Data communications and computer networks curt m white pdf

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

S E V E N T H E D I T I O N

Data Communications and Computer Networks A Business User’s Approach

Curt M. White DePaul University

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User’s Approach, Seventh Edition Curt M. White

Editor-In-Chief: Joe Sabatino

Senior Acquisitions Editor: Charles McCormick, Jr.

Senior Product Manager: Kate Mason

Editorial Assistant: Courtney Bavaro

Marketing Director: Keri Witman

Marketing Manager: Adam Marsh

Senior Marketing Communications Manager: Libby Shipp

Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay

Media Editor: Chris Valentine

Art and Cover Direction, Production Management, and Composition: PreMediaGlobal

Cover Credit: © Masterfile Royalty Free

Manufacturing Coordinator: Julio Esperas

© 2013 Course Technology, Cengage Learning

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act—without the prior written permission of the publisher.

For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.

For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions.

Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com.

Some of the product names and company names used in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers and sellers.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011942796

ISBN 13: 978-1-133-62646-6

ISBN 10: 1-133-62646-7

Instructor Edition:

ISBN 13: 978-1-133-62721-0

ISBN 10: 1-133-62721-8

Course Technology 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA

Microsoft, the Office logo, and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning, is an independent entity from the Microsoft Corporation, and not affiliated with Microsoft in any manner. UNIX® is a registered trademark of The Open Group

Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.

iPhone, iPad, iPod, Nano, and Mac OS X Server are registered trademarks of Apple Inc.

Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning, reserves the right to revise this publication and make changes from time to time in its content without notice.

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at: www.cengage.com/global

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11

www.cengage.com/global
cengage.com/permissions
permissionrequest@cengage.com
To Kathleen, Hannah Colleen, and Samuel Memphis—it’s never boring

This page intentionally left blank

Brief Contents

PREFACE xv

1 Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications 1

2 Fundamentals of Data and Signals 29 3 Conducted and Wireless Media 63 4 Making Connections 103 5 Making Connections Efficient:

Multiplexing and Compression 121 6 Errors, Error Detection, and Error Control 149 7 Local Area Networks: Part 1 175 8 Local Area Networks: Part II 207 9 Introduction to Metropolitan Area

Networks and Wide Area Networks 241 10 The Internet 269 11 Voice and Data Delivery Networks 307 12 Network Security 339 13 Network Design and Management 373

GLOSSARY 401

INDEX 415

v

This page intentionally left blank

Contents

PREFACE xv

1 Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications 1 The Language of Computer Networks 3 The Big Picture of Networks 4 Communications Networks—Basic Layouts 5

Microcomputer-to-local area network layouts 6 Microcomputer-to-Internet layouts 7 Local area network-to-local area network layouts 7 Personal area network-to-workstation layouts 8 Local area network-to-metropolitan area network layouts 9 Local area network-to-wide area network layouts 9 Wide area network-to-wide area network layouts 10 Sensor-to-local area network layouts 10 Satellite and microwave layouts 11 Cell phone layouts 11 Terminal/microcomputer-to-mainframe computer layouts 12

Convergence 13 Network Architectures 14

The TCP/IP protocol suite 15 The OSI model 18 Logical and physical connections 20

Network Layouts in Action 22 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action 23 Summary 24 Key Terms 26 Review Questions 26 Exercises 26 Thinking Outside the Box 27 Hands-On Projects 27

vii

2 Fundamentals of Data and Signals 29 Data and Signals 31

Analog vs. digital 32 Fundamentals of signals 35

Converting Data into Signals 39 Transmitting analog data with analog signals 40 Transmitting digital data with digital signals: digital encoding schemes 40 Transmitting digital data with discrete analog signals 45 Transmitting analog data with digital signals 48

Data Codes 51 EBCDIC 53 ASCII 54 Unicode 55

Data and Signal Conversions in Action: Two Examples 56 Summary 58 Key Terms 58 Review Questions 59 Exercises 59 Thinking Outside the Box 60 Hands-On Projects 61

3 Conducted and Wireless Media 63 Conducted Media 64

Twisted pair wire 64 Coaxial cable 69 Fiber-optic cable 70

Wireless Media 74 Media Selection Criteria 91 Conducted Media in Action: Two Examples 94 Wireless Media in Action: Three Examples 96 Summary 99 Key Terms 99 Review Questions 100 Exercises 100 Thinking Outside the Box 101 Hands-On Projects 102

4 Making Connections 103 Interfacing a Computer to Peripheral Devices 104

Characteristics of interface standards 105 An early interface standard 106 Universal Serial Bus (USB) 106 Other interface standards 108

Data Link Connections 110 Asynchronous connections 110 Synchronous connections 112 Isochronous connections 113

Terminal-to-Mainframe Computer Connections 113 Making Computer Connections in Action 115 Summary 116 Key Terms 117 Review Questions 117 Exercises 118 Thinking Outside the Box 118 Hands-On Projects 119

viii Contents

5 Making Connections Efficient: Multiplexing and Compression 121 Frequency Division Multiplexing 122 Time Division Multiplexing 125

Synchronous time division multiplexing 125 Statistical time division multiplexing 130

Wavelength Division Multiplexing 131 Discrete Multitone 133 Code Division Multiplexing 134 Comparison of Multiplexing Techniques 136 Compression—Lossless vs. Lossy 137

Lossless compression 138 Lossy compression 140

Business Multiplexing in Action 144 Summary 145 Key Terms 146 Review Questions 146 Exercises 146 Thinking Outside the Box 147 Hands-On Projects 148

6 Errors, Error Detection, and Error Control 149 Noise and Errors 151

White noise 151 Impulse noise 152 Crosstalk 152 Echo 153 Jitter 153 Attenuation 154

Error Prevention 154 Error Detection 155

Parity checks 156 Arithmetic checksum 158 Cyclic redundancy checksum 159

Error Control 161 Toss the frame/packet 162 Return a message 162 Correct the error 168

Error Detection in Action 170 Summary 171 Key Terms 172 Review Questions 172 Exercises 173 Thinking Outside the Box 173 Hands-On Projects 174

7 Local Area Networks: Part 1 175 Primary Function of Local Area Networks 176 Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Networks 178 The First Local Area Network: The Bus/Tree 180 A More Modern LAN 182

Contention-based protocols 184

Contents ix

Switches 186 Isolating traffic patterns and providing multiple access 190 Full-duplex switches 190 Virtual LANs 191 Link aggregation 192 Spanning tree algorithm 192 Quality of service 194

Wired Ethernet 194 Wired Ethernet Frame Format 197 LANs in Action: A Small Office Solution 198 Summary 201 Key Terms 202 Review Questions 203 Exercises 203 Thinking Outside the Box 204 Hands-On Projects 205

8 Local Area Networks: Part II 207 Wireless Ethernet 209

Wireless LAN standards 211 Wireless CSMA/CA 212 CSMA/CA frame format 214

Network Operating Systems 215 Network Operating Systems Past and Present 216

Novell NetWare 217 Microsoft Windows NT and Windows Server 2000, 2003, and 2008 220 UNIX 223 Linux 223 Mac OS X Server 224

Servers 225 Client/server networks vs. peer-to-peer networks 227

Network Support Software 227 Utilities 228 Internet software 230

Software Licensing Agreements 230 LAN Support Devices 232 Lan Software in Action: A Small Company Makes a Choice 234