Counseling theories and techniques chart

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Theories at-a-Glance

The tables in this book compare theories over a range of topics, thereby providing you with the ability to easily compare, contrast, and grasp the practical aspects of each theory. These tables also serve as invaluable resources that can be used to review the key concepts, philosophies, limitations, contributions to multicultural counseling, applications, techniques, and goals of all theories in this text.

The following chart provides a convenient guide to the tables in this text.

Pages

6–7

Table 1.1

Overview of Contemporary Counseling Models

62–63

Table 4.1

Ego-Defense Mechanisms

65–66

Table 4.2

Comparison of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages and Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

432

Table 15.1

The Basic Philosophies

433–434

Table 15.2

Key Concepts

438

Table 15.3

Goals of Therapy

441–442

Table 15.4

The Therapeutic Relationship

443–444

Table 15.5

Techniques of Therapy

444–445

Table 15.6

Applications of the Approaches

446

Table 15.7

Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

447

Table 15.8

Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

448–449

Table 15.9

Contributions of the Approaches

449–450

Table 15.10

Limitations of the Approaches

Overview of Focus Questions for the Theories

For the chapters dealing with the different theories, you will have a basic understanding of this book if you can answer the following questions as they apply to each of the eleven theories:

Who are the key figures (founder or founders) associated with the approach?

What are some of the basic assumptions underlying this approach?

What are a few of the key concepts that are essential to this theory?

What do you consider to be the most important goals of this therapy?

What is the role the therapeutic relationship plays in terms of therapy outcomes?

What are a few of the techniques from this therapy model that you would want to incorporate into your counseling practice?

What are some of the ways that this theory is applied to client populations, settings, and treatment of problems?

What do you see as the major strength of this theory from a diversity perspective?

What do you see as the major shortcoming of this theory from a diversity perspective?

What do you consider to be the most significant contribution of this approach?

What do you consider to be the most significant limitation of this approach?

Theory and PracTice of counseling and PsychoTheraPy

Tenth Edition

Gerald Corey

California State University, Fullerton

Diplomate in Counseling Psychology,

American Board of Professional Psychology

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and

Psychotherapy,

Tenth Edition

Gerald Corey

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Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015

To the founders and key figures of the theories presented in this book—with appreciation for their contributions to contemporary counseling practice.

abouT The auThor

gerald corey is Professor Emeritus of Human Services and Counseling at California State University at Fullerton. He received his doctorate in counseling from the University of Southern California. He is a Diplomate in Counseling Psychology, American Board of Professional Psychology; a licensed psychologist; and a National Certified Counselor. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (Division 17, Counseling Psychology; and Division 49, Group Psychotherapy); a Fellow of the American Counseling Association; and a Fellow of the Association for Specialists in Group Work. He also holds memberships in the American Group Psychotherapy Association; the American Mental Health Counselors Association; the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling; the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision; and the Western Association of Counselor Education and Supervision. Both Jerry and Marianne Corey received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Mental Health Counselors Association in 2011, and both of them received the Eminent Career Award from ASGW in 2001. Jerry was given the Outstanding Professor of the Year Award from California State University at Fullerton in 1991. He regularly teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in group counseling and ethics in counseling. He is the author or coauthor of 15 textbooks in counseling currently in print, along with more than 60 journal articles and book chapters. Several of his books have been translated into other languages. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy has been translated into Arabic, Indonesian, Portuguese, Turkish, Korean, and Chinese. Theory and

Practice of Group Counseling has been translated into Korean, Chinese, Spanish, and Russian. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions has been translated into Korean, Japanese, and Chinese.

In the past 40 years Jerry and Marianne Corey have conducted group counseling training workshops for mental health professionals at many universities in the United States as well as in Canada, Mexico, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Germany, Belgium, Scotland, England, and Ireland. In his leisure time, Jerry likes to travel, hike and bicycle in the mountains, and drive his 1931 Model A Ford. Marianne and Jerry have been married since 1964. They have two adult daughters, Heidi and Cindy, two granddaughters (Kyla and Keegan), and one grandson (Corey).

Recent publications by Jerry Corey, all with Cengage Learning, include:

Theory and Practice of Group Counseling, Ninth Edition (and Student Manual) (2016)

Becoming a Helper, Seventh Edition (2016, with Marianne Schneider Corey)

Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions, Ninth Edition (2015, with Marianne Schneider Corey, Cindy Corey, and Patrick Callanan)

Group Techniques, Fourth Edition (2015, with Marianne Schneider Corey, Patrick Callanan, and J. Michael Russell)

Groups: Process and Practice, Ninth Edition (2014, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Cindy Corey)

iv

v



I Never Knew I Had a Choice

, Tenth Edition (2014, with Marianne Schneider

Corey)



Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy

, Eighth Edition (2013)



The Art of Integrative Counseling

, Third Edition (2013)

Jerry Corey is coauthor (with Barbara Herlihy) of

Boundary Issues in Counseling:

Multiple Roles and Responsibilities

, Third Edition (2015) and

ACA Ethical Standards Case-

book

, Seventh Edition (2015); he is coauthor (with Robert Haynes, Patrice Moulton,

and Michelle Muratori) of

Clinical Supervision in the Helping Professions: A Practical

Guide

, Second Edition (2010); he is the author of

Creating Your Professional Path: Les-

sons From My Journey

(2010). All four of these books are published by the American

Counseling Association.

He has also made several educational DVD programs on various aspects of

counseling practice: (1)

Ethics in Action

:

DVD and Workbook

(2015, with Marianne

Schneider Corey and Robert Haynes); (2)

Groups in Action: Evolution and Challenges

DVD and Workbook

(2014, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Robert Haynes);

(3)

DVD for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy: The Case of Stan and

Lecturettes

(2013); (4)

DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes

(2013,

with Robert Haynes); and (5)

DVD for Theory and Practice of Group Counseling

(2012).

All of these programs are available through Cengage Learning.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Preface xi

PART 1

BASIC ISSUES IN

COUNSELING PRACTICE

1 Introduction and Overview 1 introduction 2

Where I Stand 3

Suggestions for Using the Book 5 Overview of the Theory Chapters 6

Introduction to the Case of Stan 9 Introduction to the Case of Gwen 13

2 The Counselor: Person and

Professional 17 introduction 18

The Counselor as a Therapeutic Person 18 Personal Therapy for the Counselor 20

The Counselor’s Values and the Therapeutic Process 22

Becoming an Effective Multicultural Counselor 25

Issues Faced by Beginning Therapists 28

Summary 35

3 Ethical Issues in Counseling

Practice 37 introduction 38

Putting Clients’ Needs Before Your Own 38

Ethical Decision Making 39 The Right of Informed Consent 41 Dimensions of Confidentiality 42

Ethical Issues From a Multicultural Perspective 43

Ethical Issues in the Assessment Process 45

Ethical Aspects of Evidence-Based Practice 48

Managing Multiple Relationships in Counseling

Practice 49

Becoming an Ethical Counselor 52

Summary 53

Where to Go From Here 53

Contents

Recommended Supplementary Readings for Part 1 54

PART 2

THEORIES AND TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELING

4 Psychoanalytic Therapy 57

introduction 58

Key Concepts 59

The Therapeutic Process 66

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and

Procedures 72

Jung’s Perspective on the Development of

Personality 77

Contemporary Trends: Object-Relations Theory, Self Psychology, and Relational Psychoanalysis 79

Psychoanalytic Therapy From a Multicultural

Perspective 84

Psychoanalytic Therapy applied to the case of stan 85

Psychoanalytic Therapy applied to the case of gwen 87

Summary and Evaluation 89

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 92

Where to Go From Here 92 Recommended Supplementary Readings 93

5 Adlerian Therapy 95

introduction 98

Key Concepts 98

The Therapeutic Process 104

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and

Procedures 108

Adlerian Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 119

adlerian Therapy applied to the case of stan 121 adlerian Therapy applied to the case of gwen 122

vii

viii Contents

Summary and Evaluation 124

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 126

Where to Go From Here 127 Recommended Supplementary Readings 128

6 Existential Therapy 129

introduction 132

Key Concepts 137

The Therapeutic Process 146

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 149

Existential Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 153 existential Therapy applied to the case of stan 155

existential Therapy applied to the case of gwen 156 Summary and Evaluation 157

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 160

Where to Go From Here 160 Recommended Supplementary Readings 162

7 Person-Centered Therapy 163

introduction 165

Key Concepts 170

The Therapeutic Process 171

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and

Procedures 176

Person-Centered Expressive Arts

Therapy 180

Motivational Interviewing 182

Person-Centered Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 184

Person-centered Therapy applied to the case of stan 186

Person-centered Therapy applied to the case of gwen 187 Summary and Evaluation 190

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 193

Where to Go From Here 193 Recommended Supplementary Readings 195

8 Gestalt Therapy 197

introduction 199

Key Concepts 200

The Therapeutic Process 206

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and

Procedures 211

Gestalt Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 220

gestalt Therapy applied to the case of stan 221 gestalt Therapy applied to the case of gwen 223 Summary and Evaluation 224

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 227

Where to Go From Here 227 Recommended Supplementary Readings 229

9 Behavior Therapy 231

introduction 233

Key Concepts 236

The Therapeutic Process 238

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and

Procedures 240

Behavior Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 258

behavior Therapy applied to the case of stan 259 behavior Therapy applied to the case of gwen 260 Summary and Evaluation 262

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 265

Where to Go From Here 266 Recommended Supplementary Readings 267

10 Cognitive Behavior Therapy 269

introduction 270

Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior

Therapy 270

Key Concepts 272

The Therapeutic Process 273

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and

Procedures 275

Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy 281

Christine Padesky and Kathleen Mooney’s

Strengths-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 289

Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification 293

Cognitive Behavior Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 298

cognitive behavior Therapy applied to the case of stan 300

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

cognitive behavior Therapy applied to the case of gwen 302 Summary and Evaluation 303

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 307

Where to Go From Here 308 Recommended Supplementary Readings 310

11 Choice Theory/Reality

Therapy 311

introduction 313

Key Concepts 314

The Therapeutic Process 318

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and

Procedures 320

Choice Theory/Reality Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 327

reality Therapy applied to the case of stan 329 reality Therapy applied to the case of gwen 331 Summary and Evaluation 332

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 334

Where to Go From Here 334 Recommended Supplementary Readings 336

12 Feminist Therapy 337

introduction 339

Key Concepts 341

The Therapeutic Process 345

Application: Therapeutic Techniques and

Procedures 348

Feminist Therapy From a Multicultural and Social Justice Perspective 354 feminist Therapy applied to the case of stan 355 feminist Therapy applied to the case of gwen 357 Summary and Evaluation 360

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 364

Where to Go From Here 364 Recommended Supplementary Readings 366

13 Postmodern Approaches 367

Some Contemporary Founders of Postmodern

Therapies 368

Introduction to Social Constructionism 368 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy 371

Narrative Therapy 382

Postmodern Approaches From a Multicultural

Perspective 390

Postmodern approaches applied to the case of stan 392

Contents ix

Postmodern approaches applied to the case of gwen 394

Summary and Evaluation 396

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 398

Where to Go From Here 399 Recommended Supplementary Readings 400

14 Family Systems Therapy 403

introduction 404

Development of Family Systems Therapy 406

A Multilayered Process of Family Therapy 409

Family Systems Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 415

family Therapy applied to the case of stan 417 family Therapy applied to the case of gwen 420 Summary and Evaluation 422

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 424

Where to Go From Here 424

Recommended Supplementary Readings 425

PART 3

INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION

15 An Integrative Perspective 427 introduction 428 The Movement Toward Psychotherapy

Integration 428

Issues Related to the Therapeutic Process 437

The Place of Techniques and Evaluation in Counseling 443

an integrative approach applied to the case of stan 452

an integrative approach applied to the case of gwen 455 Summary 456

Concluding Comments 457

Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 458

Where to Go From Here 458 Recommended Supplementary Readings 459

references and suggested readings 461 name index 481

subject index 485

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Preface to Tenth Edition

T

his book is intended for counseling courses for undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, counselor education, human services, and the mental health professions. It surveys the major concepts and practices of the contemporary therapeutic systems and addresses some ethical and professional issues in counseling practice. The book aims to teach students to select wisely from various theories and techniques and to begin to develop a personal style of counseling.

I have found that students appreciate an overview of the divergent contemporary approaches to counseling and psychotherapy. They also consistently say that the first course in counseling means more to them when it deals with them personally. Therefore, I stress the practical applications of the material and encourage personal reflection. Using this book can be both a personal and an academic learning experience.

In this tenth edition, every effort has been made to retain the major qualities that students and professors have found useful in the previous editions: the succinct overview of the key concepts of each theory and their implications for practice, the straightforward and personal style, and the book’s comprehensive scope. Care has been taken to present the theories in an accurate and fair way. I have attempted to be simple, clear, and concise. Because many students want suggestions for supplementary reading as they study each therapy approach, I have included an updated reading list at the end of each chapter and a list of references for each chapter at the end of the book.

This tenth edition updates the material and refines existing discussions. Part 1 deals with issues that are basic to the practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Chapter 1 puts the book into perspective, then students are introduced to the counselor—as a person and a professional—in Chapter 2. This chapter addresses a number of topics pertaining to the role of the counselor as a person and the therapeutic relationship. Chapter 3 introduces students to some key ethical issues in counseling practice, and several of the topics in this chapter have been updated and expanded. Expanded coverage is given to the ACA’s 2014 Code of Ethics.

Part 2 is devoted to a consideration of 11 theories of counseling. Each of the theory chapters follows a common organizational pattern, and students can easily compare and contrast the various models. This pattern includes core topics such as key concepts, the therapeutic process, therapeutic techniques and procedures, multicultural perspectives, the theory applied to the case of Stan and new to this edition to the case of Gwen, and summary and evaluation. In this tenth edition, each of the chapters in Part 2 has been revised, updated, and expanded to reflect recent trends, and references have been updated as well. Revisions were based on the recommendations of experts in each theory, all of whom are listed in the Acknowledgments section. Attention was given to current trends and recent developments in the practice of each theoretical approach.

xi

Each of the 11 theory chapters summarizes key points and evaluates the contributions, strengths, limitations, and applications of these theories. Special attention is given to evaluating each theory from a multicultural perspective as well, with a commentary on the strengths and shortcomings of the theory in working with diverse client populations. The consistent organization of the summary and evaluation sections makes comparing theories easier. Students are given recommendations regarding where to look for further training for all of the approaches in the Where To Go From Here sections at the end of the chapter. Updated annotated lists of reading suggestions along with DVD resources are offered to stimulate students to expand on the material and broaden their learning.

In Part 3, Chapter 15 develops the notion that an integrative approach to counseling practice is in keeping with meeting the needs of diverse client populations in many different settings. Numerous tables and other integrating material help students compare and contrast the 11 approaches.

What’s new in This Tenth edition

Features of the tenth edition include Learning Objectives for all the theory chapters; Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions at the end of each theory chapter to facilitate thinking and interaction in class; and a new Case of Gwen, who is a composite of many clients, to complement the Case of Stan feature. Guest contributor Dr. Kellie Kirksey describes her way of working with Gwen from each of the theoretical perspectives.

Significant changes for the tenth edition for each of the theory chapters are outlined below:

chapter 4 Psychoanalytic Therapy

New material on countertransference, its role in psychoanalytic therapy, and guidelines for effectively dealing with countertransference

Expanded discussion of brief psychodynamic therapy and its application

chapter 5 adlerian Therapy

Revised material on the life tasks

More emphasis on goals for the educational process of therapy

More on the role of assessment and diagnosis

New material on early recollections with concrete examples

Many new examples to bring Adlerian concepts to life

Revised discussion of reorientation and encouragement process Expanded discussion of Adlerian techniques

chapter 6 existential Therapy

Revised material on existential anxiety and its implications for therapy

Revised section on the client–therapist relationship

Expanded discussion of tasks of the existential therapist

chapter 7 Person-centered Therapy

Expanded discussion of clients as active self-healers

Updated coverage of the core conditions of congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy

More attention to the diversity of styles of therapists practicing personcentered therapy

More emphasis on how the basic philosophy of the person-centered approach is appropriate for working with diverse client populations

A new section on emotion-focused therapy, stressing the role of emotions as a route to change

Revised section on motivational interviewing (person-centered approach with a twist)

chapter 8 gestalt Therapy

Revised discussion of the role of experiments in Gestalt therapy and how they differ from techniques and structured exercises

New emphasis on therapist presence, the role of dialogue in therapy, and the therapeutic relationship

Expanded discussion of therapist authenticity and self-disclosure

More attention to the contemporary relational approach to Gestalt practice

chapter 9 behavior Therapy

Increased attention to the “third-generation” or “new wave” behavior therapies

Updating of section on EMDR

Expanded and updated discussion of the role of mindfulness and acceptance strategies in contemporary behavior therapy

New and expanded material on mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and stress reduction

Expanded and revised treatment of dialectical behavior therapy chapter 10 cognitive behavior Therapy

Major reorganization and updating of the entire chapter

Streamlining and updating of Albert Ellis’s rational emotive behavior therapy

Revised and expanded coverage of Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy

Increased coverage of Judith Beck’s role in the development of cognitive therapy

New section on Christine Padesky’s strength-based cognitive behavior therapy

Increased attention on Donald Meichenbaum’s influence in the development of CBT

More clinical examples to illustrate key CBT techniques and concepts

Expanded coverage of a comparison among the various CBT approaches

chapter 11 choice Theory/reality Therapy

Revision of the relationship of choice theory to reality therapy More practical examples of reality therapy practice chapter 12 feminist Therapy

Updated and expanded treatment of the principles of feminist therapy

Increased attention given to cultural and social justice perspectives

More emphasis on concepts of power, privilege, discrimination, and empowerment

Expansion of relational-cultural theory and implications for practice

Revised and expanded discussion on therapeutic techniques and strategies

Revised material on strengths from a diversity perspective chapter 13 Postmodern approaches

Updated coverage on parallels between solution-focused brief therapy

(SFBT) and positive psychology

Broadened discussion of the key concepts of SFBT

More emphasis on the client-as-expert in the therapy relationship in
postmodern approaches

More clinical examples to illustrate the use of SFBT techniques

New material on the defining characteristics of brief therapy

Increased emphasis on the collaborative nature of narrative therapy and

SFBT Revision of narrative therapy section chapter 14 family systems Therapy

Streamlined to focus mainly on an integrative approach to family therapy

More on recent developments in family systems therapy

More attention given to feminism, multiculturalism, and postmodern constructionism as applied to family therapy

Chapter 15 (“An Integrative Perspective”) pulls together themes from all 11 theoretical orientations. This chapter represents a major revision of the discussion of the psychotherapy integration movement; updates of the various integrative approaches; revision of the section on integration of spirituality in counseling; added material on research demonstrating the therapeutic alliance; expanded discussion on the central role of the client in determining therapy outcomes; new section on feedback-informed treatment; and updated coverage of the conclusions from the research literature on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. New to this chapter are two cases (Stan and Gwen) that illustrate integrative approaches. Chapter 15 develops the notion that an integrative approach to counseling practice is in keeping with meeting the needs of diverse client populations in many different settings. Numerous tables and other integrating material help students compare and contrast the 11 approaches.

This text can be used in a flexible way. Some instructors will follow the sequencing of chapters in the book. Others will prefer to begin with the theory chapters (Part 2) and then deal later with the student’s personal characteristics and ethical issues. The topics can be covered in whatever order makes the most sense. Readers are offered some suggestions for using this book in Chapter 1.