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Doing ethics moral reasoning and contemporary issues 4th edition pdf

29/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 12 Hours

D O I N G E T H I C S


‘’ Moral Reasoning and Contemporary Issues


Fourth Edition


Lewis Vaughn


BW. W. NORTON & COMPANY Independent and Employee-Owned New York . London


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W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.


Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2008 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.


All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America


Editor: Peter J. Simon Project Editor: Rachel Mayer Assistant Editor: Gerra Goff Manuscript Editor: Barbara Curialle Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Production Manager: Ben Reynolds Media Editor: Erica Wnek Assistant Media Editor: Cara Folkman Marketing Manager, Philosophy: Michael Moss Design Director: Rubina Yeh Permissions Manager: Megan Jackson Permissions Clearer: Elizabeth Trammell Composition: Jouve International—Brattleboro, VT Manufacturing: RR Donnelley Crawfordsville


Permission to use copyrighted material is included as a footnote on the first page of each reading.


ISBN 978-0-393-26541-5


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iii


C O N T E N T S


‘’ P R E F A C E xvi i


PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS


CHAPTER 1 Ethics and the Examined Life 3


The Ethical Landscape 5


The Elements of Ethics 6


The Preeminence of Reason 6


QUICK REVIEW 7


The Universal Perspective 7


The Principle of Impartiality 8


The Dominance of Moral Norms 8


Religion and Morality 8


Believers Need Moral Reasoning 9


When Conflicts Arise, Ethics Steps In 9


CRITICAL THOUGHT: ETHICS, RELIGION, AND TOUGH MORAL ISSUES 10


Moral Philosophy Enables Productive Discourse 10


Summary 12


Exercises: Review Questions / Discussion Questions 12


READINGS


from What Is the Socratic Method? by Christopher Phillips 13


from The Euthyphro by Plato 16


CHAPTER 2 Subjectivism, Relativism, and Emotivism 20


Subjective Relativism 21


QUICK REVIEW 21


JUDGE NOT? 22


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Cultural Relativism 23


CRITICAL THOUGHT: “FEMALE CIRCUMCISION” AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM 24


Emotivism 28


Summary 30


Exercises: Review Questions / Discussion Questions 31


READINGS


from Anthropology and the Abnormal by Ruth Benedict 32


Trying Out One’s New Sword by Mary Midgley 35


PART 2: MORAL REASONING


CHAPTER 3 Evaluating Moral Arguments 41


Claims and Arguments 41


Arguments Good and Bad 43


CRITICAL THOUGHT: THE MORALITY OF CRITICAL THINKING 44


Implied Premises 47


QUICK REVIEW 47


Deconstructing Arguments 48


Moral Statements and Arguments 51


Testing Moral Premises 53


Assessing Nonmoral Premises 55


QUICK REVIEW 55


Avoiding Bad Arguments 56


Begging the Question 56


Equivocation 56


Appeal to Authority 57


Slippery Slope 57


APPEAL TO EMOTION 57


Faulty Analogy 58


Appeal to Ignorance 58


Á CONTENTSiv


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Straw Man 59


Appeal to the Person 59


Hasty Generalization 59


QUICK REVIEW 60


Writing and Speaking about Moral Issues 60


Summary 62


Exercises: Review Questions / Discussion Questions / Argument Exercises 62


PART 3: THEORIES OF MORALITY


CHAPTER 4 The Power of Moral Theories 67


Theories of Right and Wrong 67


MORAL THEORIES VERSUS MORAL CODES 68


Major Theories 69


Consequentialist Theories 69


Nonconsequentialist Theories 70


QUICK REVIEW 71


Evaluating Theories 72


Criterion 1: Consistency with Considered Judgments 73


CONSIDERED MORAL JUDGMENTS 73


Criterion 2: Consistency with Our Moral Experiences 74


CRITICAL THOUGHT: A 100 PERCENT ALL-NATURAL THEORY 74


Criterion 3: Usefulness in Moral Problem Solving 75


QUICK REVIEW 75


Summary 76


Exercises: Review Questions / Discussion Questions 76


CHAPTER 5 CONSEQUENTIALIST THEORIES: MAXIMIZE THE GOOD 78


Ethical Egoism 78


Applying the Theory 79


Evaluating the Theory 80


CONTENTS Á v


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CAN ETHICAL EGOISM BE ADVOCATED? 82


QUICK REVIEW 84


Utilitarianism 84


Applying the Theory 88


PETER SINGER, UTILITARIAN 88


QUICK REVIEW 89


Evaluating the Theory 89


Learning from Utilitarianism 93


CRITICAL THOUGHT: CROSS-SPECIES TRANSPLANTS: WHAT WOULD A UTILITARIAN DO? 94


Summary 94


Exercises: Review Questions / Discussion Questions 95


READING


from Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill 96


CHAPTER 6 Nonconsequentialist Theories: Do Your Duty 102


Kant’s Ethics 102


CRITICAL THOUGHT: SIZING UP THE GOLDEN RULE 104


Applying the Theory 106


Evaluating the Theory 106


THE KANTIAN VIEW OF PUNISHMENT 107


Learning from Kant’s Theory 109


Natural Law Theory 109


Applying the Theory 111


QUICK REVIEW 111


CRITICAL THOUGHT: DOUBLE EFFECT AND THE “TROLLEY PROBLEM” 112


Evaluating the Theory 113


Learning from Natural Law 114


Summary 114


Exercises: Review Questions / Discussion Questions 115


Á CONTENTSvi


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READINGS


from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant 116


from Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas 125


CHAPTER 7 Virtue Ethics: Be a Good Person 136


The Ethics of Virtue 136


CRITICAL THOUGHT: LEARNING VIRTUES IN THE CLASSROOM 137


Virtue in Action 138


Evaluating Virtue Ethics 138


CRITICAL THOUGHT: WARRIOR VIRTUES AND MORAL DISAGREEMENTS 140


The Ethics of Care 141


QUICK REVIEW 141


Learning from Virtue Ethics 141


FEMINIST ETHICS 142


Summary 143


Exercises: Review Questions / Discussion Questions 144


READINGS


from Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle 145


The Need for More Than Justice by Annette C. Baier 153


PART 4: ETHICAL ISSUES


CHAPTER 8 Abortion 163


Issue File: Background 163


ABORTION IN THE UNITED STATES: FACTS AND FIGURES 164


MAJORITY OPINION IN ROE V. WADE 166


Moral Theories 166


ABORTION AND THE SCRIPTURES 168


QUICK REVIEW 169


Moral Arguments 169


CRITICAL THOUGHT: LATE-TERM ABORTIONS 170


Summary 174


CONTENTS Á vii


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READINGS


A Defense of Abortion by Judith Jarvis Thomson 175


On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion by Mary Anne Warren 185


Why Abortion Is Immoral by Don Marquis 194


Virtue Theory and Abortion by Rosalind Hursthouse 205


Cases for Analysis 211


CHAPTER 9 Altering Genes and Cloning Humans 213


Issue File: Background 213


GENE THERAPY: SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 216


Moral Theories 218


CRITICAL THOUGHT: LONGER LIFE THROUGH GENE THERAPY? 219


Moral Arguments 219


QUICK REVIEW 221


Summary 221


READINGS


Genetic Enhancement by Walter Glannon 222


Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics? by John Harris 226


The Wisdom of Repugnance by Leon R. Kass 232


Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con by Dan W. Brock 249


Cases for Analysis 260


CHAPTER 10 Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide 263


THE DEATH OF KAREN ANN QUINLAN 264


Issue File: Background 264


LANDMARK COURT RULINGS 266


QUICK REVIEW 267


Moral Theories 267


Á CONTENTSviii


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CRITICAL THOUGHT: DR. KEVORKIAN AND PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 269


Moral Arguments 269


PUBLIC OPINION AND EUTHANASIA 271


Summary 273


READINGS


Active and Passive Euthanasia by James Rachels 274


The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia by J. Gay-Williams 278


From Voluntary Active Euthanasia by Dan W. Brock 281


Euthanasia by Philippa Foot 289


Killing and Allowing to Die by Daniel Callahan 304


Cases for Analysis 306


CHAPTER 11 Capital Punishment 310


Issue File: Background 310


Moral Theories 312


CRITICAL THOUGHT: MEDICATED FOR THE DEATH PENALTY 313


QUICK REVIEW 315


CRITICAL THOUGHT: BOTCHED EXECUTIONS 316


Moral Arguments 318


CRITICAL THOUGHT: DIFFERENT CASES, SAME PUNISHMENT 319


Summary 320


READINGS


The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense by Ernest van den Haag 321


from Justice, Civilization, and the Death Penalty: Answering van den Haag by Jeffrey H. Reiman 326


Against the Death Penalty: The Minimal Invasion Argument by Hugo Adam Bedau 332


In Defense of the Death Penalty by Louis P. Pojman 337


Cases for Analysis 347


CONTENTS Á ix


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CHAPTER 12 Drug Use, Harm, and Personal Liberty 350


Issue File: Background 351


DIVERSE VIEWS IN THE UNITED STATES ON USING MARIJUANA 352


Moral Theories 353


CRITICAL THOUGHT: DOES LEGALIZING MEDICAL MARIJUANA ENCOURAGE USE AMONG TEENAGERS? 354


Moral Arguments 354


QUICK REVIEW 356


Summary 357


READINGS


The Ethics of Addiction by Thomas Szasz 357


The Fallacy of the “Hijacked Brain” by Peg O’Connor 366


Against the Legalization of Drugs by James Q. Wilson 368


Cases for Analysis 377


CHAPTER 13 Sexual Morality 380


Issue File: Background 380


VITAL STATS: SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 381


Moral Theories 382


Moral Arguments 383


VITAL STATS: SEX AND RELATIONSHIPS 384


QUICK REVIEW 385


Summary 386


READINGS


Plain Sex by Alan H. Goldman 386


Sexual Morality by Roger Scruton 395


Sexual Perversion by Thomas Nagel 402


Feminists against the First Amendment by Wendy Kaminer 409


“The Price We Pay?”: Pornography and Harm by Susan J. Brison 416


Cases for Analysis 426


Á CONTENTSx


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CHAPTER 14 Same-Sex Marriage 429


Issue File: Background 429


Moral Theories 430


OPINION POLLS: SAME-SEX MARRIAGE 431


VITAL STATS: GAYS, LESBIANS, AND SAME-SEX COUPLES 432


Moral Arguments 432


QUICK REVIEW 433


Summary 433


READINGS


On Gay Rights by Richard D. Mohr 434


What Marriage Is For: Children Need Mothers and Fathers by Maggie Gallagher 442


Here Comes the Groom: A (Conservative) Case for Gay Marriage by Andrew Sullivan 446


Cases for Analysis 449


CHAPTER 15 Environmental Ethics 451


Issue File: Background 451


SOME MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 454


Moral Theories 456


QUICK REVIEW 456


CRITICAL THOUGHT: SHOULD PANDAS PAY THE PRICE? 457


Moral Arguments 458


Summary 460


READINGS


People or Penguins by William F. Baxter 461


The Ethics of Respect for Nature by Paul W. Taylor 465


Are All Species Equal? by David Schmidtz 480


The Land Ethic by Aldo Leopold 488


Cases for Analysis 492


CONTENTS Á xi


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CHAPTER 16 Animal Rights 495


Issue File: Background 496


CRITICAL THOUGHT: SHOULD WE ABOLISH DOG RACING? 498


Moral Theories 499


CRITICAL THOUGHT: SHOULD WE EXPERIMENT ON ORPHANED BABIES? 501


QUICK REVIEW 502


Moral Arguments 502


Summary 504


READINGS


All Animals Are Equal by Peter Singer 505


The Case for Animal Rights by Tom Regan 515


Difficulties with the Strong Animal Rights Position by Mary Anne Warren 522


Speciesism and the Idea of Equality by Bonnie Steinbock 528


Cases for Analysis 535


CHAPTER 17 Political Violence: War, Terrorism, and Torture 539


Issue File: Background 539


CRITICAL THOUGHT: PREEMPTIVE WAR ON IRAQ 542


CRITICAL THOUGHT: TERRORISTS OR FREEDOM FIGHTERS? 549


Moral Theories 550


Moral Arguments 552


QUICK REVIEW 556


Summary 557


READINGS


Reconciling Pacifists and Just War Theorists by James P. Sterba 558


Against “Realism” by Michael Walzer 566


Can Terrorism Be Morally Justified? by Stephen Nathanson 577


The Case for Torturing the Ticking Bomb Terrorist by Alan M. Dershowitz 585


Cases for Analysis 594


Á CONTENTSxii


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CHAPTER 18 Equality and Affirmative Action 597


Issue File: Background 597


CRITICAL THOUGHT: ARE LEGACIES RACIST? 599


Moral Theories 600


CRITICAL THOUGHT: ARE WHITES-ONLY SCHOLARSHIPS UNJUST? 601


QUICK REVIEW 602


Moral Arguments 603


Summary 605


READINGS


Reverse Discrimination as Unjustified by Lisa H. Newton 606


The Case against Affirmative Action by Louis P. Pojman 609


Affirmative Action and Quotas by Richard A. Wasserstrom 622


In Defense of Affirmative Action by Tom L. Beauchamp 625


Cases for Analysis 634


CHAPTER 19 Global Economic Justice 637


Issue File: Background 637


Moral Theories 639


VITAL STATS: THE PLANET’S POOR AND HUNGRY 639


Moral Arguments 641


QUICK REVIEW 643


Summary 643


READINGS


On Justice by John Rawls 644


The Entitlement Theory of Justice by Robert Nozick 651


Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer 660


Lifeboat Ethics by Garrett Hardin 665


Cases for Analysis 672


CONTENTS Á xiii


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G L O S S A R Y 674


F U R T H E R R E A D I N G 678


A N S W E R S T O A R G U M E N T E X E R C I S E S 684


I N D E X 685


Á CONTENTSxiv


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xv


This fourth edition of Doing Ethics brings another set of substantial improvements to a text that had already been greatly expanded and improved. The aims that have shaped this text from the begin- ning have not changed: to help students (1) see why ethics matters to society and to themselves; (2) understand core concepts (theories, principles, values, virtues, and the like); (3) be familiar with the background (scientific, legal, and otherwise) of contemporary moral problems; and (4) know how to apply critical reasoning to those problems—to assess moral judgments and principles, construct and evaluate moral arguments, and apply and cri- tique moral theories. This book, then, tries hard to provide the strongest possible support to teachers of applied ethics who want students, above all, to think for themselves and competently do what is often required of morally mature persons—that is, to do ethics.

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