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10/11/2021 Client: muhammad11 Deadline: 2 Day

Powerpoint Assignment

You will select two pathological conditions, from the powerpoints attached, related to one specific system that was discussed on this course (for example you can select Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Arrythmias, which are both related to the cardiovascular system.) You will research the diagnosis, signs, symptoms, laboratory tests and treatment procedures for each condition.

Please note:

1. Your PowerPoint assignment should be based on the pathological conditions chosen from your specific system. Look up information regarding signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the conditions chosen in addition to any procedures and lab tests that apply.

2. You also need to relate the medical terms you use in your presentation to class discussions and readings (highlight or underline the terms used, divide them, label them and define them).

3. You will need to use at least two references (peer reviewed articles or reliable websites) not including the textbook for each pathologic condition.

4. Material should be accurate, properly organized and researched. Use figures, pictures and audiovisuals to reflect the content of your presentation.

5. Assignment should be 10-12 slides (not including your title slide and your reference slide) and should be in PowerPoint format.

Chapter 7
Urinary System

Learning Objectives

Name the organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions.
Give the meaning of various pathological conditions affecting the urinary system.
Recognize the uses and interpretation of urinalysis as a diagnostic test.
Define combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the urinary system’s terminology.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

List and explain some clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7
Lesson 7.1

Introduction

Nitrogenous wastes
urea
creatinine
uric acid
Kidneys
Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine
Maintain proper balance of
Water

Eletrolytes

Acids

Why is nitrogenous waste excreted from the body in a soluble rather than gaseous form?

By what medium does urea travel to the kidneys?

Introduction (cont’d.)

Kidneys also secrete

Hormones

Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure
Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates the red blood cell production in bone marrow
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Kidneys also adjust amount of water and electrolytes for proper muscle and nerve function.

Are there other important functions performed by the kidneys?

Anatomy of the Major Organs

Organs of the Urinary System in a Male

Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4 in the figure.

What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?

What function is performed by the ureters?

What function is performed by the urinary bladder?

What function is performed by the urethra?

Anatomy of the Major Organs

Organs of the Urinary System in a Male

Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4 in the figure.

What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?

What function is performed by the ureters?

What function is performed by the urinary bladder?

What function is performed by the urethra?

Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)

Female

Urinary System

How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?

What is the trigone and what function does it perform?

What is micturition?

Female

Urinary System

Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)

How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?

What is the trigone and what function does it perform?

What is micturition?

QUICK QUIZ:

1. What is micturition?

Nitrogenous waste

Urination; voiding

Outer section of the kidney

Triangular area in the bladder

Correct answer is B, urination; voiding

How Kidneys Produce Urine

Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to capillaries
Glomeruli filter blood
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys.

What is a glomerulus?

There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney.

How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?

Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the kidneys’ function?

How Kidneys Produce Urine

The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys.

What is a glomerulus?

There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney.

How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?

Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the kidneys’ function?

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Glomerulus and Bowman Capsule

Blood passes through glomeruli
Bowman capsule surrounds each glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal tubule perform in the production of urine?

Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine?

What is the process of reabsorption?

What is secretion?

What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Glomerulus and Bowman Capsule

What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal tubule perform in the production of urine?

Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine?

What is the process of reabsorption?

What is secretion?

What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Three steps in the formation of urine

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the formation of urine?

The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a nephron. (There are more than 1 million nephrons in a kidney.)

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Three steps in the formation of urine

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular secretion

What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the formation of urine?

The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a nephron. (There are more than 1 million nephrons in a kidney.)

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.

QUICK QUIZ:

Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?

100,000,000

10,000,000

1,000,000

100,000

Correct answer is C, 1 million

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

All collecting tubules lead to the

renal pelvis

Calyces or calices

are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis

Illustration shows section of kidney

Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same organs.

Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or calices.

Where do all connecting tubules lead?

The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter.

To which organ does the ureter lead?

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis

Calyces or calices are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis

Illustration shows section of kidney

Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same organs.

Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or calices.

Where do all connecting tubules lead?

The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter.

To which organ does the ureter lead?

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Process of forming and expelling urine

How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?

What triggers the need to urinate?

Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Process of forming and expelling urine

How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?

What triggers the need to urinate?

Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.

Vocabulary

arteriole

Bowman capsule

calyx or calix

Refer to p. 216 for definitions.

How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?

Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

arteriole

Bowman capsule

calyx or calix

Small artery.
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus
Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
Vocabulary

Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions.

How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?

Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

catheter

cortex

creatinine

Vocabulary

Refer to p. 216 for definitions.

How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?

Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

catheter

cortex

creatinine

Tube for injecting or removing fluids
Outer region
Waste product of muscle metabolism
Vocabulary

Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions.

How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?

Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

electrolyte

erythropoietin (EPO)

Vocabulary

Refer to p. 216 and 217 for definitions.

How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?

Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

electrolyte

erythropoietin (EPO)

A chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.
A hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
Vocabulary

Refer to p. 216 and 217 for more detailed definitions.

How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?

Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

filtration

glomerulus

hilum

Vocabulary

Refer to p. 217 for definitions.

How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?

Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

filtration

glomerulus

hilum

Passive process whereby some substances pass through a filter or other material.
Tiny ball of capillaries in the cortex of kidney.
Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
Vocabulary

Refer to p. 217 for more detailed definitions.

How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?

Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

kidney

meatus

medulla

Vocabulary

Refer to pp. 217 for definitions.

What path does waste take through the urinary system?

kidney

meatus

medulla

One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity.
Opening or canal
Inner region
Vocabulary

Refer to pp. 217 for definitions.

What path does waste take through the urinary system?

micturition

nephron

nitrogenous waste

Vocabulary

Refer to pp. 218 for definitions.

What path does waste take through the urinary system?

micturition

nephron

nitrogenous waste

Urination.
The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place.
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.
Vocabulary

Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.

What path does waste take through the urinary system?

potassium (K+)

reabsorption

renal artery

Vocabulary

Refer to pp. 218 for definitions.

What path does waste take through the urinary system?

potassium (K+)

reabsorption

renal artery

An electrolyte important to body processes.
Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
Vocabulary

Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.

What path does waste take through the urinary system?

renal pelvis
renal tubule
renal vein
Vocabulary

Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.

What path does waste take through the urinary system?

renal pelvis

renal tubule

renal vein

Central collection region in the kidney
Microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is formed after filtration.
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
Vocabulary

Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.

What path does waste take through the urinary system?

renin
sodium (Na+)
trigone
Vocabulary

Refer to p. 221 for definitions.

What is another term for urination?

What is renin and where is it formed?

Where is the trigone located?

renin

sodium (Na+)

trigone

An enzymatic hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the kidney.
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys.
Triangular area in the urinary bladder in which ureters enter and the urethra exits.
Vocabulary

Refer to p. 221 for definitions.

What is another term for urination?

What is renin and where is it formed?

Where is the trigone located?

urea
ureter
urethra
Vocabulary

Refer to p. 221 for definitions.

What is another term for urination?

What is renin and where is it formed?

Where is the trigone located?

urea

ureter

urethra

Major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine.
Tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Vocabulary

uric acid
urinary bladder
urination
voiding
Vocabulary

Refer to p. 221 for definitions.

What is another term for urination?

What is renin and where is it formed?

Where is the trigone located?

uric acid

urinary bladder

urination

voiding

A nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine.
Hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
Process of expelling urine.
Emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or micturition.
Vocabulary

STRUCTURES

cali/o , calic/o _________

cyst/o _________

glomerul/o _________

meat/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms

Refer to pp. 219 for definitions.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

STRUCTURES

cali/o , calic/o calyx (calix)

cyst/o urinary bladder

glomerul/o glomerulus

meat/o meatus

Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms

Combining Form Meaning

Refer to pp. 219 for definitions.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

STRUCTURES

cyst/o cystitis ________________

Combining Form Terminology Meaning

Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms

Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).

Refer to pp. 220-226 for definitions.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

STRUCTURES

cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder

Combining Form Terminology Meaning

Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).

Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms

Refer to pp. 220-226 for definitions.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

STRUCTURES

nephr/o ___________

pyel/o ___________

ren/o ____________

trigon/o ____________

Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms

Combining Form Meaning

Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

STRUCTURES

nephr/o kidney

pyel/o renal pelvis

ren/o kidney

trigon/o trigone

Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms

Combining Form Meaning

Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms

STRUCTURES

nephr/o hydronephrosis _________________

Combining Form Terminology Meaning

Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stone) as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.

Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

STRUCTURES

nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney.

Combining Form Terminology Meaning

Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stone) as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.

Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms

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