Loading...

Messages

Proposals

Stuck in your homework and missing deadline? Get urgent help in $10/Page with 24 hours deadline

Get Urgent Writing Help In Your Essays, Assignments, Homeworks, Dissertation, Thesis Or Coursework & Achieve A+ Grades.

Privacy Guaranteed - 100% Plagiarism Free Writing - Free Turnitin Report - Professional And Experienced Writers - 24/7 Online Support

Discussion of flow measurement experiment

19/11/2021 Client: muhammad11 Deadline: 2 Day

Engineering Report

EXPERIMENT #1

Flow Through A Venturi Meter

Using Water As The Working Fluid

(Ref. Experimental Data Group 02- Taken on Feb 6, 2015)

By

02/20/2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Symbols………...…………………………………………………………………………………………2

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………................3

Procedure………………………………………………………………………………………………….4

Theory……………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

Results……………………………………………………………………………………………………10

Sample Calculations………………………………………………………………………………………………18

Error Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………………..22

Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………..26

References………………………………………………………………………………………………..28

LIST OF SYMBOLS

………………………………………………………………………………………..Mass flow rate ()

……………………………………………………………………………………………..flow rate ()

………………………………………………………………………………………...Mass density ()

……………………………………………………………………………………………...…gravity ()

……………………………………………………………………………………..…inlet pressure ()

………………………………………………………………………………………….inlet velocity ()

…………………………………………………………………………………………...inlet area ()

………………………………………………………………...inlet throat height from datum point ()

………………………………………………………………………………………outlet pressure ()

………………………………………………………………………………………...outlet velocity ()

………………………………………………………………………………………….outlet area ()

……………………………………………………………….outlet throat height from datum point ()

C…………………………………………………….………………discharge coefficient (dimensionless)

c………………………………………………………………………………………...speed of sound ()

Re……………………………………………………………………...Reynold’s number (dimensionless)

M…………………………………………………………………………...Mach number (dimensionless)

ABSTRACT

The motivation of this laboratory experiment is to analyze the flow of a fluid passing through a Venturi meter. The scheme is to compare the experimental volumetric flow rate to the theoretical volumetric flow rate. Deriving the Venturi velocity formula from the Bernoulli and continuity equations attains the theoretical volumetric flow rate.

It was found that the assumption of a frictionless surface through the Venturi meter was incorrect. When the water flows there is a head loss, which causes dissipation of energy throughout the system. Other factors such as human error, air bubbles in the fluid, and calculation round-offs led to discrepancies in the data.

RESULTS SUMMARY

Table 1: Pressure in piezometer tube and distance the fluid elevated to in Venturi meter

Venturi data and Piezometer Station

Piezo tube H2O height at station X , hX in.± .1in.

Distance from end, X in.

Venturi diameter D in. at X

Piezo. Station

Run 1

Run 2

Run 3

Run 4

Run 5

Run 6

hA-hD≈10 inH20

hA-hD≈8 inH20

hA-hD≈6 inH20

hA-hD≈4 inH20

hA-hD≈2 inH20

hA-hD≈.6 inH20

0

1

A-

9.3

8.8

8.0

7.0

6.1

5.5

1.125

1

A

9.3

8.8

8.0

7.0

6.1

5.5

1.625

1

A+

9.3

8.8

8.0

7.0

6.1

5.5

1.875

0.906

B

8.9

8.3

7.7

6.9

6.0

5.4

2.375

0.719

C

5.4

5.3

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.2

2.625

0.6445

D-

0.2

0.8

1.9

3.0

4.1

4.9

2.9375

0.6445

D

0.2

0.8

1.9

3.0

4.1

4.9

3.25

0.6445

D+

0.2

0.8

1.9

3.0

4.1

4.9

3.5

0.652

E

0.7

1.2

2.2

3.1

4.2

4.9

3.875

0.705

F

3.4

3.6

3.9

4.3

4.7

5.0

4.5

0.759

G

4.9

4.9

5.0

5.1

5.1

5.1

5

0.813

H

5.9

5.9

5.6

5.5

5.3

5.2

5.5

0.866

K

6.7

6.4

6.1

5.8

5.5

5.5

6

0.92

L

7.1

6.9

6.5

6.0

5.6

5.3

6.75

1

M-

7.8

7.4

6.9

6.3

5.7

5.3

6.875

1

M

7.8

7.4

6.9

6.3

5.7

5.3

7.875

1

M+

7.8

7.4

6.9

6.3

5.7

5.3

Graph 1: Piezometer tube versus distance of fluid in Venturi meter

Graph 2: Volume flow rate versus the square root of the height difference

Graph 3: Ideal Volume Flow Rate versus Discharge Coefficient

Graph 4: Free Stream and Throat velocity versus actual volume flow rate

Graph 5: Free stream and throat Mach number versus actual volume flow rate

Graph 6: Free stream and throat Mach number versus actual volume flow rate

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The Venturi meter is one of the most efficient systems with minimal error for use in experimentation surfaces. In comparison to the sharp-edged orifice of flow nozzle, the Venturi meter shows the most minimal head loss caused by friction and heat.

Analyzing the data acquired, the values attained for velocity and volumetric flow rate are in correlation with the Venturi meter experiment. There were slight deviations that occurred in conducting the experiment due to realistic conditions; thus, compared to the calculated values where ideal conditions were taken into account. The factors such as heat loss and friction affected the system and prevented the ideal-condition results. Another factor affecting the measurements is the readings taken from the manometer are the students’ readings, they may not have been as accurate as possible which have resulted in a percentage error.

Contained in the “Results” section the dimensionless measurements of Reynolds number and the discharge coefficient show the Reynolds number increases and so does the discharge coefficient. This concludes that the larger the cross-sectional area the more efficient the system becomes, this is true for a certain ratio.

Errors cannot be completely avoided therefore a margin of error is expected given the high possibility of factors affecting error. In our attempt to eliminate all air bubbles, it appeared as if they were all gone but our visual judgment only goes so far, causing small errors in data collected. Other errors arise in the contents of the water such as impurities; even though the water was distilled, the distillations might not have been 100% effective. Due to the minimal amount of theoretical background, an error in precision is inevitable. Calculation round-offs are another contributing factor in our error margin.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

EXPERIMENTAL DATA

APPENDIX B

THEORY

A Venturi meter is an instrument used to measure the flow rate through a pipe. The design includes divergent and convergent sections, which change the flow velocity of the fluid for experimental purposes. Below, in figure one, the setup for the experiment includes two tanks, one for the fluid storage, and the metal tank is for the collected fluid, which has passed through the Venturi meter and pipe.

Venturi meters are commonly preferred over other meters due to their minimal head loss corresponding to its streamline design. In the system, there is no loss of mass and the fluid is in steady flow throughout the experiment, therefore, the conservation of mass equation can be applied to the Venturi meter experiment:

Figure 2 – Venturi Meter

The mass flow at i and j are equal. Water is considered incompressible; therefore, the equation can be simplified:

From the equation it can be concluded that velocity decreases and increases at the diverging and converging sections, respectively, compensating for the continuity of mass.

To calculate pressure, piezometer tubes are integrated in the Venturi meter system. Using the Bernoulli’s equation, for steady, incompressible frictionless flow along a streamline gives a relationship between the constant measure of total energy in a system with static pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy of a flow. Consider a fluid flowing through the pipe having reached equilibrium state, the fluid in the piezometer tube is a non-flow static condition, velocity equals zero. Under these conditions, the Bernoulli equation reduces to:

The expression gives the relationship between the change in pressure and change in elevation of a fluid within the tube. Utilizing the results achieved for the expressions for mass continuity and hydrostatic balance on a fluid column, and the linear momentum equation, the velocities for the Venturi meter at each station can be calculated. The linear momentum equation is:

All Venturi meters part of the experiment had an equal elevation; therefore, the equation can be simplified.

And since,

Then,

APPENDIX C

PROCEDURE

The equipment of the experiment consists of a flow bench, which allows water to flow through the Venturi meter. Under the flow bench a weighing tank is attached to one end of a lever where weight is added in order to calculate mass flow rate. Before beginning the experiment, the apparatus was calibrated by the lab technician. Air bubbles inside the system can cause discrepancies in the data; therefore, the flow control and bench supply valves were slightly opened by the technician to allow the water to flow and eliminate the air bubbles within the system.

In the next step we closed the apparatus flow control valve and opened the air purge valve on the manifold to allow the water to rise into the piezometer tube. The height of the water was recorded on our data sheets. Each team member was assigned a task prior to conducting the experiment; this allowed the experiment to flow smoothly. Once everyone was ready, the apparatus flow control valve was opened all the way.

The timer was started when the valve was opened, when the arm holding the weight rose, time was recorded and 4 lbs. were added each time until a total of 20 lbs. Knowing the amount of water it took to fill the tank and the time elapsed, we were able to determine the mass flow rate. At the end of the trial, the new piezometer tube pressures were carefully noted and the experiment was conducted again, six times. Different flow rates were collected at each trial.

APPENDIX D

CALCULATIONS

APPENDIX E

ERROR ANALYSIS

APPENDIX F

REFERENCES

1. Engineering 306B –Unified Laboratory Manual

2. Fox and McDonald’s Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (8th Edition)

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect

4. http://www.hendersons.co.uk/wms/venturi_principle.html

Pressure vs. Distance

Run 1 0.0 1.125 1.625 1.875 2.375 2.625 2.9375 3.25 3.5 3.875 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.75 6.875 7.875 9.3 9.3 9.3 8.9 5.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 3.4 4.9 5.9 6.7 7.1 7.8 7.8 7.8 Run 2 0.0 1.125 1.625 1.875 2.375 2.625 2.9375 3.25 3.5 3.875 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.75 6.875 7.875 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.3 5.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 3.6 4.9 5.9 6.4 6.9 7.4 7.4 7.4 Run 3 0.0 1.125 1.625 1.875 2.375 2.625 2.9375 3.25 3.5 3.875 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.75 6.875 7.875 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.7 5.4 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.2 3.9 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.9 Run 4 0.0 1.125 1.625 1.875 2.375 2.625 2.9375 3.25 3.5 3.875 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.75 6.875 7.875 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 5.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 4.3 5.1 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 Run 5 0.0 1.125 1.625 1.875 2.375 2.625 2.9375 3.25 3.5 3.875 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.75 6.875 7.875 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.7 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 Run 6 0.0 1.125 1.625 1.875 2.375 2.625 2.9375 3.25 3.5 3.875 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.75 6.875 7.875 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3
Distance (in.)

Pressure (psi)

Homework is Completed By:

Writer Writer Name Amount Client Comments & Rating
Instant Homework Helper

ONLINE

Instant Homework Helper

$36

She helped me in last minute in a very reasonable price. She is a lifesaver, I got A+ grade in my homework, I will surely hire her again for my next assignments, Thumbs Up!

Order & Get This Solution Within 3 Hours in $25/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 3 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 6 Hours in $20/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 6 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 12 Hours in $15/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 12 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

6 writers have sent their proposals to do this homework:

Instant Assignment Writer
Phd Writer
Solutions Store
Best Coursework Help
Top Writing Guru
Essay & Assignment Help
Writer Writer Name Offer Chat
Instant Assignment Writer

ONLINE

Instant Assignment Writer

I am an elite class writer with more than 6 years of experience as an academic writer. I will provide you the 100 percent original and plagiarism-free content.

$41 Chat With Writer
Phd Writer

ONLINE

Phd Writer

I reckon that I can perfectly carry this project for you! I am a research writer and have been writing academic papers, business reports, plans, literature review, reports and others for the past 1 decade.

$29 Chat With Writer
Solutions Store

ONLINE

Solutions Store

I have assisted scholars, business persons, startups, entrepreneurs, marketers, managers etc in their, pitches, presentations, market research, business plans etc.

$32 Chat With Writer
Best Coursework Help

ONLINE

Best Coursework Help

I will be delighted to work on your project. As an experienced writer, I can provide you top quality, well researched, concise and error-free work within your provided deadline at very reasonable prices.

$16 Chat With Writer
Top Writing Guru

ONLINE

Top Writing Guru

I have read your project details and I can provide you QUALITY WORK within your given timeline and budget.

$39 Chat With Writer
Essay & Assignment Help

ONLINE

Essay & Assignment Help

I can assist you in plagiarism free writing as I have already done several related projects of writing. I have a master qualification with 5 years’ experience in; Essay Writing, Case Study Writing, Report Writing.

$35 Chat With Writer

Let our expert academic writers to help you in achieving a+ grades in your homework, assignment, quiz or exam.

Similar Homework Questions

Civility on the internet - City of greater geelong planning - What is research literacy in counseling psychology - Salem press encyclopedia january 2016 - Social penetration theory movie examples - Course name : Ethical/Legal Aspects of Management - Moonshine bandits get loose dancer - Wileyplus problem 4 3a - Dauntless how to equip blitz tonic - Discussion 4.1 - They say i say 4th edition with readings citation - How to reset hills alarm - Simulations ibsa org au - Global beauty and personal care market size - 2.3 creating scatter plots answers - For successful chief executive officers, the peak performance years mostly occur at about: - Meta commentary phrases - Human resource management an experiential approach 6th edition pdf free - The odyssey book 5 questions and answers - Health Assessment 7 - What's your hawaiian name - Global citizenship and equity assignment - CLoud Computing Questions - What colour is fast twitch muscle fibres - D light design case study solution - Mother tongue by amy tan pdf - Gear drawing with dimensions pdf - Review writing - Poli 330 week 3 quiz - MATH - Cedar management consulting dubai - Attraction is not a choice book - Past tense of sink - A5 dimensions in centimetres - How to calculate ksp value - Introduction to ionic bonds - How did the egyptian "instruction of amenemopet" influence the israelite book of proverbs? - C11 Lesson 6 & 7 Exam SCORE 92.5 PERCENT - Deshawn has five base ten blocks - Queensland certificate of education - Work hard get smart no excuses worksheet answers - Grade 12 creative writing module - Dynamo pool table key - Bus 499 discussion question - Find a friend lyrics elizabeth bedford - Laa1920 - Ass 8 ( Kim Woods) only - Short story - Corporate Accounting Individual Assignment - Mr jingles mouse owner - 1696 riverway drive kelso - The apathetic organizational culture exhibits - Lean Six Sigma - Im not scared quotes - Boneless ocean animal with testicles - A mineral consisting of a poisonous gas ionically bonded to an extremely reactive metal. - Human alterations to biomes - Reproductive Disorders - How to use a bunsen burner - Ecgc premium rates country wise - Bcc townsville movie sessions - Cultural artifact speech examples - IOM Future of Nursing Report and Nursing - Composite and prime number chart - Project deliverable 3 database and data warehousing design - The incredible edible egg worksheet answers - Engstrom auto mirror plant root cause - Day of the dead nicaragua - Harvard global supply chain management simulation v2 answers - Boolean algebra sop to pos conversion - Flashback in to kill a mockingbird - Ethc 101 liberty university syllabus - Rep - Name five different things that can be called frog - Hotel butler service training - Capital Budgeting Decisions - Mardi gras made in china summary - Life in the Ocean Discussion_Week1 - Rhapsody on a windy night published - Castlemilk high school address - Slice and dice strategy - Molykote p74 data sheet - Requerimiento 1510 what is the intent of spain - Information needs and wants of the ancient communities - Java Solution needed - Took the children away book - What is naturalistic observation in psychology - Pocket god episode 40 take a hint from the vampires - Homework lesbian - PM WK 5. - Bose companion 5 owners manual - How to wrap text in lucidchart - A christmas carol scrooge's nephew - In 12 hours - Unit 5 IP DSDD - 4 questions: briefly respond to each of these questions in three or four sentences. - Persuasive essay on the american dream - Lurgan free presbyterian church - Moral dimensions of information technology - Managerial economics