructor for a replacement feet.

c. Using your benchtop Digital Multimeter (DMM), check for continuity between the points listed in Table 1 (use Figure 1.b. for Column identifications). Your meter probe will not fit into the breadboard holes so you will need to place a piece of stripped wire into the holes and make your measurements from the wire. In the column provided in the table, indicate if there was continuity or not between the points specified. Record “Yes” or “No”. HINT: Ensure that you have a piece of wire in the holes that you are measuring. This will ensure good contact with your probes. To measure resistance/continuity, press the resistance function button and connect the test leads per the meter’s manual. The meter will select the appropriate range in the auto range mode, and an annunciator on the display will indicate measurement units. Note: A continuity test is performed to determine whether a circuit is open or closed. A short is a closed circuit. Table 1 – Continuity Check Results for Breadboard

Continuity (Yes / No)

Major Column

Sub Column

Row TO Major Column Sub

Column Row

B a 1 B e 1 B a 1 C f 1 B a 1 F a 1 B a 1 B e 2 B a 1 B a 2 G f 1 G j 1 H + Top H - Top H + Top H + Bottom H + Top A + Top

Point 1 Point 2

d. Explore five other continuity combinations on the breadboard and record the results in Table 1. What do your finding show about the relationship between various rows and columns? Be specific in your observations. The intent with this question is to determine how your breadboard is internally connected. Knowledge of the interconnections is crucial when constructing your circuits.

e. Using wire strippers and red 24 gauge wire, make “jumpers” that will jumper all the “+” columns together. Jumpers shall be neat and lay flat on the breadboard.

Circuits I (EECE 2070) Lab 1

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See Figure 1 (c), which shows one method of installing the jumpers. You only need to install the red and black wires shown in Figure 1 (c). The other wires will be added as needed.

f. Install a jumper from the RED binder post to one of the “+” columns.

g. Verify that all the “+” columns have continuity to the red binder post. Record results in your lab notebook. How did you perform the verification above?

h. Repeat step e and step g for all the “-” columns using black 24 gauge wire.

i. PRIOR TO CONTINUING THE LAB, have a TA or the instructor verify proper setup of your breadboard. The TA or Instructor shall initial in your Notebook.

3) Cable and Accessories Verification:

a. All your cables and accessories are located in your bench’s plastic “shoebox.” Content inventory is listed on the cover. In your lab notebook, and later in your lab report, document the intended content, i.e. the inventory list, and then perform a check of the actual contents of your box. Notify the TA or instructor of any missing or extra items.