Digital wwnorton com sampler 9

T h i r d E d i t i o n

G I V E M E L I B E R T Y ! A n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y

B W . W . N O R T O N & C O M PA N Y . N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N

G I V E M E L I B E R T Y ! �� b y E R I C F O N E R

A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y T h i r d E d i t i o n

W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William

Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s

Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon

expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from

America and abroad. By mid-century, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—

trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family

transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of 400 and

a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—

W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly

by its employees.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Eric Foner

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

Third Edition

Editor: Steve Forman

Editorial Assistant: Rebecca Charney

Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson

Associate Managing Editor, College: Kim Yi

Copy Editor: JoAnn Simony

Marketing Manager: Tamara McNeill

Media Editor: Steve Hoge

Production Manager: Chris Granville

Art Director: Rubina Yeh

Designer: Antonina Krass

Photo Researchers: Patricia Marx and Stephanie Romeo

Composition and layout: TexTech and Carole Desnoes

Manufacturing: Transcon

Since this page cannot accommodate all of the copyright notices, the Credits pages at the end

of the book constitute an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Foner, Eric.

Give me liberty!: An American history / Eric Foner. — 3rd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-393-93430-4 (hardcover)

1. United States—History. 2. United States—Politics and government.

3. Democracy—United States—History. 4. Liberty—History. I. Title.

E178.F66 2010

973—dc22

2010015330

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110

www.wwnorton.com

W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

ISBN 978-0-393-11911-4 (pdf ebook)

www.wwnorton.com
For my mother, Liza Foner (1909–2005), an

accomplished artist who lived through most of the

twentieth century and into the twenty-first

This page intentionally left blank

Contents � L I S T O F MA P S , TA B L E S , A N D F I G U R E S • xxix

A B O U T T H E AU T H O R • xxxiii

P R E FA C E • xxxv

P a r t 1 A m e r i c a n C o l o n i e s t o 1 7 6 3

1. A NEW WORLD • 4

THE FIRST AMERICANS • 8

The Settling of the Americas • 8 • Indian Societies of the

Americas • 9 • Mound Builders of the Mississippi River

Valley • 11 • Western Indians • 11 • Indians of Eastern

North America • 12 • Native American Religion • 14 •

Land and Property • 14 • Gender Relations • 15 •

European Views of the Indians • 16

INDIAN FREEDOM, EUROPEAN FREEDOM • 17

Indian Freedom • 17 • Christian Liberty • 18 • Freedom

and Authority • 19 • Liberty and Liberties • 19

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE • 20

Chinese and Portuguese Navigation • 20 • Portugal and

West Africa • 21 • Freedom and Slavery in Africa • 22 •

The Voyages of Columbus • 23

CONTACT • 24

Columbus in the New World • 24 • Exploration and

Conquest • 24 • The Demographic Disaster • 26

THE SPANISH EMPIRE • 27

Governing Spanish America • 27 • Colonists in Spanish

America • 28 • Colonists and Indians • 29 •

Justifications for Conquest • 30 • Spreading the

Faith • 31 • Piety and Profit • 31 • Las Casas’s

Complaint • 32 • Reforming the Empire • 33 • Exploring North

America • 34 • Spanish Florida • 35 • Spain in the Southwest • 35

• The Pueblo Revolt • 37

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Bartolomé de Las Casas, History of the

Indies (1528), and From “Declaration of Josephe” (December 19,

1681) • 38

THE FRENCH AND DUTCH EMPIRES • 40

French Colonization • 40 • New France and the Indians • 41 •

VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 43 • The Dutch Empire • 45 • Dutch

Freedom • 45 • Freedom in New Netherland • 45 • Settling

New Netherland • 47 • New Netherland and the Indians • 47

2. BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH AMERICA, 1607–1660 • 52

ENGLAND AND THE NEW WORLD • 55

Unifying the English Nation • 55 • England and Ireland • 56 •

England and North America • 56 • Spreading Protestantism • 57 •

Motives for Colonization • 57 • The Social Crisis • 58 • Masterless

Men • 59

THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH • 59

English Emigrants • 59 • Indentured Servants • 60 • Land and

Liberty • 60 • Englishmen and Indians • 61 • The Transformation

of Indian Life • 62 • Changes in the Land • 62

SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE • 63

The Jamestown Colony • 63 • From Company to Society • 64 •

Powhatan and Pocahontas • 64 • The Uprising of 1622 • 65 •

A Tobacco Colony • 66 • Women and the Family • 67 • The

Maryland Experiment • 68 • Religion in Maryland • 68

THE NEW ENGLAND WAY • 69

The Rise of Puritanism • 69 • Moral Liberty • 70 • The Pilgrims

at Plymouth • 70 • The Great Migration • 71 • VISIONS OF

FREEDOM • 72 • The Puritan Family • 73 • Government and

Society in Massachusetts • 74 • Puritan Liberties • 75

NEW ENGLANDERS DIVIDED • 76

Roger Williams • 76 • Rhode Island and Connecticut • 77

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From John Winthrop, Speech to the

Massachusetts General Court (July 3, 1645), and From Roger

Williams, Letter to the Town of Providence (1655) • 78

The Trials of Anne Hutchinson • 80 • Puritans and Indians • 81 •

The Pequot War • 81 • The New England Economy • 82 • The

Merchant Elite • 83 • The Half-Way Covenant • 84

RELIGION, POLITICS, AND FREEDOM • 84

The Rights of Englishmen • 84 • The English Civil War • 85 •

England’s Debate over Freedom • 86 • English Liberty • 87 •

v i i i C o n t e n t s

Content s i x

The Civil War and English America • 87 • The Crisis in Maryland •

88 • Cromwell and the Empire • 88

3. CREATING ANGLO-AMERICA, 1660–1750 • 92

GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE EXPANSION OF

ENGLAND’S EMPIRE • 95

The Mercantilist System • 95 • The Conquest of New Netherland •

97 • New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen • 97

• New York and the Indians • 98 • The Charter of Liberties • 98 •

The Founding of Carolina • 99 • The Holy Experiment • 100 •

Quaker Liberty • 100 • Land in Pennsylvania • 101

ORIGINS OF AMERICAN SLAVERY • 101

Englishmen and Africans • 102 • Slavery in History • 102 • Slavery

in the West Indies • 103 • Slavery and the Law • 105 • The Rise of

Chesapeake Slavery • 105 • Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in

Virginia • 106 • The End of the Rebellion, and Its Consequences •

107 • A Slave Society • 107 • Notions of Freedom • 108

COLONIES IN CRISIS • 108

The Glorious Revolution • 109 • The Glorious Revolution in America

• 110 • The Maryland Uprising • 110 • Leisler’s Rebellion • 111 •

Changes in New England • 111 • The Prosecution of Witches • 111

• The Salem Witch Trials • 112

THE GROWTH OF COLONIAL AMERICA • 113

A Diverse Population • 113 • Attracting Settlers • 114 • The

German Migration • 116 • Religious Diversity • 116

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Letter by a Female Indentured Servant

(September 22, 1756), and From Letter by a Swiss-German

Immigrant to Pennsylvania (August 23, 1769) • 118

Indian Life in Transition • 120 • Regional Diversity • 120 • The

Consumer Revolution • 121 • Colonial Cities • 122 • Colonial

Artisans • 122 • An Atlantic World • 123

SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE COLONIES • 124

The Colonial Elite • 124 • Anglicization • 125 • The South

Carolina Aristocracy • 126 • Poverty in the Colonies • 127 • The

Middle Ranks • 128 • Women and the Household Economy • 128 •

VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 129 • North America at Mid-Century • 130

4. SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE TO 1763 • 134

SLAVERY AND EMPIRE • 137

Atlantic Trade • 138 • Africa and the Slave Trade • 139 • The

Middle Passage • 141 • Chesapeake Slavery • 141 • Freedom

and Slavery in the Chesapeake • 143 • Indian Slavery in Early

Carolina • 143 • The Rice Kingdom • 144 • The Georgia

Experiment • 144 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 145 • Slavery in the

North • 146

SLAVE CULTURES AND SLAVE RESISTANCE • 147

Becoming African-American • 147 • African-American Cultures

• 147 • Resistance to Slavery • 148 • The Crisis of 1739–1741 • 149

AN EMPIRE OF FREEDOM • 150

British Patriotism • 150 • The British Constitution • 150 • The

Language of Liberty • 151 • Republican Liberty • 152 • Liberal

Freedom • 152

THE PUBLIC SPHERE • 154

The Right to Vote • 154 • Political Cultures • 155 • Colonial

Government • 156 • The Rise of the Assemblies • 156 • Politics in

Public • 157 • The Colonial Press • 157 • Freedom of Expression

and Its Limits • 158 • The Trial of Zenger • 159 • The American

Enlightenment • 160

THE GREAT AWAKENING • 160

Religious Revivals • 161 • The Preaching of Whitefield • 161 • The

Awakening’s Impact • 162

IMPERIAL RIVALRIES • 163

Spanish North America • 163 • The Spanish in California • 164 •

The French Empire • 165

BATTLE FOR THE CONTINENT • 166

The Middle Ground • 166 • The Seven Years’ War • 168 • A World

Transformed • 169 • Pontiac’s Rebellion • 169 • The Proclamation

Line • 170 • Pennsylvania and the Indians • 170

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From The Interesting Narrative of the Life of

Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789), and

From Pontiac, Speeches (1762 and 1763) • 172

Colonial Identities • 174

P a r t 2 A N e w N a t i o n , 1 7 6 3 – 1 8 4 0

5. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1763–1783 • 182

THE CRISIS BEGINS • 185

Consolidating the Empire • 185 • Taxing the Colonies • 186 • The

Stamp Act Crisis • 187 • Taxation and Representation • 187 •

Liberty and Resistance • 188 • Politics in the Streets • 188 • The

Regulators • 190 • The Tenant Uprising • 190

x C o n t e n t s

THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION • 191

The Townshend Crisis • 191 • Homespun Virtue • 191 • The Boston

Massacre • 192 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 193 • Wilkes and Liberty •

194 • The Tea Act • 194 • The Intolerable Acts • 194

THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE • 195

The Continental Congress • 195 • The Continental Association •

196 • The Sweets of Liberty • 196 • The Outbreak of War • 197 •

Independence? • 198 • Common Sense • 199

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776), and

From James Chalmers, Plain Truth, Addressed to the Inhabitants

of America (1776) • 200

Paine’s Impact • 202 • The Declaration of Independence • 202 •

The Declaration and American Freedom • 203 • An Asylum for

Mankind • 204 • The Global Declaration of Independence • 204

SECURING INDEPENDENCE • 205

The Balance of Power • 205 • Blacks in the Revolution • 207 •

The First Years of the War • 208 • The Battle of Saratoga • 209 •

The War in the South • 210 • Victory at Last • 212

6. THE REVOLUTION WITHIN • 218

DEMOCRATIZING FREEDOM • 221

The Dream of Equality • 221 • Expanding the Political Nation • 222

• The Revolution in Pennsylvania • 223 • The New Constitutions •

224 • The Right to Vote • 224 • Democratizing Government • 225

TOWARD RELIGIOUS TOLERATION • 226

Catholic Americans • 226 • The Founders and Religion • 227 •

Separating Church and State • 227 • Jefferson and Religious

Liberty • 228 • The Revolution and the Churches • 229 •

A Virtuous Citizenry • 230

DEFINING ECONOMIC FREEDOM • 230

Toward Free Labor • 230 • The Soul of a Republic • 231 • The

Politics of Inflation • 232 • The Debate over Free Trade • 232

THE LIMITS OF LIBERTY • 233

Colonial Loyalists • 233 • The Loyalists’ Plight • 234 • The Indians’

Revolution • 236 • White Freedom, Indian Freedom • 237

SLAVERY AND THE REVOLUTION • 238

The Language of Slavery and Freedom • 238 • Obstacles to

Abolition • 239 • The Cause of General Liberty • 240 • Petitions

for Freedom • 241 • British Emancipators • 242 • Voluntary

Emancipations • 243

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Abigail Adams to John Adams, Braintree,

Mass. (March 31, 1776), and From Petitions of Slaves to the

Massachusetts Legislature (1773 and 1777) • 244

Content s x i

Abolition in the North • 246 • Free Black Communities • 246 •

VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 247

DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY • 248

Revolutionary Women • 248 • Gender and Politics • 249 •

Republican Motherhood • 250 • The Arduous Struggle for

Liberty • 251

7. FOUNDING A NATION, 1783–1789 • 256

AMERICA UNDER THE CONFEDERATION • 259

The Articles of Confederation • 259 • Congress and the West • 261

• Settlers and the West • 261 • The Land Ordinances • 262 • The

Confederation’s Weaknesses • 264 • Shays’s Rebellion • 265 •

Nationalists of the 1780s • 266

A NEW CONSTITUTION • 267

The Structure of Government • 267 • The Limits of Democracy • 268

• The Division and Separation of Powers • 269 • The Debate over

Slavery • 270 • Slavery in the Constitution • 271 • The Final

Document • 272

THE RATIFICATION DEBATE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE BILL

OF RIGHTS • 273

The Federalist • 273 • “Extend the Sphere” • 274 • The Anti-

Federalists • 275

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From David Ramsay, The History of the

American Revolution (1789), and From James Winthrop,

Anti-Federalist Essay Signed “Agrippa” (1787) • 276

The Bill of Rights • 278 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 279

“WE THE PEOPLE” • 282

National Identity • 282 • Indians in the New Nation • 283 • Blacks

and the Republic • 285 • Jefferson, Slavery, and Race • 287 •

Principles of Freedom • 288

8. SECURING THE REPUBLIC, 1790–1815 • 292

POLITICS IN AN AGE OF PASSION • 295

Hamilton’s Program • 295 • The Emergence of Opposition • 296 •

The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain • 297 • The Impact of the

French Revolution • 297 • Political Parties • 299 • The Whiskey

Rebellion • 299 • The Republican Party • 300 • An Expanding

Public Sphere • 301 • The Democratic-Republican Societies • 301

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Address of the Democratic-Republican

Society of Pennsylvania (December 18, 1794), and From Judith

Sargent Murray, “On the Equality of the Sexes” (1790) • 302

The Rights of Women • 304 • Women and the Republic • 305

x i i C o n t e n t s

THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY • 305

The Election of 1796 • 305 • The “Reign of Witches” • 306 • The

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • 307 • The “Revolution of 1800”

• 308 • Slavery and Politics • 309 • The Haitian Revolution • 309 •

Gabriel’s Rebellion • 310

JEFFERSON IN POWER • 311

Judicial Review • 312 • The Louisiana Purchase • 312 • Lewis and

Clark • 314 • Incorporating Louisiana • 315 • The Barbary Wars •

315 • The Embargo • 317 • Madison and Pressure for War • 317

THE “SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE” • 318

The Indian Response • 318 • Tecumseh’s Vision • 319 • The War of

1812 • 319 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 320 • The War’s Aftermath • 323

• The End of the Federalist Party • 324

9. THE MARKET REVOLUTION, 1800–1840 • 328

A NEW ECONOMY • 331

Roads and Steamboats • 333 • The Erie Canal • 334 • Railroads

and the Telegraph • 335 • The Rise of the West • 336 • The Cotton

Kingdom • 339 • The Unfree Westward Movement • 340

MARKET SOCIETY • 340

Commercial Farmers • 342 • The Growth of Cities • 342 • The

Factory System • 343 • The Industrial Worker • 347 • The “Mill

Girls” • 347 • The Growth of Immigration • 348 • Irish and

German Newcomers • 348 • The Rise of Nativism • 350 • The

Transformation of Law • 351

THE FREE INDIVIDUAL • 351

The West and Freedom • 352 • The Transcendentalists • 353 •

Individualism • 353

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American

Scholar” (1837), and From ‘‘Factory Life as It Is, by an Operative’’

(1845) • 354

The Second Great Awakening • 357 • The Awakening’s Impact •

358 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 359

THE LIMITS OF PROSPERITY • 360

Liberty and Prosperity • 360 • Race and Opportunity • 361 • The

Cult of Domesticity • 362 • Women and Work • 363 • The Early

Labor Movement • 365 • The “Liberty of Living” • 366

10. DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA, 1815–1840 • 370

THE TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY • 373

Property and Democracy • 373 • The Dorr War • 373 • Tocqueville

on Democracy • 374 • The Information Revolution • 375 • The

Content s x i i i

x i v C o n t e n t s

Limits of Democracy • 376 • A Racial Democracy • 377 • Race and

Class • 377

NATIONALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS • 378

The American System • 378 • Banks and Money • 379 • The Panic

of 1819 • 380 • The Politics of the Panic • 380 • The Missouri

Controversy • 381 • The Slavery Question • 382

NATION, SECTION, AND PARTY • 383

The United States and the Latin American Wars of

Independence • 383

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From James Monroe’s Annual Message to

Congress (1823), and From John C. Calhoun, “A Disquisition on

Government” (ca. 1845) • 384

The Monroe Doctrine • 386 • The Election of 1824 • 387 • The

Nationalism of John Quincy Adams • 388 • “Liberty Is Power” • 389

• Martin Van Buren and the Democratic Party • 389 • The Election

of 1828 • 390

THE AGE OF JACKSON • 391

The Party System • 391 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 392 • Democrats and

Whigs • 393 • Public and Private Freedom • 394 • Politics and

Morality • 395 • South Carolina and Nullification • 395 •

Calhoun’s Political Theory • 396 • The Nullification Crisis • 397 •

Indian Removal • 398 • The Supreme Court and the Indians • 398

THE BANK WAR AND AFTER • 401

Biddle’s Bank • 401 • The Pet Banks and the Economy • 403 • The

Panic of 1837 • 403 • Van Buren in Office • 404 • The Election of

1840 • 405 • His Accidency • 406

P a r t 3 S l a v e r y, F r e e d o m , a n d t h e C r i s i s o f t h e U n i o n , 1 8 4 0 – 1 8 7 7

11. THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION • 414

THE OLD SOUTH • 417

Cotton Is King • 417 • The Second Middle Passage • 419 • Slavery

and the Nation • 419 • The Southern Economy • 420 • Plain Folk of

the Old South • 421 • The Planter Class • 422 • The Paternalist

Ethos • 423 • The Code of Honor • 423 • The Proslavery Argument

• 424 • Abolition in the Americas • 425 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 426

• Slavery and Liberty • 427 • Slavery and Civilization • 428

LIFE UNDER SLAVERY • 429

Slaves and the Law • 429 • Conditions of Slave Life • 429

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Letter by Joseph Taber to Joseph

Long (1840), and From the Rules of Highland

Plantation (1838) • 430

Free Blacks in the Old South • 432 • The Upper and Lower South •

433 • Slave Labor • 434 • Gang Labor and Task Labor • 435 •

Slavery in the Cities • 437 • Maintaining Order • 437

SLAVE CULTURE • 438

The Slave Family • 438 • The Threat of Sale • 439 • Gender Roles

among Slaves • 440 • Slave Religion • 440 • The Gospel of

Freedom • 441 • The Desire for Liberty • 442

RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY • 443

Forms of Resistance • 443 • Fugitive Slaves • 443 • The Amistad •

445 • Slave Revolts • 445 • Nat Turner’s Rebellion • 447

12. AN AGE OF REFORM, 1820–1840 • 452

THE REFORM IMPULSE • 454

Utopian Communities • 456 • The Shakers • 457 • The Mormons’ Trek

• 458 • Oneida • 458 • Worldly Communities • 459 • The Owenites

• 459 • Religion and Reform • 461 • The Temperance Movement •

461 • Critics of Reform • 462 • Reformers and Freedom • 462 • The

Invention of the Asylum • 463 • The Common School • 464

THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY • 465

Colonization • 465 • Blacks and Colonization • 466 • Militant

Abolitionism • 466 • The Emergence of Garrison • 467 • Spreading

the Abolitionist Message • 467 • Slavery and Moral Suasion • 469 •

Abolitionists and the Idea of Freedom • 469 • A New Vision of

America • 470

BLACK AND WHITE ABOLITIONISM • 471

Black Abolitionists • 471 • Abolitionism and Race • 472 • Slavery

and American Freedom • 473 • Gentlemen of Property and Standing

• 474 • Slavery and Civil Liberties • 475

THE ORIGINS OF FEMINISM • 476

The Rise of the Public Woman • 476 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 477 •

Women and Free Speech • 478 • Women’s Rights • 479

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Angelina Grimké, Letter in The Liberator

(August 2, 1837), and From Frederick Douglass, Speech on July 5,

1852, Rochester, New York • 480

Feminism and Freedom • 482 • Women and Work • 482 • The

Slavery of Sex • 484 • “Social Freedom” • 484 • The Abolitionist

Schism • 485

Content s x v

13. A HOUSE DIVIDED, 1840–1861 • 490

FRUITS OF MANIFEST DESTINY • 493

Continental Expansion • 493 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 494 • The

Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and California • 495 • The Texas

Revolt • 496 • The Election of 1844 • 498 • The Road to War • 499

• The War and Its Critics • 499 • Combat in Mexico • 500 • Race

and Manifest Destiny • 502 • Redefining Race • 503 • Gold-Rush

California • 503 • California and the Boundaries of Freedom • 504

• The Other Gold Rush • 505 • Opening Japan • 505

A DOSE OF ARSENIC • 506

The Wilmot Proviso • 507 • The Free Soil Appeal • 507 • Crisis and

Compromise • 508 • The Great Debate • 509 • The Fugitive Slave

Issue • 510 • Douglas and Popular Sovereignty • 511 • The

Kansas-Nebraska Act • 511

THE RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY • 513

The Northern Economy • 513 • The Rise and Fall of the Know-

Nothings • 515 • The Free Labor Ideology • 516 • Bleeding Kansas

and the Election of 1856 • 517

THE EMERGENCE OF LINCOLN • 519

The Dred Scott Decision • 519 • The Decision’s Aftermath • 520 •

Lincoln and Slavery • 520 • The Lincoln-Douglas Campaign • 521

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From the Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) • 522

John Brown at Harpers Ferry • 524 • The Rise of Southern

Nationalism • 525 • The Democratic Split • 527 • The Nomination

of Lincoln • 527 • The Election of 1860 • 528

THE IMPENDING CRISIS • 528

The Secession Movement • 528 • The Secession Crisis • 529 • And

the War Came • 531

14. A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM: THE CIVIL WAR, 1861–1865 • 536

THE FIRST MODERN WAR • 539

The Two Combatants • 540 • The Technology of War • 541 • The

Public and the War • 542 • Mobilizing Resources • 543 • Military

Strategies • 544 • The War Begins • 544 • The War in the East, 1862

• 545 • The War in the West • 546

THE COMING OF EMANCIPATION • 548

Slavery and the War • 548 • The Unraveling of Slavery • 548 •

Steps toward Emancipation • 549 • Lincoln’s Decision • 550 • The

Emancipation Proclamation • 551 • VISIONS OF FREEDOM • 552 •

Enlisting Black Trops • 554 • The Black Soldier • 555

x v i C o n t e n t s

THE SECOND AMERICAN REVOLUTION • 556

Liberty and Union • 556 • Lincoln’s Vision • 557 • From Union to

Nation • 558 • The War and American Religion • 558 • Liberty in

Wartime • 559

VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Speech of Alexander H. Stephens, Vice